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本研究の目的は,NICUに入院した子ども(以下NICU児)の母親の対児感情と母性意識の入院中から退院後1年間の経時的変化と,満期産児の母親との比較による特徴を明らかにすることである.接近と回避の下位尺度から成る対児感情評定尺度と育児肯定,育児否定,葛藤,成長志向から成る母性意識尺度を用い,入院中・退院後3ヶ月前後・退院後1年前後の調査を行った結果,以下のことが明らかになった.1)子どもへの接近は,入院中は満期産の母親よりも有意に低く,在胎過数と正の相関が見られたが,退院後は増加し1年後には在胎過数による相関も,満期産との差も見られなくなった.2)成長志向得点は入院中満期産と比較し有意に低く,退院後は職業との相関が見られた.育児肯定得点は入院中のみ初産のNICU児の母親が有意に低かった.NICUに入院する子どもの母親には,特に入院初期,初産で在胎過数が少ないほど母親のこころの回復過程を見守りながら,母子の相互交流を手助けする看護の重要性が確認された., The aim of this study was to determine changes in maternal consciousness and feelings toward babies admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) , and to compare their characteristics with mothers who had given birth to full-term infants. Two scales were used in this study : (1) a rating scale of feelings toward babies based on a measurement of approach and avoidance, and (2) a maternal consciousness scale that measured infant care, childcare rejection, complications, and growth. Data was collected three times : during hospitalization, three months after discharge, and one year after discharge. 1) Mothers of NICU infants were significantly less likely to approach their infants during hospitalization than mothers of full-term infant births with a positive correlation with the number of weeks of pregnancy lacking for a full-term birth. However, after hospital discharge, the degree to which mothers of NICU infants approached their infants increased. After one year, there was no correlation with weeks of pregnancy, and the previous difference with full-term infant births became indistinguishable. 2) Growth scores for NICU infants of mothers who had been discharged were significantly lower when compared with those during hospitalization. Furthermore, a correlation between infant growth and employment was found among mothers after hospital discharge. Infant care scores of mothers of NICU infants were significantly lower for mothers who were having their first child. For mothers of infants admitted to NICU, especially for mothers giving birth for the first time or being hospitalized for the first time, it is important for nurses to encourage a mutual exchange between mother and infant while also ensuring that the mother recovers psychologically.

近年、わが国において肥満傾向児の割合が増加している。これらの児は将来的に、肥満に起因する健康障害を引き起こす可能性が高いことから、小児期からの予防対策が重要である。本稿では、小児肥満の予防と生活習慣に焦点をあて、効果的な予防的介入方法について、それらに関する文献をもとに検討することを目的とし、以下の知見を得た。1.小児肥満を予防するためには、乳幼児期からの一次予防レベルの介入が、必要かつ効果的である。2.学童期以降では、一次予防レベルでの介入を継続するだけでなく、児の発達段階とニーズに応じ、プライバシーに配慮した二次予防レベルの介入が必要である。特に児への動機づけは重要である。3.効果的な介入を行なっていくためには、先行研究で明らかになった肥満に関連する生活習慣の改善を目指した予防活動の実施による評価研究、長期的視野に立った縦断的研究、肥満に対する認識と行動の変化に着目した研究が必要である。, In Japan, the ratio of obese children has increased in the past several years. Because of a high possibility of causing health problems that originate in obesity in the future, these children's preventive measures from the infant period are important. This paper aims to investigate effective preventive interventions focusing onto the prevention and the lifestyle of the children's obesity based on the research documents. The results are obtained ; 1. To prevent childhood obesity, primary preventive interventions from early childhood are necessary and effective. 2. At school age, it is important not only to continue primary preventive interventions but also to apply the secondary preventive interventions according to the children's developmental stage and their needs with the consideration of privacy. Especially, the motivation within children is indispensable. 3. In order to actualize effective interventions, the following researches are necessary ; 1). The evaluation research on preventive activities that aim at the improvement of lifestyle related to obesity 2). Longitudinal studies of both process and outcome analysis upon interventions 3). The research focusing on the changes in the perceptions and behaviors from both obese children's and their parents' perspectives

The use of long-term middle ear ventilation tubes (Paparella type II) was retrospectively analyzed in 66 ears with otitis media with effusion, in children treated at Kagawa Medical University Hospital between January 1990 and March 1998. The average intubation period was 23.9 months. The average pure tone air conduction threshold showed a remarkable improvement of between 32.7dBHL and 16.9dBHL. Otorrhea was observed in 25 ears (37.8%), obstruction in 2 ears (3.0%), granulation in 3 ears (4.5%) and permanent ear drum perforation in 11 ears (19.6%). No cholesteatma or adhesion of the ear drum was seen. Recurrence of otitis media with effusion was found in 9 of 45 ears (20.0%). In conclusion, Paparella type II tube can be placed for a long-term period and have a low rate of reccurence, but have a high rate of otorrhea and permanent ear drum perforation.

An efficient TiCl4–Bu3N—(cat. TMSCl)-promoted aldol addition between ketones and ketones or aldehydes was performed. This environmentally benign method is advantageous from a green chemical viewpoint with regard to yield, substrates variation, reagent availability, and simple procedures. This method was applied to a short step formal synthesis of (R)-muscone, a natural macrocyclic musk.

Cyclamate in liquid foods were extracted with ethyl acetate, after the samples were saturated with magnesium sulfate subsequently to acidification with 10% sulfuric acid. Ethyl asetate was removed from the extracts under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in a small portion of ethanol.Solid foods were homogenated with water, and cyclamate was dialyzed using a cellulose tube or a collodion tube, and the outer solution obtained by dialysis was treated in the same manner as liquid foods.The ethanol solution was spotted on a silica gel plate, and developed with a mixture of benzene, ethyl acetate and formic acid (10: 7: 3).The developed plate was sprayed with a solution of 2% o-tolidine in ethanol and 1% hydrogen peroxide solution, and then placed in an oven at 40°C. After 10 minutes, cyclamate appeared as a blue spot. Saccharin was also detected as a blue spot, however, both could be identified from each other by their Rf values (cyclamate: 0.54; saccharin: 0.80). Other substances, preservatives, antioxidants, coal-tar colors and amino acids, could be separated from cyclamate.