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ÖZ: Yaşamın çeşitliliği olan biyoçeşitlilik, çevreselsürdürülebilirliğin ana bileşenlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bununlabirlikte, insan eylemleri, çoğu zaman, yeryüzündeki canlı çeşitliliği açısındangeri dönüşü olmayan kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle biyolojikçeşitliliğin ölçümünün önemi artmakta ve biyoçeşitliliğin ölçülebilmesi içinözel yöntemlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Biyoçeşitlilik indeksleri, farklıbileşen türlerinden oluşan bir veri grubunun biyolojik çeşitliliğinideğerlendirmek için geliştirilmiş istatistiksel bir yöntemdir. Doğu KaradenizBölgesi, biyoçeşitlilik bakımından diğer bölgelere göre zengin olup endemik türsayısı fazladır. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi ormanları Piceaorientalis, Abies spp., Pinus sylvestris, Fagus orientalis, Quercus ssp., Castanea satvia, Alnus glutinosa,Carpinus betulus ve Fraxinusangustifolia türlerinden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler, DoğuKaradeniz Bölgesi'ndeki Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Araştırma Ormanı’ndakikarışık meşcerelerden alınan 40 adet geçici örnek alandan elde edilmiştir. Bumeşcerelerin Shannon-Weaner, Simpson, MacArthur ve Pielou Düzenlilik İndekslerihesaplanarak biyoçeşitlilikleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Hesaplamalar hem sayı hemde göğüs yüzeyi bakımından türlerin karışım oranına göre yapılmıştır., Biodiversity, the variety oflife, has been recognized as one of the key components of environmentalsustainability. Human actions, however, often lead to irreversible losses interms of diversity of life on earth. So importance of measurement of biologicaldiversity is increasing and need for biodiversity assessment methods to enablebiodiversity to be measured is outlined. The biodiversity indices arestatistical method which is planned to evaluate the variety of a data group consistingof different types of components. Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is rich inbiodiversity compared to other regions and endemism is high. Eastern Black Seaforest is dominated by Picea orientalis, Abies spp., Pinussylvestris, Fagus orientalis, Quercus ssp., Castanea satvia, Alnusglutinosa, Carpinus betulus andFraxinus angustifolia. Datawere collected 40 temporary sample plots from the mixed stands of KaradenizTechnical University Research Forest in Eastern Black Sea Region. In thisstudy, aim to compare biodiversity using biodiversity indices such asShannon-Weaner Index, Simpson Index, MacArthur Index, Pielou Regularity Index.The calculations are based on species composition as well as basal areadistribution.

The study determined and compared the yield, viscosity, and chemical and physical properties of the pulps obtained as a result of Alkaline Sulfite-Anthraquinone (AS-AQ) pulping of Caucasian spruce wood with and without the addition of sodium borohydride (ASAB process) and ethanol (ASAE). It was found that the addition of ethanol to the AS-AQ pulping had a favourable influence on the screened yield and kappa number of the pulps. The addition of NaBH4 to the AS-AQ pulping in general also had a favourable influence on these pulps' indices, provided that the amount added was not higher than 1-2% and the time of pulping was 180 mins. The higher yield of the ASAE pulps resulted from the higher retention of both cellulose and hemicelluloses, while the higher yield of ASAB pulps resulted from the higher retention of hemicelluloses and lignin. Regarding the AS-AQ pulping conditions, a distinct negative effect of modification on the viscosity of the pulps was observed in the case of the NaBH4 a additions to this pulping process. The viscosity reduction was, however, lower with extended pulping time. The static strength properties (tensile index and burst index) of the ASAB and ASAE pulps were in general lower than the AS-AQ pulps. In the case of the tear index, the tendency was similar. The addition of ethanol and especially NaBH4 to the AS-AQ pulping had a distinctly unfavourable influence on the whiteness and brightness of the pulps.

With increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, there is an urgent need of reliable estimates of biomass and carbon pools, especially in Turkey where there is a serious lack of data. Information on amount of carbon biomass resulting from direct field measurements is crucial in this context, to know how forest ecosystems will affect the carbon cycle and also to validate the measurements. Biomass data were collected over the different vegetation types and land uses of pure fir forests in the Western Black Sea region in Turkey. Using site-specific allometric equation, we estimated biomass and carbon pools. We used GIS technology to develop a carbon biomass map of our study area. We estimated aboveground carbon, root carbon, and soil organic carbon down to 30 cm depth. This study will provide estimates of biomass and carbon pools from pure fir forests in the Western Black Sea region as well as an appropriate methodology to estimate based on ecosystem carbon storage components

The forests of the world contain 80% of all aboveground carbon (C) and 40% of the entire belowground terrestrial C. It has been estimated that substantial amounts of belowground C may be released into the atmosphere this century, contributing signiŞcantly to global warming. Although root biomass constitutes an important component of total carbon storage in a forest, the difŞculties in measuring it often lead to the lack of this component in estimating carbon sequestration. In forests, where below-ground C biomass is more than twice than the aboveground components, it is important to study the below-ground system of Şne roots that may greatly inşuence C dynamics and may be a key indicator of ecosystem response to global change. The coarse root component is comprised of larger, structural roots which provide support for the above-ground portion and can account for approximately 30% of total biomass in forest ecosystem. Fine roots have also been regarded as short-lived and recognized as the most important component contributing to belowground C şuxes in forest ecosystems, accounting for up to 75% of the annual net primary production. The aim of this study is to quantify biomass and carbon storage in roots (Şne, small and coarse roots) and to develop allometric equations to estimate root biomass from easily measurable tree parameters for Abies nordmanniana S. subsp. bornmülleriana (Mattf.) in western Black Sea region

Yield models are important tools in forest management planning because they can simulate stand development and production under various management alternatives. Yield of forest stands is determined using tables containing values of height, diameter, number of trees, volume, etc., for different site and age classes. These tables have been created by using basically mathematical equations with statistical analyses. Some species are of low economic importance, but all of them are of high ecological importance for the ecosystems. Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf. is one of the both-way important tree species in Turkey. Hence, site index curves and yield tables for natural fir stands in the Western Black Sea region were developed. Data were collected from a total of 20 sample plots and 15 sample trees. Site index curves were used to classify into site classes of I, II and III, in order of decreasing productivity. The yield models can be calibrated on Turkish Forest Management Planning Department field plot data and tested against independent long-term growth and yield records.

Modeling of Soil Erosion and Its Implication to Forest Management

The objective of this study is to construct double-entry tree volume table for ash (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa) in Turkey. Total 391 sample trees were selected from ash stands in Turkey for this objective. By using Smalian’s formula, the volume of each section in a sample tree stem was calculated. Regression Analysis was used and total twenty-six equations were examined according to six performance criteria (Average Residuals or Bias, Average Absolute Residual, Standard Deviation of the Residual or Precision, Percent Variation Explained, Percent Total Error and Percent Absolute Mean Error). Coefficient of determination, standard error, total error and absolute mean error of the best fitted volume equation were found 0.987, 0.312 m3, -0.02 % and 10.13 % respectively. The equation was also tested with another independent data set and concluded that the equation could be used for other ash stands in Turkey with 0.05 significant level., Bu çalısmadadisbudak türü için çift girisliagaç hacim tablosunun düzenlenmesi amaçlanmıstır.Bu amaçla dogal yayılısalanı içerisinde bulunan mescereve küçük agaç topluluklarındantoplam 391 adet örnek agaç üzerinde ölçümleryapılmıstır. Alınan örnek agaçlarınhacimleri Smalian formülünü kullanan "Bölümleme (Seksiyon) Yöntemi"negöre hesaplanmıstır. Bu verilerüzerinde Regresyon analizi yöntemi ile 26 adet denklem denenmisve Ortalama Hata, Ortalama Mutlak Hata, Hataların Standart Sapması,Açıklanan Varyans Yüzdesi, Toplam Hata Yüzdesi ve Ortalama Mutlak HataYüzdesinden olusan altı ölçüte göredegerlendirilmistir.Bu ölçütlere göre seçilen en uygun denklemin belirtme katsayısı0.987, standart hatası 0.312 m3, toplam hatası% -0.02 ve ortalama mutlak hatası % 10.13 olarak belirlenmistir.Elde edilen hacim denklemi bagımsızbir veri grubu ile test edilmis ve0.05 güven düzeyinde Türkiye’deki disbudakmescereleri için de kullanılabileceği sonucunavarılmıstır.

The improvements of adding sodium borohyride to the alkali sulfite-anthraquninone (AS-AQ) pulping process on properties of pulp and paper sheets was investigated. These properties were compared to those of the AS-AQ and the ethanol addition to AS-AQ (ASAE) pulping processes. The screened yield increased with alkali sulfite-antraquinone-sodium borohyride (ASAB) pulping process and kappa number decreased with respect to the AS-AQ process. Tensile and burst index of paper sheets improved with the ASAB pulping process, and the tear index for the ASAB pulping process was slightly decreased compared to that of the AS-AQ and ASAE pulping processes. It was determined that whiteness and brightness of papersheets decreased by adding sodium borohyride to the AS-AQ pulping process, whereas the opacity of papersheets did not change clearly compared to AS-AQ and ASAE pulping processes.

Günümüzde, orman ekosistem dengesini bozmadan ve ormanın üretim potansiyelinde herhangi bir azalmaya neden olmadan mevcut ormanlardan sürekli bir şekilde faydalanmak amaçlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle Orman İşletmesi tek bir amacı içeren çözümlere değil, birden fazla amaca erişmeyi sağlayan optimum çözümlere yönelmiştir. Her iki durumda da bu amacı gerçekleştirecek olan kaynakların doğru tahmin edilmesi gerekir. Büyüme ve hasılat modelleri, bu amaca yönelik veri tabanım oluşturmaktadır. Artım ve büyüme modelleri meşcerelerin büyümelerini, doğal kurumalarım, kompozisyonunu ve meşcereye katılmalarım da içerecek şekilde tahmin etmektedir. Bununla birlikte, çeşitli orman amenajman seçenekleri ile değişik silvikültürel seçenekler oluşturup, bunların olası tüm sonuçlarını verip, ekosistem planlamasının temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, Türkiye için ekonomik değeri yüksek olan Karaçam ağaçlandırmaları için hem meşcere bazında hem de tek ağaç bazında büyüme modelleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu amaç için 115 örnek alan alınarak, büyüme modellerinin geliştirilmesinde Modeling of Forest Growth for Crimean Pine The ultimate objective of forest management is to control forest ecosystems on the basis of sustainable use of multiple values without jeopardizing ecological integrity. In this research, stand growth model and individual tree growth model were developed for Crimean pine. Stand level model was considered Density- Variable Yield Table. Tree level models were carried out in plot level and general level as distance-independent. The data were comprised 115 sample plots with 821 individual trees for diameter growth model, 5029 individual trees for mortality model. Explicatory variables in the diameter growth model were diameter at breast height, site index, basal area, competition index and age. All parameter estimates were found highly significant (p