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Raj Kumar,1 Arun Butreddy,2 Nagavendra Kommineni,3 Pulikanti Guruprasad Reddy,4 Naveen Bunekar,5 Chandrani Sarkar,6 Sunil Dutt,7 Vivek K Mishra,8 Keshaw Ram Aadil,9 Yogendra Kumar Mishra,10 David Oupicky,1 Ajeet Kaushik11 1Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; 2Formulation R&D, Biological E. Limited, IKP Knowledge Park, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500078, India; 3College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA; 4Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India; 5Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li, 32023, Taiwan; 6Department of Chemistry, Mahila College, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand, 833202, India; 7Department of Chemistry, Govt. Post Graduate College, Una, Himachal Pradesh, India; 8Independent Researcher, Groningen, The Netherlands; 9Center for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, Chhattishgarh, India; 10Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark; 11NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health Systems Engineering, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Art, & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805, USACorrespondence: David OupickyCenter for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USAEmail david.oupicky@unmc.eduAjeet Kaushik NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health Systems Engineering, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Art, & MathematicsFlorida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805, USAEmail ajeet.npl@gmail.comAbstract: Lignin is an abundant renewable natural biopolymer. Moreover, a significant development in lignin pretreatment and processing technologies has opened a new window to explore lignin and lignin-based bionanomaterials. In the last decade, lignin has been widely explored in different applications such as drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, food science, water purification, biofuels, environmental, pharmaceuticals, nutraceutical, catalysis, and other interesting low-value-added energy applications. The complex nature and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biocompatibility of lignin attracted its use in various biomedical applications because of ease of functionalization, availability of diverse functional sites, tunable physicochemical and mechanical properties. In addition to it, its diverse properties such as reactivity towards oxygen radical, metal chelation, renewable nature, biodegradability, favorable interaction with cells, nature to mimic the extracellular environment, and ease of nanoparticles preparation make it a very interesting material for biomedical use. Tremendous progress has been made in drug delivery and tissue engineering in recent years. However, still, it remains challenging to identify an ideal and compatible nanomaterial for biomedical applications. In this review, recent progress of lignin towards biomedical applications especially in drug delivery and in tissue engineering along with challenges, future possibilities have been comprehensively reviewed.Keywords: lignin, biopolymer, drug delivery, biomedical engineering, nano-biosystem, nanomedicine, tissue engineering

Periodontitis is a prevalent chronic, destructive inflammatory disease affecting tooth-supporting tissues in humans. Guided tissue regeneration strategies are widely utilized for periodontal tissue regeneration generally by using a periodontal membrane. The main role of these membranes is to establish a mechanical barrier that prevents the apical migration of the gingival epithelium and hence allowing the growth of periodontal ligament and bone tissue to selectively repopulate the root surface. Currently available membranes have limited bioactivity and regeneration potential. To address such challenges, an osteoconductive, antibacterial, and flexible poly(caprolactone) (PCL) composite membrane containing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles is developed. The membranes are fabricated through electrospinning of PCL and ZnO particles. The physical properties, mechanical characteristics, and in vitro degradation of the engineered membrane are studied in detail. Also, the osteoconductivity and antibacterial properties of the developed membrane are analyzed in vitro. Moreover, the functionality of the membrane is evaluated with a rat periodontal defect model. The results confirmed that the engineered membrane exerts both osteoconductive and antibacterial properties, demonstrating its great potential for periodontal tissue engineering.

In recent years, extensive research on noble metal-TiO 2 nanocomposites has demonstrated their crucial role in various applications such as water splitting, self-cleaning, CO 2 reduction, and wastewater treatment. The structure of the noble metal-TiO 2 nanocomposites is critical in determining their photocatalytic properties. Numerous studies in the literature describe the preparation of these nanocomposites with various shapes and sizes to achieve tunable photocatalytic performance. However, achieving a stable coupling between the noble metal and the TiO 2 surface remains a challenge for long-term use. Photocatalytic deposition is one of the most promising approaches to obtain well-defined noble metal structures on TiO 2 surfaces with strong adhesion. Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) can be quickly grown on the TiO 2 surface under light exposure. However, various parameters such as the pH, temperature, precursor, and electron sacrificial agent affect the size and distribution of the deposited particles. In this review article, we look at the critical parameters that influence the photocatalytic deposition of noble metals on major TiO 2 morphologies, classified as 0D (NPs and nanocrystals), 1D (nanotubes and nanowires), and 2D (thin films)., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Flexoelectricity, an intrinsic property observed in materials under nonuniform deformation, entails a coupling between polarization and strain gradients. Recent catalyst advancements have reignited interest in flexoelectricity, particularly at the nanoscale, where pronounced strain gradients promote robust flexoelectric effects. This paper comprehensively examines flexoelectricity, encompassing methodologies for precise measurement, elucidating its distinctions from related phenomena, and exploring its potential applications in augmenting catalytic properties. So far, the greatest potentials are based on lead strontium titanate (PST) and other metallic titanates such as titania (TiO 2 ), strontium titanate (STO), barium strontium titanate (BST) sulfates (MoS 2 , ZnS) and halide perovskites (with archetype XPbI 3 ). This review explores the promise of flexoelectric properties in addressing material and photocatalytic challenges, such as charge carrier recombination and ineffective surface charge separation. Additionally, it sheds light on the synergy with emerging paradigms like photo-flexo catalysis and synergistic flexo-piezo catalysis, specifically focusing on selective chemical transformations like green hydrogen production. Current limitations related to the usage of photoflexoelectricity for photocatalysis are mostly the stability of the used substance (susceptibility to photodegradation) or the voltage values, which represent the inferior potential for specific practical applications. This work underscores the indispensable role of flexoelectricity in catalysis and its capacity to steer future research and technological advancement., (© 2024 The Author(s). Small published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

In this era, where food safety and sustainability are paramount concerns, the utilization of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) is a promising solution to enhance the safety, quality, and sustainability of food products. ZnO NPs in the food industry have evolved significantly over time, reflecting advancements in synthesizing methods, antimicrobial activities, and risk assessment considerations for human health and the environment. This comprehensive review delves into the historical trajectory, current applications, and prospects of ZnO NPs in food-related contexts. Synthesizing methods, ranging from solvothermal and solgel techniques to laser ablation and microfluidic reactors, have facilitated the production of ZnO NPs with tailored properties suited for diverse food applications. The remarkable antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs against a wide spectrum of pathogens has garnered attention for their potential to enhance food safety and extend shelf-life. Furthermore, comprehensive risk assessment methodologies have been employed to evaluate the potential impacts of ZnO NPs on human health and the environment, regarding toxicity, migration, and ecological implications. By navigating the intricate interplay between synthesis methods, antimicrobial efficacy, inhibitory mechanisms, and risk assessment protocols, by elucidating the multifaceted role of ZnO NPs in shaping the past, present, and future of the food industry, this review offers valuable insights and promising avenues for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to enhance food safety, quality, and sustainability., (© 2024 The Author(s). Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Institute of Food Technologists.)

Formation of bacterial films on structural surfaces often leads to severe contamination of medical devices, hospital equipment, implant materials, etc. , and antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms has indeed become a global health issue. Therefore, effective therapies for controlling infectious and pathogenic bacteria are urgently needed. Being a promising active method for this purpose, surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have merits such as nanoscale earthquake-like vibration/agitation/radiation, acoustic streaming induced circulations, and localised acoustic heating effect in liquids. However, only a few studies have explored controlling bacterial growth and inactivation behaviour using SAWs. In this study, we proposed utilising piezoelectric thin film-based SAW devices on a silicon substrate for controlling bacterial growth and inactivation with and without using ZnO micro/nanostructures. Effects of SAW powers on bacterial growth for two types of bacteria, i.e. , E. coli and S. aureus , were evaluated. Varied concentrations of ZnO tetrapods were also added into the bacterial culture to study their effects and the combined antimicrobial effects along with SAW agitation. Our results showed that when the SAW power was below a threshold ( e.g. , about 2.55 W in this study), the bacterial growth was apparently enhanced, whereas the further increase of SAW power to a high power caused inactivation of bacteria. Combination of thin film SAWs with ZnO tetrapods led to significantly decreased growth or inactivation for both E. coli and S. aureus , revealing their effectiveness for antimicrobial treatment. Mechanisms and effects of SAW interactions with bacterial solutions and ZnO tetrapods have been systematically discussed.

This research addresses the scalable and inexpensive synthesis of α-Fe 2 O 3 via hydrothermal method without any precipitating agent as well as the enhancement of solar driven photocatalytic and H 2 production through doping different chromium proportions. Competency of α-Fe 2 O 3 , both pure and doped with chromium, to function as photocatalyst was evaluated by its interaction with multiple dyes, which was real-time monitored utilizing (Internet of Things) IoT technique. By adding chromium, the rate of deterioration increased substantially from 15 to 94% for TB under sunlight in a remarkably brief 20 min by employing a very small amount of Cr 0.8 Fe 1.2 O 3 (0.3 g/L), as evidenced by high degree of mineralization i.e. 85% and LC-HRMS. Also, the rapid breakdown of Trypan Blue (TB) was indicated by BOD 5 /COD ratio. Moreover, Cr-doped α-Fe 2 O 3 displays excellent H 2 production (~ 132 μmol h -1  g -1 ) as compared to α-Fe 2 O 3 . This work highlights the potential utilization of Cr-doped α-Fe 2 O 3 for the purification of industrial waste water and green energy harvesting., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Due to weather and working/operational conditions, plastic degradation produces toxic and non-biodegradable nano and microplastics (N/M-Ps, ranging from 10 nm to 5 mm), and over time these N/M-Ps have integrated with the human cycle through ingestion and inhalation. These N/M-Ps, as serious emerging pollutants, are causing considerable adverse health issues due to up-taken by the cells, tissue, and organs, including the brain. It has been proven that N/M-Ps can cross the blood-brain barrier (via olfactory and blood vessels) and affect the secretion of neuroinflammatory (cytokine and chemokine), transporters, and receptor markers. Neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and brain injury, which may result in such scenarios are a serious concern and may cause brain disorders. However, the related pathways and pathogenesis are not well-explored but are the focus of upcoming emerging research. Therefore, as a focus of this editorial, well-organized multidisciplinary research is required to explore associated pathways and pathogenesis, leading to brain mapping and nano-enabled therapeutics in acute and chronic N/M - Ps exposure., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There are no conflicts of interest declared by the authors., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Exploring combinatorial materials, as well as rational device configuration design, are assumed to be the key strategies for deploying versatile electrochemical devices. MXene sheets have revealed a high hydrophilic surface with proper mechanical and electrical characteristics, rendering them supreme additive candidates to integrate in electrospun electrochemical power tools. The synergetic effects of MXene 2D layers with the nanofibrous networks can boost actuator responsive ability, battery capacity retention, fuel cell stability, sensor sensitivity, and supercapacitor areal capacitance. Their superior mechanical features can be endowed to the electrospun layers through the embedding of the MXene additive. In this review, the preparation and inherent features of the MXene configurations are briefly evaluated. The fabrication and overall performance of the MXene-loaded nanofibers applicable in electrochemical actuators, batteries, fuel cells, sensors, and supercapacitors are comprehensively figured out. Eventually, an outlook on the future development of MXene-based electrospun composites is presented. A substantial focus has been devoted to date to engineering conjugated MXene and electrospun fibrous frames. The potential performance of the MXene-decorated nanofibers presents a bright future of nanoengineering toward technological growth. Meanwhile, a balance between the pros and cons of the synthesized MXene composite layers is worthwhile to consider in the future., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: The Dafodil™-1 trial was designed to evaluate the clinical safety and performance of Dafodil™ pericardial bioprosthesis for replacing diseased native or prosthetic aortic or mitral valves in patients with advanced valvular heart disease (VHD)., Methods: The Dafodil™-1 trial was a prospective, multicenter, first-in-human clinical trial. Patients were enrolled if they had advanced VHD requiring aortic valve replacement (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) with or without concomitant valve surgery and having surgical risk scores <4%. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke; and hemodynamics were analyzed., Results: A total of 136 patients (aortic: 67 and mitral: 69) were enrolled in the trial (with mean age-AVR group: 60.2 ± 8.3 years and MVR group: 49.7 ± 14.4 years). A total of 134 patients (aortic: 66 and mitral: 68) completed the 3-year follow-up (total 300 per 100 patient-years of follow-up). The AVR group demonstrated a significant reduction in the mean pressure gradients from 51.2 ± 24.1 mmHg at baseline to 11.1 ± 6.0 mmHg at the 3-year follow-up ( p  < 0.0001). The mean effective orifice area (EOA) improved from baseline (0.9 ± 0.6 cm 2 ) to 3-year follow-up (1.8 ± 0.4 cm 2 ) ( p  < 0.0001). In the MVR group, the mean indexed EOA (iEOA) increased significantly from baseline (0.7 ± 0.4 cm 2 /m 2 ) to 3-year follow-up (1.1 ± 0.4 cm 2 /m 2 ) ( p  < 0.001). There was significant improvement in New York Heart Association functional class and mean SF-12 scores in both groups. At 3-year follow-up, the MACE incidence was 2.3% per 100 patient-years (1.3% strokes per 100 patient-years and 1.3% deaths per 100 patient-years) for AVR group and 4.7% per 100 patient-years (0.6% strokes per 100 patient-years and 4.0% deaths per 100 patient-years) for MVR group. No cases of MI, structural valve deterioration and prosthetic valve endocarditis were reported. The AVR and MVR groups achieved 89.6% and 79.7% MACE-free survival, respectively at 3-year follow-up., Conclusions: The Dafodil™-1 trial demonstrated satisfactory outcomes of clinical safety, hemodynamic performance, and quality-of-life metrics. Additionally, no incidence of structural valve deterioration and very low rates of valve thrombosis during the 3-year follow-up period of Dafodil™-1 first-in-human trial indicated acceptable valve durability up to three years and similar outcomes are warranted for longer follow-ups as a primary goal., Clinical Trial Registration Number: https://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=18377&EncHid=&userName=CTRI/2017/07/009008, CTRI/2017/07/009008., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors declare that this study received funding from Meril Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd, Vapi, Gujarat, India. The funder provided all financial support to conduct this trial and designed the trial protocol in consultation with the trial investigators but had no role in data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report., (© 2024 Hiremath, Jain, Garg, Maslekar, Gupta, Sarkar, Bhat, Porwal, Meharwal, Mishra, Vaijyanath, Grover, Chaudhary, Rajput, Sethuratnam and Shastri.)

Desired modifications of surfaces at the nanoscale may be achieved using energetic ion beams. In the present work, a complete study of self-assembled ripple pattern fabrication on Si and Ge by 100 keV Ar + ion beam bombardment is discussed. The irradiation was performed in the ion fluence range of ≈3 × 10 17 to 9 × 10 17 ions/cm 2 and at an incident angle of θ ≈ 60° with respect to the surface normal. The investigation focuses on topographical studies of pattern formation using atomic force microscopy, and induced damage profiles inside Si and Ge by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. The ripple wavelength was found to scale with ion fluence, and energetic ions created more defects inside Si as compared to that of Ge. Although earlier reports suggested that Ge is resistant to structural changes upon Ar + ion irradiation, in the present case, a ripple pattern is observed on both Si and Ge. The irradiated Si and Ge targets clearly show visible damage peaks between channel numbers (1000-1100) for Si and (1500-1600) for Ge. The clustering of defects leads to a subsequent increase of the damage peak in irradiated samples (for an ion fluence of ≈9 × 10 17 ions/cm 2 ) compared to that in unirradiated samples., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024, Sulania et al.)

Thin-film nano-architecting is a promising approach that controls the properties of nanoscale surfaces to increase their interdisciplinary applications in a variety of fields. In this context, zinc oxide (ZnO)-based various nano-architectures (0-3D) such as quantum dots, nanorods/nanotubes, nanothin films, tetrapods, nanoflowers, hollow structures, etc. have been extensively researched by the scientific community in the past decade. Owing to its unique surface charge transport properties, optoelectronic properties and reported biomedical applications, ZnO has been considered as one of the most important futuristic bio-nanomaterials. This review is focused on the design/synthesis and engineering of 0-3D nano-architecture ZnO-based thin films and coatings with tunable characteristics for multifunctional biomedical applications. Although ZnO has been extensively researched, ZnO thin films composed of 0-3D nanoarchitectures with promising thin film device bio-nanotechnology applications have rarely been reviewed. The current review focuses on important details about the technologies used to make ZnO-based thin films, as well as the customization of properties related to bioactivities, characterization, and device fabrication for modern biomedical uses that are relevant. It features biosensing, tissue engineering/wound healing, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer activity, as well as biomedical diagnosis and therapy with an emphasis on a better understanding of the mechanisms of action. Eventually, key issues, experimental parameters and factors, open challenges, etc. in thin film device fabrications and applications, and future prospects will be discussed, followed by a summary and conclusion.

The aggrandised advancement in utility of advanced day-to-day materials and nanomaterials has raised serious concern on their biocompatibility with human and other biotic members. In last few decades, understanding of toxicity of these materials has been given the centre stage of research using many in vitro and in vivo models. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater fish and a member of the minnow family has garnered much attention due to its distinct features, which make it an important and frequently used animal model in various fields of embryology and toxicological studies. Given that fertilization and development of zebrafish eggs take place externally, they serve as an excellent model organism for studying early developmental stages. Moreover, zebrafish possess a comparable genetic composition to humans and share almost 70% of their genes with mammals. This particular model organism has become increasingly popular, especially for developmental research. Moreover, it serves as a link between in vitro studies and in vivo analysis in mammals. It is an appealing choice for vertebrate research, when employing high-throughput methods, due to their small size, swift development, and relatively affordable laboratory setup. This small vertebrate has enhanced comprehension of pathobiology and drug toxicity. This review emphasizes on the recent developments in toxicity screening and assays, and the new insights gained about the toxicity of drugs through these assays. Specifically, the cardio, neural, and, hepatic toxicology studies inferred by applications of nanoparticles have been highlighted., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Traditionally, recombinant protein production has been done in several expression hosts of bacteria, fungi, and majorly CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells; few have high production costs and are susceptible to harmful toxin contamination. Green algae have the potential to produce recombinant proteins in a more sustainable manner. Microalgal diversity leads to offer excellent opportunities to produce glycosylated antibodies. An antibody with humanized glycans plays a crucial role in cellular communication that works to regulate cells and molecules, to control disease, and to stimulate immunity. Therefore, it becomes necessary to understand the role of abiotic factors (light, temperature, pH, etc.) in the production of bioactive molecules and molecular mechanisms of product synthesis from microalgae which would lead to harnessing the potential of algal bio-refinery. However, the potential of microalgae as the source of bio-refinery has been less explored. In the present review, omics approaches for microalgal engineering, methods of humanized glycoproteins production focusing majorly on N-glycosylation pathways, light-based regulation of glycosylation machinery, and production of antibodies with humanized glycans in microalgae with a major emphasis on modulation of post-translation machinery of microalgae which might play a role in better understanding of microalgal potential as a source for antibody production along with future perspectives., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The extraordinary and unique properties of persistent luminescent (PerLum) nanostructures like storage of charge carriers, extended afterglow, and some other fascinating characteristics like no need for in-situ excitation, and rechargeable luminescence make such materials a primary candidate in the fields of bio-imaging and therapeutics. Apart from this, due to their extraordinary properties they have also found their place in the fields of anti-counterfeiting, latent fingerprinting (LPF), luminescent markings, photocatalysis, solid-state lighting devices, glow-in-dark toys, etc. Over the past few years, persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) have been extensively used for targeted drug delivery, bio-imaging guided photodynamic and photo-thermal therapy, biosensing for cancer detection and subsequent treatment, latent fingerprinting, and anti-counterfeiting owing to their enhanced charge storage ability, in-vitro excitation, increased duration of time between excitation and emission, low tissue absorption, high signal-to-noise ratio, etc. In this review, we have focused on most of the key aspects related to PLNPs, including the different mechanisms leading to such phenomena, key fabrication techniques, properties of hosts and different activators, emission, and excitation characteristics, and important properties of trap states. This review article focuses on recent advances in cancer theranostics with the help of PLNPs. Recent advances in using PLNPs for anti-counterfeiting and latent fingerprinting are also discussed in this review., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

2D graphene the most investigated structures from nanocarbon family studied in the last three decades. It is projected as an excellent material useful for quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and next generation advanced technologies. Graphene exists in several forms and its extraordinary thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties, principally depend on the kind of perfection of the hexagonal atomic lattice. Defects are always considered as undesired components but certain defects in graphene could be an asset for electrochemistry and quantum electronics due to the engineered electronclouds and quantum tunnelling. The authors carefully discuss the Stone-Wales imperfections in graphene and its derivatives comprehensively. A specific emphasis is focused on the experimental and theoretical aspects of the Stone-Wales defects in graphene with respect to structure-property relationships. The corroboration of extrinsic defects like external atomic doping, functionalization, edge distortion in the graphene consisting of Stone-Wales imperfections, which are very significant in designing graphene-based electronic devices, are summarized., (© 2023 The Authors. Small published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Nature-derived or biologically encouraged hydrogels have attracted considerable interest in numerous biomedical applications owing to their multidimensional utility and effectiveness. The internal architecture of a hydrogel network, the chemistry of the raw materials involved, interaction across the interface of counter ions, and the ability to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) govern the clinical efficacy of the designed hydrogels. This review focuses on the mechanistic viewpoint of different biologically driven/inspired biomacromolecules that encourages the architectural development of hydrogel networks. In addition, the advantage of hydrogels by mimicking the ECM and the significance of the raw material selection as an indicator of bioinertness is deeply elaborated in the review. Furthermore, the article reviews and describes the application of polysaccharides, proteins, and synthetic polymer-based multimodal hydrogels inspired by or derived from nature in different biomedical areas. The review discusses the challenges and opportunities in biomaterials along with future prospects in terms of their applications in biodevices or functional components for human health issues. This review provides information on the strategy and inspiration from nature that can be used to develop a link between multimodal hydrogels as the main frame and its utility in biomedical applications as the primary target., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Oral healthcare monitoring is a vital aspect of identifying and addressing oral dental problems including tooth decay, gum pain, and oral cancer. Day by day, healthcare facilities and regular checkups are becoming more costly and time-consuming. In this context, consumers are moving toward advanced technology, such as bite sensors, to obtain regular data about their occlusal chewing patterns and strength. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) can potentially eliminate the need for a battery by simply converting abundant vibrations from nature or human motion into electrical energy. In this work, biomaterials are obtained from biowastes such as cellulose from wood waste, chitosan from crab shells, and gelatin from fish scales. All wastes are biodegradable, and our work aims at sustainability and waste hierarchy. The single electrode mode-based TENG was designed and fabricated using biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-biomaterial composites, rice paper as a substrate, and edible silver leaf as an electrode. The highest electrical output was obtained for PVA/chitosan 10 wt % composite-based TENG (PC10) of about 20 V, 200 nA, and 12 nC. The biomechanical energy harvesting was measured, and powering of LED was demonstrated using a PC10 TENG device. A biocompatible bite sensor based on the TENG was used to measure the biting force of a dummy teeth model to demonstrate its potential use in dental health applications. It indicates the promising future value of disposable oral medication devices without any invasive surgery or injection.

Metal/metal oxide nano systems (M-NSs) of tunable and manipulative properties are emerging suitable for cancer management via immunity development, early-stage diagnosis, nanotherapeutics, and targeted drug delivery systems. However, noticeable toxicity, off-targeted actions, lacking biocompatibility, and being expensive limit their acceptability. Moreover, involving high energy (top-down routes) and hazardous chemicals (bottom-up chemical routes) is altering human cycle. To manage such challenges, biomass (plants, microbes, animals) and green chemistry-based M-NSs due to scalability, affordability, are cellular, tissue, and organ acceptability are emerging as desired biogenic M-NSs for cancer management with enhanced features. The state-of-art and perspective of green metal/metal oxide nano systems (GM-NSs) as an efficient anti-cancer agent including, imaging, immunity building elements, site-specific drug delivery, and therapeutics developments are highlighted in this review critically. It is expected that this report will serve as guideline for design and develop high-performance GM-NSs for establishing them as next-generation anti-cancer agent capable to manage cancer in personalized manner., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In the growing field of dentistry research, there is significant scope for investigating novel and high-performance functional biomaterials for dental care, mainly to combat oral health diseases. Considering the growing economic burden on dental care, there is an urgent need to investigate affordable and biologically acceptable functional antibacterial nanostructures capable of exhibiting desired pharmacological properties. Although a wide range of materials has been investigated for dentistry applications, their acceptability and scaling-up clinical acceptance remain a challenge to cytotoxicity and alterations in cellular function. To address these challenges, nanolipids are emerging as potential materials to develop the next generation of treatment modalities for dental care and oral diseases. However, there is a need to cover the knowledge gap between developing good quality nanolipid formulations, their introduction in dental research, establishing a track from laboratory to clinical application, exploring associated risks, and proposing step-by-step systematic research to obtain FDA approval for recommending nanolipids for next-generation systems for dentistry applications. This study also summarizes the outcomes of the literature carefully and critically to provide a clear view about selecting an appropriate nanolipid system to manage a targeted dental issue. These programmable nanolipids can be designed and developed using optimized chemistry and pharmacology to be used in a controlled manner by manipulating their responsiveness according to the demand of targeted disease management, i.e. , a programmable system. The future of this research, keeping clinical adaptability as a focus, is also discussed in this review, along with the possible challenges and possible alternative approaches.

The wide spectrum of applications provided by curcumin has attracted researchers worldwide to identify its molecular targets and employ it in various biomedical applications. The present research work focuses on the development of a Butea monosperma gum-based hydrogel encapsulated with curcumin and further employing it for two diverse applications, i.e., drug delivery and anti-bacterial application. A central composite design was utilized for the optimization of significant process variables to achieve maximum swelling. A maximum of 662 % swelling was attained at initiator (0.06 g), monomer (3 ml), crosslinker (0.08 g), solvent (14 ml), and time (60 s). Furthermore, the characterization of the synthesized hydrogel was performed via FTIR, SEM, TGA, H1-NMR, and XRD analysis. Various important properties like swelling rate under different solutions, water retention capacity, re-swelling capability, porosity, and density measurement suggested that the prepared hydrogel exhibited a highly stable crosslinked network with high porosity (0.23) and density (62.5 g/cm 3 ) values. The encapsulation efficiency of curcumin in the hydrogel was reported to be 93 % and 87.3 %, respectively, wherein BM-g-poly(AA) ∼ Cur exhibited excellent sustained pH-responsive site release of curcumin at two different pH values, with the maximum amount of release taking place at pH 7.4 (792 ppm) and a minimum at pH 5 (550 ppm) due to the lesser ionization of the functional groups present in the hydrogel at a lower pH value. Additionally, the results from the pH shock studies indicated our material to be stable and efficient even with fluctuations in pH, resulting in the optimal amount of drug release at each pH range. Furthermore, anti-bacterial studies revealed that the synthesized BM-g-poly(AA) ∼ Cur was effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, with maximum values of zones of inhibition of 16 mm in diameter, thereby showing the best results in comparison to the already developed matrices till date. As a result, the newly discovered BM-g-poly(AA) ∼ Cur properties reflect the hydrogel network's suitability for drug release and anti-bacterial applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of dementia that affects a vast number of people around the world, causing a great deal of misery and death. Evidence reveals a relationship between the presence of soluble Aβ peptide aggregates and the severity of dementia in Alzheimer's patients. The BBB (Blood Brain Barrier) is a key problem in Alzheimer's disease because it prevents therapeutics from reaching the desired places. To address the issue, lipid nanosystems have been employed to deliver therapeutic chemicals for anti-AD therapy in a precise and targeted manner. The applicability and clinical significance of lipid nanosystems to deliver therapeutic chemicals (Galantamine, Nicotinamide, Quercetin, Resveratrol, Curcumin, HUPA, Rapamycin, and Ibuprofen) for anti-AD therapy will be discussed in this review. Furthermore, the clinical implications of the aforementioned therapeutic compounds for anti-AD treatment have been examined. Thus, this review will pave the way for researchers to fashion therodiagnostics approaches based on nanomedicine to overcome the problems of delivering therapeutic molecules across the blood brain barrier (BBB)., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

The ocean holds vast potential as a renewable energy source, but harnessing its power has been challenging due to low-frequency and high-amplitude stimulation. However, hybrid nanogenerators (HNGs) offer a promising solution to convert ocean energy into usable power efficiently. With their high sensitivity and flexible design, HNGs are ideal for low-frequency environments and remote ocean regions. Combining triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and electromagnetic nanogenerators (EMGs) creates a unique hybrid system that maximizes energy harvesting. Ultimately, hybrid energy-harvesting systems offer a sustainable and reliable solution for growing energy needs. This study provides an in-depth review of the latest research on ocean energy harvesting by hybrid systems, focusing on self-powered applications. The article also discusses primary hybrid designs for devices, powering self-powered units such as wireless communication systems, climate monitoring systems, and buoys as applications. The potential of HNGs is enormous, and with rapid advancements in research and fabrication, these systems are poised to revolutionize ocean energy harvesting. It outlines the pros and cons of HNGs and highlights the major challenges that must be overcome. Finally, future outlooks for hybrid energy harvesters are also discussed., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The glaucoma burden increases continuously and is estimated to affect more than 100 million people by 2040. As there is currently no cure to restore the optic nerve damage caused by glaucoma, the only controllable parameter is the intraocular pressure (IOP). In recent years, minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) has emerged as an alternative to traditional treatments. It uses micro-sized drainage stents that are inserted through a small incision, minimizing the trauma to the tissue and reducing surgical and postoperative recovery time. However, a major challenge for MIGS devices is foreign body reaction and fibrosis, which can lead to a complete failure of the device. In this work, the antifibrotic potential of tetrapodal ZnO (t-ZnO) microparticles used as an additive is elucidated by using rat embryonic fibroblasts as a model. A simple, direct solvent-free process for the fabrication of stents with an outer diameter of 200-400 μm is presented, in which a high amount of t-ZnO particles (45-75 wt %) is mixed into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a highly viscous polymer/particle mixture is extruded. The fabricated stents possess increased elastic modulus compared to pure PDMS while remaining flexible to adapt to the curvature of an eye. In vitro experiments showed that the fibroblast cell viability was inhibited to 43 ± 3% when stents with 75 wt % t-ZnO were used. The results indicate that cell inhibiting properties can be attributed to an increased amount of protruding t-ZnO particles on the stent surface, leading to an increase in local contacts with cells and a disruption of the cell membrane. As a secondary mechanism, the released Zn ions could also contribute to the cell-inhibiting properties in the close vicinity of the stent surface. Overall, the fabrication method and the antifibrotic and mechanical properties of developed stents make them promising for application in MIGS.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) tetrapods as microparticles with nanostructured surfaces show peculiar physical properties and anti-infective activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial and bactericidal properties of ZnO tetrapods in comparison to spherical, unstructured ZnO particles. Additionally, killing rates of either methylene blue-treated or untreated tetrapods and spherical ZnO particles for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria species were determined. ZnO tetrapods showed considerable bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including multi-resistant strains, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis remained unaffected. Almost complete elimination was reached after 24 h for Staphylococcus aureus at 0.5 mg/mL and Klebsiella pneumoniae at 0.25 mg/mL. Surface modifications of spherical ZnO particles by treatment with methylene blue even improved the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus . Nanostructured surfaces of ZnO particles provide active and modifiable interfaces for the contact with and killing of bacteria. The application of solid state chemistry, i.e., the direct matter-to-matter interaction between active agent and bacterium, in the form of ZnO tetrapods and non-soluble ZnO particles, can add an additional principle to the spectrum of antibacterial mechanisms, which is, in contrast to soluble antibiotics, depending on the direct local contact with the microorganisms on tissue or material surfaces.

Existing public health emergencies due to fatal/infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and monkeypox have raised the paradigm of 5 th generation portable intelligent and multifunctional biosensors embedded on a single chip. The state-of-the-art 5 th generation biosensors are concerned with integrating advanced functional materials with controllable physicochemical attributes and optimal machine processability. In this direction, 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), owing to their enhanced effective surface area, tunable physicochemical properties, and rich surface functionalities, have shown promising performances in biosensing flatlands. Moreover, their hybridization with diversified nanomaterials caters to their associated challenges for the commercialization of stability due to restacking and oxidation. MXenes and its hybrid biosensors have demonstrated intelligent and lab-on-chip prospects for determining diverse biomarkers/pathogens related to fatal and infectious diseases. Recently, on-site detection has been clubbed with solution-on-chip MXenes by interfacing biosensors with modern-age technologies, including 5G communication, internet-of-medical-things (IoMT), artificial intelligence (AI), and data clouding to progress toward hospital-on-chip (HOC) modules. This review comprehensively summarizes the state-of-the-art MXene fabrication, advancements in physicochemical properties to architect biosensors, and the progress of MXene-based lab-on-chip biosensors toward HOC solutions. Besides, it discusses sustainable aspects, practical challenges and alternative solutions associated with these modules to develop personalized and remote healthcare solutions for every individual in the world., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV1) exploits cellular machinery for its own replicative advantage. Current treatment modalities against HSV1 cause toxicity and drug resistance issues. In the search for alternative forms of treatment, we have uncovered a small molecule, BX795, as a candidate drug with strong antiviral potential owing to its multitargeted mode of action. In this study, we show that in addition to a previously known mechanism of action, BX795 can directly interact with the proviral host factor protein kinase C (PKC) in silico. When administered to HSV1 or mock infected human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells, BX795 significantly reduces the protein level and perinuclear localization of proviral PKC-α and PKC-ζ isoforms. This activity closely mimics that of a known PKC inhibitor, Bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM I), which also inhibits viral replication. Taken together our studies demonstrate a previously unknown mechanism by which BX795 exerts its antiviral potential., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are highly prevalent among the aging population. It affects primarily the central nervous system (CNS) but the effects are also observed in the peripheral nervous system. Neural degeneration is a progressive loss of structure and function of neurons, which may ultimately involve cell death. Such patients suffer from debilitating memory loss and altered motor coordination which bring up non-affordable and unavoidable socio-economic burdens. Due to the unavailability of specific therapeutics and diagnostics, the necessity to control or manage NDs raised the demand to investigate and develop efficient alternative approaches. Keeping trends and advancements in view, this report describes both state-of-the-art and challenges in nano-biotechnology-based approaches to manage NDs, toward personalized healthcare management. Sincere efforts are being made to customize nano-theragnostics to control: therapeutic cargo packaging, delivery to the brain, nanomedicine of higher efficacy, deep brain stimulation, implanted stimulation, and managing brain cell functioning. These advancements are useful to design future therapy based on the severity of the patient's neurodegenerative disease. However, we observe a lack of knowledge shared among scientists of a variety of expertise to explore this multi-disciplinary research field for NDs management. Consequently, this review will provide a guideline platform that will be useful in developing novel smart nano-therapies by considering the aspects and advantages of nano-biotechnology to manage NDs in a personalized manner. Nano-biotechnology-based approaches have been proposed as effective and affordable alternatives at the clinical level due to recent advancements in nanotechnology-assisted theragnostics, targeted delivery, higher efficacy, and minimal side effects.

Here, a 4N-in-1 hybrid substrate concept (nanocolumnar structures, nanocrack network, nanoscale mixed oxide phases, and nanometallic structures) for ultra-sensitive and reliable photo-induced-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PIERS), is proposed. The use of the 4N-in-1 hybrid substrate leads to an ≈50-fold enhancement over the normal surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, which is recorded as the highest PIERS enhancement to date. In addition to an improved Raman signal, the 4N-in-1 hybrid substrate provides a high detection sensitivity which may be attributed to the activation possibility at extremely low UV irradiation dosage and prolonged relaxation time (long measurement time). Moreover, the 4N-in-1 hybrid substrate exhibits a superior photocatalytic degradation performance of analytes, allowing its reuse at least 18 times without any loss of PIERS activity. The use of the 4N-in-1 concept can be adapted to biomedicine, forensic, and security fields easily., (© 2022 The Authors. Small published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Electrochemical power tools are regarded as essential keys in a world that is becoming increasingly reliant on fossil fuels in order to meet the challenges of rapidly depleting fossil fuel supplies. Additionally, due to the industrialization of societies and the growth of diseases, the need for sensitive, reliable, inexpensive, and portable sensors and biosensors for noninvasive monitoring of human health and environmental pollution is felt more than ever before. In recent decades, electrospun fibers have emerged as promising candidates for the fabrication of highly efficient electrochemical devices, such as actuators, batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and biosensors. Meanwhile, the use of synthetic polymers in the fabrication of versatile electrochemical devices has raised environmental concerns, leading to an increase in the quest for natural polymers. Natural polymers are primarily derived from microorganisms and plants. Despite the challenges of processing bio-based electrospun fibers, employing natural nanofibers in the fabrication of electrochemical devices has garnered tremendous attention in recent years. Here, various natural polymers and the strategies employed to fabricate various electrospun biopolymers are briefly covered. The recent advances and research strategies used to apply the bio-based electrospun membranes in different electrochemical devices are carefully summarized, along with the scopes in various advanced technologies. A comprehensive and critical discussion about the use of biopolymer-based electrospun fibers as the potential alternative to non-renewable ones in future technologies is briefly highlighted. This review will serve as a field opening platform for using different biopolymer-based electrospun fibers to advance the electrochemical device-based renewable and sustainable technologies, which will be of high interest to a large community. Accordingly, future studies should focus on feasible and cost-effective extraction of biopolymers from natural resources as well as fabrication of high-performance nanofibrous biopolymer-based components applicable in various electrochemical devices.

Water scarcity due to contamination of water resources with different inorganic and organic contaminants is one of the foremost global concerns. It is due to rapid industrialization, fast urbanization, and the low efficiency of traditional wastewater treatment strategies. Conventional water treatment strategies, including chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, coagulation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, adsorption, and photolysis, are based on adopting various nanomaterials (NMs) with a high surface area, including carbon NMs, polymers, metals-based, and metal oxides. However, significant bottlenecks are toxicity, cost, secondary contamination, size and space constraints, energy efficiency, prolonged time consumption, output efficiency, and scalability. On the contrary, green NMs fabricated using microorganisms emerge as cost-effective, eco-friendly, sustainable, safe, and efficient substitutes for these traditional strategies. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art microbial-assisted green NMs and strategies including microbial cells, magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), bio-augmentation and integrated bioreactors for removing an extensive range of water contaminants addressing the challenges associated with traditional strategies. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the efficacies of microbe-assisted green NM-based water remediation strategy with the traditional practices in light of crucial factors like reusability, regeneration, removal efficiency, and adsorption capacity has been presented. The associated challenges, their alternate solutions, and the cutting-edge prospects of microbial-assisted green nanobiotechnology with the integration of advanced tools including internet-of-nano-things, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence have been discussed. This review opens a new window to assist future research dedicated to sustainable and green nanobiotechnology-based strategies for environmental remediation applications.

In our previous study we were able to show that zinc oxide (ZnO) tetrapods inhibit wound healing processes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the antiproliferative effect of two types of porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/ tetrapodal zinc oxide (ZnO-T) materials, as well as their usability for glaucoma implants. To find the best implant material, two different porous PDMS/ZnO-T materials were examined. One consisted of 3D interconnected PDMS coarse-pored foams with protruding ZnO-T particles; the other consisted of fine-pored 3D interconnected ZnO-T networks homogeneously coated by a thin PDMS film in the nanometer range. Fibroblast cell viability was investigated for both materials via MTT dye, and some implant material samples were further processed for electron microscopy. Both PDMS/ZnO-T materials showed reduced cell viability in the MTT staining. Furthermore, the electron microscopy revealed barely any fibroblasts growing on the implant materials. At the surface of the fine-pored implant material, however, fibroblasts could not be observed in the etched control samples without ZnO-T. It was found that post-processing of the material to the final stent diameter was highly challenging and that the fabrication method, therefore, had to be adapted. In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate the antiproliferative potential of the two different PDMS/ZnO-T materials. Furthermore, smaller pore size (in the range of tens of micrometers) in the implant material seems to be preferable.

Purpose: Respiratory disorders pose a major threat to the morbidity and mortality to public health. Here we reviewed the nanotechnology based pulmonary drug delivery using metered dose inhalers., Methods: Major respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), asthma, acute lower respiratory tract infections, tuberculosis (TB) and lung cancer. At present, common treatments for respiratory disorders include surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy or a combination. The major challenge is development of systemic delivery of the chemotherapeutic agents to the respiratory system. Conventional delivery of chemotherapy has various limitation and adverse side effected. Hence, targeted, and systemic delivery need to be developed. Towards this direction nanotechnology, based controlled, targeted, and systemic drug delivery systems are potential candidate to enhance therapeutic efficacy with minimum side effect. Among different route of administration, pulmonary delivery has unique benefits such as circumvents first pass hepatic metabolism and reduces dose and side effects., Results: Respiratory disorders pose a major threat to the morbidity and mortality to public health globally. Pulmonary delivery can be achieved through various drug delivery devices such as nebulizers, dry powder inhalers, and metered dose inhalers. Among them, metered dose inhalers are the most interesting and first choice of clinician over others. This review focused on nanotechnology based pulmonary drug delivery using metered dose inhalers. This report focused on delivery of various types of therapeutics using nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles and micelles, dendrimers, lipid nanocarriers such as liposomes, solid lipid nanostructures and nanostructured lipid carriers, and other using metered dose inhalers discussed comprehensively. This report provides insight about the effect of parameters of MDI such as co-solvent, propellants, actuators shape, nozzle diameters, and jet lengths, and respiratory flow rate, and particle size of co-suspension of drug on aerodynamics and lung deposition of formulation. This review also provided the insight about various metered dose inhalers market scenario and digital metered dose inhalers., Conclusion: This report concluded the clinical potential of metered dose inhalers, summary of current progress and future perspectives towards the smart digital metered dose inhalers development., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Glaucoma filtering surgery is applied to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in cases of uncontrolled glaucoma. However, postoperative fibrosis reduces the long-term success of both standard trabeculectomy and microstents. The aim of this study was to test the antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory potential of ZnO-tetrapods (ZnO-T) on human Tenon's fibroblasts (HTFs) for glaucoma surgery. The toxicity of ZnO-T on HTFs was determined using an MTT test. For analysis of fibroblast proliferation, migration, and transdifferentiation, cultures were stained for Ki67, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and p -SMAD. A fully quantitative multiplex ELISA was used to determine the concentrations of different cytokines, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in culture supernatants with and without previous ZnO-T treatment. Treatment with higher concentrations (10 and 20 µg/mL) was associated with HTF toxicity, as shown in the wound healing assay. Furthermore, the number of Ki67, α-SMA-positive, and pSMAD-positive cells, as well as IL-6 and HGF in supernatants, were significantly reduced following incubation with ZnO-T. In conclusion, we were able to show the antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory potentials of ZnO-T. Therefore, the use of ZnO-T may provide a new approach to reducing postoperative fibrosis in glaucoma filtering surgery.

Recently nanotechnology has evolved as one of the most revolutionary technologies in the world. It has now become a multi-trillion-dollar business that covers the production of physical, chemical, and biological systems at scales ranging from atomic and molecular levels to a wide range of industrial applications, such as electronics, medicine, and cosmetics. Nanobiomaterials synthesis are promising approaches produced from various biological elements be it plants, bacteria, peptides, nucleic acids, etc. Owing to the better biocompatibility and biological approach of synthesis, they have gained immense attention in the biomedical field. Moreover, due to their scaled-down sized property, nanobiomaterials exhibit remarkable features which make them the potential candidate for different domains of tissue engineering, materials science, pharmacology, biosensors, etc. Miscellaneous characterization techniques have been utilized for the characterization of nanobiomaterials. Currently, the commercial transition of nanotechnology from the research level to the industrial level in the form of nano-scaffolds, implants, and biosensors is stimulating the whole biomedical field starting from bio-mimetic nacres to 3D printing, multiple nanofibers like silk fibers functionalizing as drug delivery systems and in cancer therapy. The contribution of single quantum dot nanoparticles in biological tagging typically in the discipline of genomics and proteomics is noteworthy. This review focuses on the diverse emerging applications of Nanobiomaterials and their mechanistic advancements owing to their physiochemical properties leading to the growth of industries on different biomedical measures. Alongside the implementation of such nanobiomaterials in several drug and gene delivery approaches, optical coding, photodynamic cancer therapy, and vapor sensing have been elaborately discussed in this review. Different parameters based on current challenges and future perspectives are also discussed here., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)

In large bone defects, inadequate vascularization within the engineered constructs has been a major challenge in developing clinically impactful products. It is fairly determined that bone tissues and blood vessels are established concurrently throughout tissue repairs after an injury. Thus, the coupling of angiogenesis-osteogenesis is an essential course of action in bone tissue restoration. The manufacture of biomaterial-based scaffolds plays a decisive role in stimulating angiogenic and osteogenic progressions (instruction of neovascularization and bone mineralization). Bone hydrogels with optimal conditions are more efficient at healing bone defects. There has been a remarkable advancement in producing bone substitutes in the tissue engineering area, but the sufficient and timely vascularization of engineered constructs for optimal tissue integration and regeneration is lacking due to mismatch in the scaffold characteristics and new bone tissue reconstruction. Therefore, various key challenges remain to be overcome. A deep understanding of angiogenesis and osteogenesis progressions is required to manufacture bone hydrogels with satisfactory results. The current review briefly discusses the fundamentals of bone tissues, the significance of angiogenesis-osteogenesis progressions and their inducers, the efficacy of biomaterials and composite hydrogel-promoted neo-vasculogenesis ( i.e. angiogenesis) and bone mineralization ( i.e. osteogenesis), and related challenges, including future research directions.