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1. Genetic diversity analysis of cultivated and wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) accessions around the Mediterranean basin and Central Asia

Author

Summaira Riaz, Gabriella De Lorenzis, Dianne Velasco, Anne Koehmstedt, David Maghradze, Zviad Bobokashvili, Mirza Musayev, Goran Zdunic, Valerie Laucou, M. Andrew Walker, Osvaldo Failla, John E. Preece, Mallikarjuna Aradhya, and Rosa Arroyo-Garcia

Subjects
Domestication, Genetic structure, Microsatellite, V. vinifera subsp. sativa, V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris, Botany, QK1-989
Abstract

Abstract Background The mountainous region between the Caucasus and China is considered to be the center of domestication for grapevine. Despite the importance of Central Asia in the history of grape growing, information about the extent and distribution of grape genetic variation in this region is limited in comparison to wild and cultivated grapevines from around the Mediterranean basin. The principal goal of this work was to survey the genetic diversity and relationships among wild and cultivated grape germplasm from the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean basin collectively to understand gene flow, possible domestication events and adaptive introgression. Results A total of 1378 wild and cultivated grapevines collected around the Mediterranean basin and from Central Asia were tested with a set of 20 nuclear SSR markers. Genetic data were analyzed (Cluster analysis, Principal Coordinate Analysis and STRUCTURE) to identify groups, and the results were validated by Nei’s genetic distance, pairwise FST analysis and assignment tests. All of these analyses identified three genetic groups: G1, wild accessions from Croatia, France, Italy and Spain; G2, wild accessions from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia; and G3, cultivars from Spain, France, Italy, Georgia, Iran, Pakistan and Turkmenistan, which included a small group of wild accessions from Georgia and Croatia. Wild accessions from Georgia clustered with cultivated grape from the same area (proles pontica), but also with Western Europe (proles occidentalis), supporting Georgia as the ancient center of grapevine domestication. In addition, cluster analysis indicated that Western European wild grapes grouped with cultivated grapes from the same area, suggesting that the cultivated proles occidentalis contributed more to the early development of wine grapes than the wild vines from Eastern Europe. Conclusions The analysis of genetic relationships among the tested genotypes provided evidence of genetic relationships between wild and cultivated accessions in the Mediterranean basin and Central Asia. The genetic structure indicated a considerable amount of gene flow, which limited the differentiation between the two subspecies. The results also indicated that grapes with mixed ancestry occur in the regions where wild grapevines were domesticated.

Published
2018
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2. Genetic and ecological insights into glacial refugia of walnut (Juglans regia L.).

Author

Mallikarjuna Aradhya, Dianne Velasco, Zakir Ibrahimov, Biimyrza Toktoraliev, David Maghradze, Mirza Musayev, Zviadi Bobokashvili, and John E Preece

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The distribution and survival of trees during the last glacial maximum (LGM) has been of interest to paleoecologists, biogeographers, and geneticists. Ecological niche models that associate species occurrence and abundance with climatic variables are widely used to gain ecological and evolutionary insights and to predict species distributions over space and time. The present study deals with the glacial history of walnut to address questions related to past distributions through genetic analysis and ecological modeling of the present, LGM and Last Interglacial (LIG) periods. A maximum entropy method was used to project the current walnut distribution model on to the LGM (21-18 kyr BP) and LIG (130-116 kyr BP) climatic conditions. Model tuning identified the walnut data set filtered at 10 km spatial resolution as the best for modeling the current distribution and to hindcast past (LGM and LIG) distributions of walnut. The current distribution model predicted southern Caucasus, parts of West and Central Asia extending into South Asia encompassing northern Afghanistan, Pakistan, northwestern Himalayan region, and southwestern Tibet, as the favorable climatic niche matching the modern distribution of walnut. The hindcast of distributions suggested the occurrence of walnut during LGM was somewhat limited to southern latitudes from southern Caucasus, Central and South Asian regions extending into southwestern Tibet, northeastern India, Himalayan region of Sikkim and Bhutan, and southeastern China. Both CCSM and MIROC projections overlapped, except that MIROC projected a significant presence of walnut in the Balkan Peninsula during the LGM. In contrast, genetic analysis of the current walnut distribution suggested a much narrower area in northern Pakistan and the surrounding areas of Afghanistan, northwestern India, and southern Tajikistan as a plausible hotspot of diversity where walnut may have survived glaciations. Overall, the findings suggest that walnut perhaps survived the last glaciations in several refugia across a wide geographic area between 30° and 45° North latitude. However, humans probably played a significant role in the recent history and modern distribution of walnut.

Published
2017
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3. Dual domestications and origin of traits in grapevine evolution

Author

Yang Dong, Shengchang Duan, Qiuju Xia, Zhenchang Liang, Xiao Dong, Kristine Margaryan, Mirza Musayev, Svitlana Goryslavets, Goran Zdunić, Pierre-François Bert, Thierry Lacombe, Erika Maul, Peter Nick, Kakha Bitskinashvili, György Dénes Bisztray, Elyashiv Drori, Gabriella De Lorenzis, Jorge Cunha, Carmen Florentina Popescu, Rosa Arroyo-Garcia, Claire Arnold, Ali Ergül, Yifan Zhu, Chao Ma, Shufen Wang, Siqi Liu, Liu Tang, Chunping Wang, Dawei Li, Yunbing Pan, Jingxian Li, Ling Yang, Xuzhen Li, Guisheng Xiang, Zijiang Yang, Baozheng Chen, Zhanwu Dai, Yi Wang, Arsen Arakelyan, Varis Kuliyev, Gennady Spotar, Nabil Girollet, Serge Delrot, Nathalie Ollat, Patrice This, Cécile Marchal, Gautier Sarah, Valérie Laucou, Roberto Bacilieri, Franco Röckel, Pingyin Guan, Andreas Jung, Michael Riemann, Levan Ujmajuridze, Tekle Zakalashvili, David Maghradze, Maria Höhn, Gizella Jahnke, Erzsébet Kiss, Tamás Deák, Oshrit Rahimi, Sariel Hübner, Fabrizio Grassi, Francesco Mercati, Francesco Sunseri, José Eiras-Dias, Anamaria Mirabela Dumitru, David Carrasco, Alberto Rodriguez-Izquierdo, Gregorio Muñoz, Tamer Uysal, Cengiz Özer, Kemal Kazan, Meilong Xu, Yunyue Wang, Shusheng Zhu, Jiang Lu, Maoxiang Zhao, Lei Wang, Songtao Jiu, Ying Zhang, Lei Sun, Huanming Yang, Ehud Weiss, Shiping Wang, Youyong Zhu, Shaohua Li, Jun Sheng, Wei Chen, Duan, Shengchang, Xia, Qiuju, Liang, Zhenchang, Margaryan, Kristine, Musayev, Mirza, Goryslavets, Svitlana, Zdunić, Goran, Bert, Pierre-François, Lacombe, Thierry, Maul, Erika, Bitskinashvili, Kakha, Bisztray, György Dénes, Drori, Elyashiv, De Lorenzis, Gabriella, Popescu, Carmen Florentina, Arroyo García, Rosa Adela, Chen, Baozheng, Dai, Zhanwu, Spotar, Gennady, Girollet, Nabil, Delrot, Serge, Ollat, Nathalie, This, Patrice, Sarah, Gautier, Laucou, Valérie, Bacilieri, Roberto, Röckel, Franco, Guan, Pingyin, Riemann, Michael, Ujmajuridze, Levan, Zakalashvili, Tekle, Höhn, Maria, Jahnke, Gizella, Kiss, Erzsébet, Deák, Tamás, Rahimi, Oshrit, Hübner, Sariel, Grassi, Fabrizio, Mercati, Francesco, Eiras-Dias, José, Dumitru, Anamaria Mirabela, Carrasco, David, Rodriguez-Izquierdo, Alberto, Muñoz, Gregorio, Uysal, Tamer, Özer, Cengiz, Kazan, Kemal, Wang, Yunyue, Zhao, Maoxiang, Weiss, Ehud, Dong, Y, Duan, S, Xia, Q, Liang, Z, Dong, X, Margaryan, K, Musayev, M, Goryslavets, S, Zdunić, G, Bert, P, Lacombe, T, Maul, E, Nick, P, Bitskinashvili, K, Bisztray, G, Drori, E, De Lorenzis, G, Cunha, J, Popescu, C, Arroyo-Garcia, R, Arnold, C, Ergül, A, Zhu, Y, Ma, C, Wang, S, Liu, S, Tang, L, Wang, C, Li, D, Pan, Y, Li, J, Yang, L, Li, X, Xiang, G, Yang, Z, Chen, B, Dai, Z, Wang, Y, Arakelyan, A, Kuliyev, V, Spotar, G, Girollet, N, Delrot, S, Ollat, N, This, P, Marchal, C, Sarah, G, Laucou, V, Bacilieri, R, Röckel, F, Guan, P, Jung, A, Riemann, M, Ujmajuridze, L, Zakalashvili, T, Maghradze, D, Höhn, M, Jahnke, G, Kiss, E, Deák, T, Rahimi, O, Hübner, S, Grassi, F, Mercati, F, Sunseri, F, Eiras-Dias, J, Dumitru, A, Carrasco, D, Rodriguez-Izquierdo, A, Muñoz, G, Uysal, T, Özer, C, Kazan, K, Xu, M, Zhu, S, Lu, J, Zhao, M, Wang, L, Jiu, S, Zhang, Y, Sun, L, Yang, H, Weiss, E, Li, S, Sheng, J, and Chen, W

Subjects
Domestication, Ecotype, Phenotype, Multidisciplinary, Acclimatization, Grapes, domestication, origin, Genetics, Humans, genetic diversity, genomic history, accessions, holocene, insights, Agriculture, Vitis, Asia Western, Biological Evolution
Abstract

We elucidate grapevine evolution and domestication histories with 3525 cultivated and wild accessions worldwide. In the Pleistocene, harsh climate drove the separation of wild grape ecotypes caused by continuous habitat fragmentation. Then, domestication occurred concurrently about 11,000 years ago in Western Asia and the Caucasus to yield table and wine grapevines. The Western Asia domesticates dispersed into Europe with early farmers, introgressed with ancient wild western ecotypes, and subsequently diversified along human migration trails into muscat and unique western wine grape ancestries by the late Neolithic. Analyses of domestication traits also reveal new insights into selection for berry palatability, hermaphroditism, muscat flavor, and berry skin color. These data demonstrate the role of the grapevines in the early inception of agriculture across Eurasia.

Published
2023
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5. Tannin phenotyping of the Vitaceae reveals a phylogenetic linkage of epigallocatechin in berries and leaves

Author

Jean-Marc Brillouet, Charles Romieu, Roberto Bacilieri, Peter Nick, Anna Trias-Blasi, Erika Maul, Katalin Solymosi, Peter Teszlák, Jiang-Fu Jiang, Lei Sun, Danielle Ortolani, Jason P Londo, Ben Gutierrez, Bernard Prins, Marc Reynders, Frank Van Caekenberghe, David Maghradze, Cecile Marchal, Amir Sultan, Jean-Francois Thomas, Daniel Scherberich, Helene Fulcrand, Laurent Roumeas, Guillaume Billerach, Vugar Salimov, Mirza Musayev, Muhammad Ejaz Ul Islam Dar, Jean-Benoit Peltier, Michel Grisoni, Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Royal Botanic Gardens [Kew], Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology [Budapest], Faculty of Sciences [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Faculty of Sciences [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), University of Pecs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Jardin Exotique, USDA Agricultural Research Service [Beltsville, Maryland], USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), Meise Botanic Garden [Belgium] (Plantentuin), National Wine Agency of Georgia, Domaine expérimental de Vassal (MONTP DOM VASSAL), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Herbarium (Stewart Collection), Jardin Botanique de Lyon, Partenaires INRAE, Azerbaijani Scientific Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS), University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (UAJ&K), Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)

Subjects
American wild grapevines, leaf, phenotype, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], leaf margin teeth, Original Articles, Plant Science, Asian wild grapevines, Catechin, Plant Leaves, Vitaceae, Vitis vinifera, Fruit, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Condensed tannins, pericarp, Proanthocyanidins, Vitis, epigallocatechin, Tannins, EGC(-) vines, Phylogeny, EGC(+) vines
Abstract

Background and Aims Condensed tannins, responsible for berry and wine astringency, may have been selected during grapevine domestication. This work examines the phylogenetic distribution of condensed tannins throughout the Vitaceae phylogenetic tree. Methods Green berries and mature leaves of representative true-to-type members of the Vitaceae were collected before ‘véraison’, freeze-dried and pulverized, and condensed tannins were measured following depolymerization by nucleophilic addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the C4 of the flavan-3-ol units in an organic acidic medium. Reaction products were separated and quantified by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography/diode array detection/mass spectrometry. Key Results and Conclusions The original ability to incorporate epigallocatechin (EGC) into grapevine condensed tannins was lost independently in both the American and Eurasian/Asian branches of the Vitaceae, with exceptional cases of reversion to the ancestral EGC phenotype. This is particularly true in the genus Vitis, where we now find two radically distinct groups differing with respect to EGC content. While Vitis species from Asia are void of EGC, 50 % of the New World Vitis harbour EGC. Interestingly, the presence of EGC is tightly coupled with the degree of leaf margin serration. Noticeably, the rare Asian EGC-forming species are phylogenetically close to Vitis vinifera, the only remnant representative of Vitis in Eurasia. Both the wild ancestral V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris as well as the domesticated V. vinifera subsp. sativa can accumulate EGC and activate galloylation biosynthesis that compete for photoassimilates and reductive power.

Published
2022
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7. EUROPEAN COLLABORATION FOR THE GRAPEVINE PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY EXPLOITATION

Author

Rustioni, Laura, David Maghradze, Carmen F. Popescu, Gabriele Cola, Ekaterine Abashidze, Ruben Aroutiounian, João Brazão, Ramaz Chipashvili, Vladimir Cornea, Liviu C. Dejeu, Daniel Dinu, José Eduardo Eiras Dias, Simone Fiori, Svitlana Goryslavets, Javier Ibáñez, Laszlo Kocsis, Fabrice Lorenzini, Maletic, Edi, Londa Mamasakhlisashvili, Kristina Margaryan, Irma Mdinaradze, Daniel Molitor, Emine Memetova, Mª Ignacia Montemayor, Nina Muljukina, Gregorio Muñoz- Organero, Mirza Musayev, Gyöngyi Nemeth, Nikolaos Nikolaou, Preiner, Darko, Stefano Raimondi, Valentyna Risovanna, Silvija Ruisa, Ondrej Skala, Fotios Sakaveli, Vugar Salimov, Gheorghe Savin, Savvas Savvides, Anna Schneider, Florian Schwander, Jean- Laurent Spring, Levan Ujmajuridze, Eletheria Zioziou, Erika Maul, Roberto Bacilieri, Osvaldo Failla, and Gabriella De Lorenzis, Laura Rustioni and Osvaldo Failla

Subjects
grapevine phenotyping, diversity, Vitis vinifera L
Abstract

INTRODUCTION – Common limits for phenotyping are costs in terms of equipment, specialized researchers, and time. Moreover, phenotyping requires specific methods in relation to the studied traits, and each method is generally designed to highlight very specific characteristics of the singular trait. Thus, the obtained results are not easily comparable between different institutions. However the data sharing is clearly the most powerful approach to limit the costs and efforts optimizing the obtained results in term of number of studied accessions. It should be stressed that funds are another great limit in research, especially in East countries, where the most interesting cultivar variability is preserved. 28 AIMS AND SCOPES – The main purpose of this work is the establishment of a phenotyping network able to produce comparable data among the Pan-European grapevine collections. MATERIALS AND METHODS – Two protocols were proposed: one for phenology and, the other, for enocarpological traits. Data were recorded in two consecutive vintages: 2012 and 2013. Concerning phenology, the extended BBCH scale (universal and flexible) was adapted to our objects by moving it into a chrono- phenological scale. Then, a cubic curve was selected for modelling the phenological courses. Thus, computing for each accession specific coefficients, it was possible to obtain the relative phenograms. Considering the different site climatic conditions, it was possible to spatialize the results, obtaining reference phenological maps. Concerning eno- carpological traits, the attention was focused on characteristics with a clear impact on the production quality, such as berry morphology (weight, diameters, number of seeds …) and composition (sugar, titratable acidity, anthocyanin and phenolic contents …). The protocol was organized to concatenate the data acquisition, with the objective to generate new derived variables. The methods were selected to be easily reproduced in all the involved collections, without the necessity of expensive facilities. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS – The first year of dataset was used to evaluate the methods. Two publications are already available confirming the protocols quality. Concerning phenology, both the variability between accessions grown into the same collection and the phenological shifts between the reference varieties cultivated in different areas were highlighted by the protocol. Matching climatic and phenological information of reference cultivars, phenophases maps were obtained. The performances obtained by the eno-carpological protocol were satisfactory both in a global point of view and in a singular collection evaluation. The project obtained an impressive participation, considering the volunteer contribution without any material funding to cover the work costs. Twenty-four institutions collaborate to the data collection. 1724 accessions were evaluated: 931 (583 in 2012 and 348 in 2013) for phenology and 793 (424 in 2012 and 369 in 2013) for eno-carpological descriptions. CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS – The protocol sharing allows the data comparison among different grapevine collections. The possible future application for this dataset could be related to scientific studies of genetic associations. Moreover, the improved knowledge of minor and neglected cultivars could have a direct impact on the industrial production, giving information concerning new varieties for future introduction in viticultural areas.

Published
2014

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