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Provedenim istraživanjem analiziran je ulov crnogoričnog ljestvičara Trypodendron lineatum na području srednje Bosne. Prikupljanje podataka o brojnosti insekata vršeno je u mješovitim šumama bukve i jele (sa smrekom), sekundarnim šumama jele i smreke i šumskim kulturama četinjača u kojima je dominantna smreka. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom 2020. godine, a korišteno je 20 naletno barijernih feromonskih klopki tipa Teysohn® za testiranje učinkovitosti feromonskog atraktanta Trypowit. Prosječan ulov potkornjaka T. lineatum za I brojanje je najveći u šumskim kulturama četinjača u kojima je dominantna smreka (792.00 jedinki), za II i III brojanje u mješovitim šumama bukve i jele (sa smrekom) (1444.44 jedinki i 1033.33 jedinki). Utvrđeno je postojanje statistički značajnih razlika u ulovu potkornjaka T. lineatum tijekom III brojanje u zavisnosti od tipa šuma u kojima se nalazila smreka. Naime značajno veći ulov insekata zabilježen je u klopkama postavljenim u mješovitim šumama bukve i jele (sa smrekom) a iste su bile u blizini stovarišta, kao i mjestima s prisutnim drugim drvnim ostacima u odnosu na klopke koje su se nalazile u drugim tipovima šuma.

Protected areas are ecosystems of indisputable importance for the wealth and biodiversity of each country. Therefore, the forestry profession is faced with the priority task of preserving the health of forests, which includes monitoring, forecasting and planning measures to combat factors that may adversely affect the health and stability of forests. Assessment of the health status of a protected area implies the collection of data that serves to assess the current health status as well as defining and proposing appropriate measures to preserve natural diversity. Since natural monuments are not a physically limited part of nature, plant diseases, pests and other harmful biotic and abiotic factors in the ecosystems surrounding this protected area can spread beyond their borders. Therefore, monitoring and implementing environmentally friendly protection measures must be imperative in our protected areas. Weakened and older trees of all species that have reduced resistance to pest attack are primarily exposed to the attack. Due to the reduced felling in protected areas, there are more and more such trees, which will surely be a significant problem in the near future.

U ovom radu je opisan prvi nalaz invazivne vrste (Cacopsylla pulchella) na području Bosne i Hercegovine. Ovo je potencijalno invazivna vrsta posebno za područje mediterana, odnosno južnih dijelova naše zemlje. Monofagna je vrsta, koja se hrani na judinom drvetu Cercis siliquastrum L. Značaj domaćina ovog štetnika u urbanim površinama, posebice u području Hercegovine te karakter invazivnosti, upućuju na ozbiljnost problema i potrebu dodatnih istraživanja bionomije i štetnosti.

Pyrrhalta viburni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a chrysomelid native to Eurasia. It gained importance as an invasive species in North America due to its ability to cause serious damage to native and ornamental Viburnum spp. plants.In our study Pyrrhalta viburni was recorded as a new record in the fauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has been recorded on four locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the region of Sarajevo. As it is feeding on Viburnum spp. that are commonly used as ornamental plants, its monitoring in urban and other habitats is suggested., Pyrrhalta viburni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), hudikina zlatica je kornjaš autohton u Europi i Aziji. U Sjevernoj Americi hudikina zlatica je invazivna, zbog čega je porastao interes za istraživanje biologije vrste. Imaga i ličinke hrane se najčešće lišćem biljaka iz roda Viburnum i uzrokuju štete na listovima, a zbog tendencije da agregiraju i polažu jaja na već oštećenim biljkama izazivaju oštećenja koja mogu uzrokovati sušenja biljke. Odrasli oblici su 4,5-6,5 mm duge, smeđe boje sa blago tamnijim prednjim dijelom elitri, dok je dorzalna površina prekrivena sa gustim zlatno-sivim dlačicama. Imaga i ličinke sakupljene su od 18.05. do 23.06.2020. godine na četiri lokaliteta: Pazarić, dva lokaliteta u urbanom području grada Sarajeva (ulice Kolodvorska i Brčanska) i Trtorići (Općina Breza). Ovo je prvi nalaz ove vrste kukca, potencijalno važnog defolijatora autohtonih i kultiviranih vrsta iz roda Viburnum koji ukazuje na potrebu daljeg istraživanja rasprostranjenosti i brojnosti vrste Pyrrhalta viburni na području Bosne i Hercegovine.

Bukva predstavlja jednu od najvažnijih vrsta drveća u Bosni i Hercegovini. Stoga, potrebno je praćenje zdravstvenog stanja bukovih sastojina i poduzimanje svih neophodnih preventivnih i represivnih mjera kako bi se zdravstveno stanje ovih sastojina unaprijedilo. U okviru istraživanja analiziran je utjecaj bukove skočipipe na površinu oštećenja listova na stabalcima bukve od imaga i ličinke u ovisnosti od lokacije i položaja stabalaca bukve u sastojini (svjetlo/sjena). Lokacije istraživanja su se nalazile unutar kulture smreke, visokih šuma bukve i mješovitih šuma bukve i jele sa smrekom. Bukova skočipipa predstavlja jednog od glavnih defolijatora koji se javljaju na stablima bukve. Uzorak istraživanja čine 15 stabalaca bukve, po 5 stabalaca na tri lokacije. Na svakoj lokaciji odabrana su 3 stabalca čija krošnja je bila na svjetlu i dva stabalca čija krošnja je bila u sjeni (ukupno 9 stabalaca na svjetlu i 6 stabalaca u zasjeni). Na svakom stablu pregledavana su i mjerena oštećenja od imaga i ličinke bukove skočipipe. Ustanovljeno je da prosječna površina oštećenja lista bukve od imaga je varirala od 2-4%, a ličinke od 4-8%. Statističkim analizama je utvrđeno postojanje statistički značajnih razlika u površini oštećenja lista bukve od ličinke u ovisnosti od položaja stabalaca bukve u sastojini., The impact of beech weevil on the damaged area of beech trees from adult and larvae was analyzed, depending on the location and position of trees of beech in stand (sun/shadow). The research localities were located within the forest plantation of spruce, natural beech forests and mixed beech, fir and spruce forests. Beech weevil represents one of the main defoliators appearing on beech trees. The research sample consists of 15 beech trees, 5 trees per location, on three locations. On each location, were selected 3 trees with the crown in the sun and 2 trees with the crown in the shade (a total of 9 trees in the sun and 6 trees in the shade). On each tree were measured damages from the adult and larvae of beech weevil. It has been found that the average damaged area on beech leaf varied for adult from 2-4%, and larvae 4-8%. Statistical analysis showed a statistically significant differences in damaged areas of beech leaf from larvae, depending on the position of beech trees in the stand.

Balkan Peninsula is considered to be a hotspot of beetle biodiversity. Registering occurrence of saproxylic beetles is an important first step for expanding the general knowledge about saproxylic beetles as ecologically important insect species. Cossonus parallelepipedus is a European saproxylic species distributed from Iberian Peninsula in the west to Russia in the east, and from the Mediterranean in the south to Fennoscandia in the north. The first, and until now the only find of this species for the Balkan Peninsula is from Croatia. We report the first find of C. parallelepipedus in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). In April 2020, larvae, pupae and imagoes were collected, in the central part of BiH, north of Sarajevo, on Zvijezda Mt. near Vareš from decaying moist wood in the lower part of a tree trunk of European silver fir, Abies alba. We expect that this species has a wider presence, especially in mountain areas in the central part of the country. Due to the similar environment conditions for other two European Cossonus species ( C. cylindrus and C. linearis) their presence is also possible.

International audience; The North American oak lace bug feeds on leaves of 'white oaks" in its native range. In Europe, it was first discovered in northern Italy in 2000. In recent years, it has subsequently spread rapidly and population outbreaks have been observed in several European countries. In the present study, we summarize the steps of its expansion. To predict its potential host range, we checked 48 oak species in 20 sentinel gardens in seven countries between 2013 and 2018. In total, 27 oak species were recorded as suitable hosts; 13 of them are globally new ones, 23 out of the 29 in section Quercus (similar to white oaks, an intrageneric taxonomic unit within genus Quercus), including Asian oaks, native to Japan, Korea and China, and four out of five in section Cerris (another intrageneric unit of the same genus), were accepted as hosts. None of the species in section Lobatae (red oaks) or in the Ilex group was accepted. Host records were also collected in forest stands of 10 countries. We found 11 oak species that were infested. Outbreak populations were most commonly found on Quercus robur, Quercus frainetto, Quercus petraea and Quercus cerris, comprising widespread and outstandingly important oaks species in Europe. Based on our findings, we conclude that suitable hosts for oak lace bug are present in most of Europe and Asia. This means that a lack of hosts will likely not restrict further range expansion.

Za potrebe ovog rada utvrđena je štetnost zlatokraja (E. chrysorrhoea L.) na području ŠPD-a “Srednjobosanske” šume, odnosno na području Šumarija Novi Travnik, Travnik i Kreševo. Proveden je monitoring populacije zlatokraja primjenom represivnih mjera koje su obuhvatile primjenu klopki i feromona. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja korištene su klopke WitaTrap Delta PQ i feromoni Chrysowit. Monitoring populacije zlatokraja je analiziran tijekom 2014. i 2015. godine sa po dva mjerenja. Za Šumariju Novi Travnik utvrđeno je da je broj ulovljenih jedinki zlatokraja u 2015. godini znatno manji u odnosu na 2014 godinu. Za Šumariju Travnik i Kreševo je broj ulovljenih jedinki zlatokraja u 2015 godini znatno veći u odnosu na 2014 godinu. Prosječan broj ulovljenih jedinki na lokalitetima istraživanja kretao se od 1,68 do 22,39 jedinki.

Brijestova osa listarica je invazivni štetnik, podrijetlom iz Japana i Kine. Unesena je u Europu posredstvom egzotičnih vrsta brijesta. U Bosni i Hercegovini je prvi puta otkrivena ovim nalazom 2017. godine na području općine Vareš na nekoliko lokaliteta. Ni na jednom od lokaliteta štetnik nije uzrokovao značajniju defolijaciju. Budući da je ovo strana i potencijalno invazivna vrsta, može se očekivati njeno širenje po čitavom području Bosne i Hercegovine.

UDK: 595.768.1:582.475(234.422 Zvijezda) Bark beetles are the most important pests of the coniferous forests. Although they are considered to be a secondary pest, they are becoming the primary pests that attack healthy trees. One of the important spruce bark beetle is the Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) - a small spruce beetle. The research was conducted in the municipality of Vareš, on three locations: Ponikva, Pobrin Han, Doli. The active period of the bark beetle for development began in the last decade of April. P. chalcographus in the field of research had two generations. For the development of generations it took between 12 and 13 weeks. Weather conditions in the object of research did not allow the completion of the second generation. The activity of the bark beetle ends in mid-September. When we talk about the characteristics of wood material which prefers small bark beetle of spruce, we can say that he prefers to inhabit thinner parts of trunk with thin and smooth rind. In the object of research for monitoring of population of bark beetle P. chalcographus was used trap trees. As a measure to combat the small spruce bark beetles are strongly advised in due time, autumn and winter, remove the dried trees and trees with drilled bark beetles. Maintenance and establishment of forest order to reduce the amount of wood material suitable for the settlement of bark beetles.

UDK: 630*43(497.6 Konjic)“2009/2013“ Forests as one of the largest renewable sources in nature, are extremely important for human survival. They cover about a quarter of the Earth's surface and are the lungs of all living beings. Rapid technological development has significantly improved the life of a man, but also made a great contribution to the destruction of the natural balance, and reducing biodiversity. They represent a significant social wealth not only by producing precious and for its quality values in many ways irreplaceable wood material, edible and medicinal plants, but also because its existence is a very positive impact on the protection and improvement of the environment, regulation of climate and water regime, reducing damage from erosion, flood and spate, development of recreation, tourism, hunting and many other economic activities. Fires are one of the strongest and most dangerous agents that man were served in suppressing forest since ancient times, but unfortunately still used today. In many parts of world man suppresses forest and brush with fires, creating a short-term favorable conditions for its economy. Research that are the subject of this paper is an analysis of the volume of forest fires in the period 2009-2013 year in the municipality of Konjic. The conducted analysis in this area in the period 2009-2013 year recorded 37 fires. Of that number, 20 fires were in the category of crown-fires and 17 ground-fires. The largest number of fires was 14 in 2011, with 310 hectares of fire-affected areas, while the lowest number was recorded in 2010, only three fires and burnt area amounted to 7 ha.

Utvrđivanje bionomije i utjecaja štetnika smrekine ose listarice, Pristiphora abietina na zdravstveno stanje šumskih kultura smreke provedeno je u sastojinama Šumskoprivrednog područja „Ključko“. Istraživanjem su procjenji­va­ni i mjereni sljedeći parametri: početak, tok i kraj rojenja male smrekine ose listarice, biologija i tok nastajanja simptoma na napadnutim stablima smreke. Za ulov jedinki P. abietina korištene su žute, ljepljive, ploče. Svaka od serija za ulov imala je 10 ploča sa 20 ljepljivih površina. Ukupno je u 180 ljepljivih ploča, ulovljeno 2640 jedinki P. abietina, od toga 1903 mužjaka ili 72,1 % i 737 ženki ili 27,9%. Utvrđene su značajne štete uzrokovane ovim štetnikom na istraživanom području.

Wood decay fungi reduce the vitality of infected trees, predispose the surrounding trees to be attacked from other harmful agents and damage the most valued part of the stem. Because of these multiple influences it is necessary to explore the presence of these fungi in the forests of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in order to be able to prevent and reduce the damage they cause. Norway spruce in Bosnia and Herzegovina represents one of economically important trees. Because of that, this research is focused on role and implementation of molecular methods and determination of wood decaying fungi on Norway spruce from the genera Heterobasidion and Armillaria on mountain Zvijezda. The reliable identification of species of genus Heterobasidion can be made by analyzing the differences in the structure of the ITS region of rDNA. The reliable identification of species of genus Armillaria can be done by analyzing the differences in the structure of the ITS region of rDNA (genus level), or IGS rDNA regions (interspecies diversity). Inside the object of research were found 9 trees with fungus Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen, 1 tree with a fungus Armillaria cepistipes Velenovský, 2 trees with the fungus Armillaria ostoyae (Romagnesi) Herink, and 17 trees whose decay was caused by other decaying fungi. Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. was identified from decaying wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)., Utjecaj gljiva truležnica roda Heterobasidion i Armillaria na pojavu truleži na stablima obične smreke provedeno je na Šumskogospodarskom području “Gornjebosansko”, gospodarska jedinica “Gornja Stavnja”, odjeljenje 65. Utvrđivanje prisutnosti truleži vršeno je na srušenim stablima obične smreke na premjernim površinama koje su raspoređene u sistematski postavljenoj mreži 100 m x 100 m. Uzorci su prikupljeni sa tri mjesta na dijelu debla zahvaćenom procesom truleži (početak zone truleži, sredina i vršna zona truleži). Na mjestima uzorkovanja uzimani su kolutovi drva debljine 5 cm. Analize uzoraka su provedene u laboratorijima Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu. Za izravnu izolaciju gljivične DNA su pripremljeni uzroci drva mase 10-20 mg. Za amplifikaciju ciljanog segmenta DNK korištene su tubice s pripremljenim reagensima, proizvod ReadyToGo PCR beads tvrtke Amersham, Bioscience. Za amplifikaciju ciljanog segmenta ITS regije za rod Heterobasidion su korišteni početnice MJ-F, MJ-R, KJ-F i KJ-R, pomoću kojih je utvrđena međuvrsna raznolikost (tablica 2). Za amplifikaciju ciljanog segmenta ITS regiona za rod Armillaria su korišteni početnice ITS-1 i ITS-4, pomoću kojih je utvrđena samo pripadnost rodu. Za međuvrsnu raznolikost je vršena amplifikacija ciljanog segmenta IGS regiona za rod Armillaria pomoću početnice LR12 i O-1, te razgradnja endonukleazom AluI (tablica 3). Uspješnost amplifikacije je provjerena elektroforezom na agaroznom gelu. Interpretacija profila je izvršena pomoću molekularnog markera poznate veličine (100 bp) (slika 1).Na osnovi provedenih istraživanja unutar istraživane sastojine utvrđeno je 9 stabala s gljivom H. parviporum, 2 stabla s gljivom A. ostoyae, 1 stablo s gljivom A. cepistipes, te 17 stabala čiju trulež su uzrokovale ostale gljive truležnice (tablica 4). Gljiva H. annosum je uspješno identificirana iz plodišta. Na osnovi svega navedenog, može se zaključiti da je molekularnim analizama moguće utvrđivati međuvrsnu raznolikost gljiva ova dva roda iz uzoraka drveta sa truleži i plodišta gljiva.

UDK: 595.42:582.685.4(497.6 Sarajevo) Urban green areas in Sarajevo are of the most importance for the overall appearance of the city and the quality of life in it. In recent years there has been a decline in the area under vegetation. The main reason for the loss and degradation of green areas is anthropogenic factor which predisposes urban greenery with its activities to various other biotic and abiotic factors. Air pollution, drought, high temperatures, soil and water pollution are group of abiotic factors which synergetic cause physiological changes in plant species. The fall of physiological resistance causes exposure of plants to biotic factors, especially insects, fungi, and recently mites. In this paper, the research was conducted in order to determine the identification of harmful species of mites on the linden trees and determine the intensity of infection. Linden trees are designed as an avenue that stretches from Suada and Olga Bridge to the TV home in Alipašino Polje. Identification was based on symptoms established on the leaf material directly in the field and in the laboratory with the use of microscopes and binoculars. Laboratory studies were carried out at the Faculty of Forestry in Sarajevo. The intensity of infection of trees was determined HAWKSWORH'S six class system (1986). A total of 200 trees were analyzed of which is the 136 infected by phytophagous mites. We identified five types of mites. Found species belonged to the family Eriophyidae and Tetranychidae. Following types of mites are identified from the first family: Eriophyestiliae (Eriophyoidea), Eriophyestiliaelateannulatus (Eriophyoidea), Eriophyesexilis (Eriophyoidea), and Eriophyesleiosoma (Eriophyoidea). From other family revealed the presence of mite Eotetranychustiliarum (Tetranychoidea). The result of research conducted in the period from May to August showed a tendency of all recorded species of mites to the lower parts of the tree crown and going to the higher parts their numbers are decreasing.

Borov četnjak Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. je prvi put identifikovan u Bosni i Hercegovini na području kanjona rijeke Neretve (Konjic, Prozor) krajem 70-ih godina prošlog stoljeća. Na području BiH pronađen je na sljedećim vrstama drveća: Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold, P. sylvestris L., P. halepensis Mill., P. mugo Turra. i endemska vrsta, P. heldreichii Christ. Ako se uzmu u obzir areali borova, odnosno uslovi staništa na kojima pridolaze prirodno kao i uslovi staništa na kojima se nalaze kulture borova, može se konstatovati da isti nastanjuju područja koja su skromna sa aspekta hranjiva i vlage u tlu. Vrlo često ih nalazimo i na staništima na kojima druge vrste šumskog drveća ne nalaze čak ni minimum uslova za svoj opsanak. Zajednička morfološka karakteristika krošanja borova jeste da su one vrlo skromnih dimenzija (mali broj grana, posebno unutar sastojine) kao i vrlo rijetke krošnje. Prethodno navedeno rezultira vrlo skromnim prirastima borova. Borov četnjak izgriza iglice i formira gnijezda na granama borova čime smanjuje asimilacionu površinu rijetkih borovih krošanja. Štetnost se ogleda u umanjenju prirasta drveta od 14% kod slabijeg do 33% kod jačeg napada. Posebno je značajno naglasiti njegovu opasnost za ljude i životinje kada uzrokuje jake alergijske reakcije. Javlja se najčešće u šumskim kulturama bora. U cilju optimiranja uzgojnih mjera koje treba provesti u napadnutim sastojinama ovim štetnikom, neophodno je poznavati u kojim dijelovima krošnje te u kojim mikroklimatskim uslovima on ima optimum za svoj razvoj. Za potrebe ovog rada vršeno je utvrđivanje prisustva borovog četnjaka na području Bosne i Hercegovine, odnosno utvrđivanje njegove sjeverne granice rasprostranjenja, koja se nalazi u Hercegovini oko Konjica. Osim ovih, vršena su istraživanja u pogledu njegovih mikroklimatskih zahtjeva (starost stabala, položaj stabla u sastojini, nadmorska visina, ekspozicija, te dijelovi krošnje). Također, vršeno je određivanje veličine obrštenog dijela izbojka. U cilju utvrđivanja parazitoida i hiperparazitoida uzimani su uzorci (jajna legla), te vršena identifikacija u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da areal ovog štetnika uglavnom zauzima područje Hercegovine. U pogledu mikroklimatskih zahtjeva utvrđeno je da na sjeverno eksponiranim dijelovima krošnje nije bilo gnijezda štetnika, a povećanje prsnog prečnika utiče na broj zimskih gnijezda u gornjoj trećini stabala. Štetnik uglavnom napada crni bor i pri prisustvu štetnika gnijezda se pojavljuju na istočnim, južnim i dijelom zapadnim stranama svijeta. Prema dosadašnjim rezultatima laboratorijskih ispitivanja utvrđene su sljedeće vrste parazitoida: Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet), Baryscapus servadeii (Domenichini), Anastatus bifasciatus (Geoffroy), Trichogramma sp. i hiperparazitoid Baryscapus transversalis (Graham).

U ovome radu opisan je prvi nalaz hrastove mrežaste stjenice (Corythuca arcuata) na području centralne Bosne, na dva lokaliteta. Kako je ovo prvi nalaz ove vrste na području Bosne i Hercegovine, potrebna su dodatna istraživanja biologije i štetnosti ovog insekta. Budući da je ovo strana i potencijalno invazivna vrsta, može se očekivati njeno širenje po teritoriji čitave Bosne i Hercegovine., This research is first record of oak lace bug (Corythuca arcuata) in the municipality of Vareš, Bosnia and Herzegovina on two localities. It was found eggs, nymphs and adult insects of oak lace bug on the leaves of sessile oak. Since this is a foreign and potentially invasive species, its spread throughout the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina can be expected.

UDK: 630*4:582.475(497.6 Pale) Total of 125,479 ha of different stated owned forest cultures were registered in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1990). Stability of forest even – aged stands and forest communities in genera has been endangered by damaging biotic and abiotic factors of local and global nature. The biggest damages on forest cultures have been caused by insects and fungi, biotic factors, and snow and wind, abiotic. The negative influence of global factors, that is, global climate changes has recently stood out. The aim of this research was to determine of health status of forest even – aged stands. Research for the purpose of this work has been carried out in the territory of Forest management Jahorina, Pale with three forest even – aged stands: Norway spruce, Scots pine and forest even – aged stands of other coniferous (European larch and Douglas fir). Research included 796 trees of Norway spruce, Scots pine, European larch and Douglas fir. Presence of insects was identified on 15,58%; fungi on 2,14%, and mechanical damages on trunk and/or crown 11,06% of the total number of examined trees. Of the total number of examined trees, the share of mechanical damages on trunk and/or crown of trees is as follows: first crown, and then trunk. Share of trees with mechanical damages on both crown and trunk is rather small. Identified damaging biotic and abiotic factors do not cause significant damages on the analyzed forest even – aged stands.

Bagrem je alohtona vrsta drveća, koja je na naše prostore unesena i prije 400 godina. Iako je invazivna vrsta Obolodiplosis robiniae na ovim prostorima prvi put utvrđena 2007. godine, na stablima bagrema do sada nisu primijećene značajne štete. U mjesecu lipnju 2018. godine utvrđen je prvi nalaz parazitoida bagremove muhe šiškarice (Platygaster robiniae), iako se vjerojatno puno ranije javio, međutim, do sada nije opisan i predstavlja novu vrstu u entomološkom kompleksu na području Bosne i Hercegovine., Acacia is an allochthonous tree species that has been introduced into our region 400 years ago. Although the invasive species of Obolodiplosis robiniae in this region was first determined in 2007, significant damages have not been recorded on the acacia trees. Average number of galls on black locust leaflet were from 1,04 to 1,48. Average number of larvae in galls were from 0,42 to 0,77. In June of 2018, the first record of a parasitoid of black locust gall midge (Platygaster robiniae) was determined, although it is likely that was occured earlier, but this is the first record and represents a new species in the entomological complex in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Parasitism of larvae of Obolodiplosis robiniae were from 6,66 to 14,28% on different localities.

UDK 613.164:711.4]:630*27(497.6 Sarajevo) Noise represents any unwanted, too loud, unpleasant or unexpected sound which negatively affects physical and/or mental health of people. Noise impedes human activities, causes indisposition, irritability, unrest, mental health and behaviour issues, fatigue and sleep deprivation, and even aggressive behaviour with noise volumes above 80 dB. In urban areas, i.e. all the places man lives and works in, the noise people are exposed to daily is called environmental, communal or general noise. Communal noise is a major problem of the closer human environment, especially in urban areas. One reliable means of protection against communal noise is an array of different green plantations. They absorb sound waves and thus lower the level of noise. The larger the density and depth of the plantations, the higher the level of noise protection, and the effectiveness also depends on the character of the plantations (composition, layout of different plants, construction, density, the presence of undergrowth and the shrub layer, height, etc.). In relation to the abovementioned, measuring communal noise in two distinctive locations in Sarajevo was conducted within this paper. The main objective of these measurings is to ascertain, in relation to allowable values (Law on noise protection in Sarajevo Canton), whether and to which degree communal noise exceeds the legally prescribed levels. Apart from that, the framework of this paper strives to ascertain the level to which city greenery affects lowering noise levels. The results show that the measured noise levels in both localities exceed the allowable values regulated by law to a great extent. It is also ascertained that city greenery lowers the noise level by approximately 8%,thus the paper presents recommendations on the method of erecting city greenery for purposes of noise protection.

UDK: 582.475:582.728.4(497.6) 630*44:582.475(497.6) In terms of the health status, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, European silver fir (Abies alba) is currently most threatened by the white mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. abietis). Along with drought and pollution, white mistletoe infestation plays an important role in silver fir decline. The aim of this research was to determine the intensity of infestation of European silver fir trees by the white mistletoe. In order to realize the defined aim, two compartments were chosen in the area of Forest Management Association of Zenica-Doboj Canton and Forestry Office “Olovo” where the analysis of the presence of mistletoe was conducted. In total, 451 fir trees were examined and an assessment of the intensity of infested trees was carried out by implementation of Hawksworth Index of Infestation. According to the results conducted by the research, it was determined that the intensity of infestation of European fir stands differed according to the thirds of crown of the tree. Significant differences were also found in the severity of mistletoe intensity on trees of host trees within the diameter classes. A large number of mistletoe shrubs further deplete the host tree, making it more susceptible to secondary attacks by harmful insects and pathogens.

Za potrebe ovog rada utvrđena je štetnost zlatokraja (E. chrysorrhoea L.) na području ŠPD-a “Srednjobosanske” šume, odnosno na području Šumarija Novi Travnik, Travnik i Kreševo. Proveden je monitoring populacije zlatokraja primjenom represivnih mjera koje su obuhvatile primjenu klopki i feromona. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja korištene su klopke WitaTrap Delta PQ i feromoni Chrysowit. Monitoring populacije zlatokraja je analiziran tijekom 2014. i 2015. godine sa po dva mjerenja. Za Šumariju Novi Travnik utvrđeno je da je broj ulovljenih jedinki zlatokraja u 2015. godini znatno manji u odnosu na 2014 godinu. Za Šumariju Travnik i Kreševo je broj ulovljenih jedinki zlatokraja u 2015 godini znatno veći u odnosu na 2014 godinu. Prosječan broj ulovljenih jedinki na lokalitetima istraživanja kretao se od 1,68 do 22,39 jedinki., Exploring the impact of pests E. chrysorrhoea L. was carried out in the area of Forest Office Travnik, Novi Travnik and Kreševo.It was monitored population of E. chrysorrhoea L. by applying repressive measures which included the application of traps and pheromone. For the purposes of this study were used traps WitaTrap Delta PQ and pheromone Chrysowit. Monitoring populations of E. chrysorrhoea L. is analyzed in the 2014 and 2015 year, with the two measurements. Based on the conducted field research led to the following conclusions:– More adverse factors (abiotic and biotic nature) affects the decline of trees in natural stands of beech and oak;– The most significant harmful biotic factor in forests of central Bosnia is pest E. chrysorrhoea L.;– The number of caught individuals of Browntail Moth in Forest Office N. Travnik in 2014 year was higher than in the year 2015 for the 6,35 times

U okviru istraživanja analizirane se karakteristike grmova imele, a domaćin na kojemu je istraživana prisutnost imele i njene osnovne karakteristike je crni bor (Pinus nigra). Na borovima se javlja posebna podvrsta bijele imele, borova imela Viscum album subsp. austriacum. Lokacija istraživanja je koncentrirana na borove kulture u mjestu Ovčari, nedaleko od Konjica. Imela na boru smatra se jednim od glavnih predisponirajućih čimbenika za njihovo sušenje. Uzorak istraživanja je sačinjavao 120 stabala crnoga bora koja su odabrana za analizu. Stabla su odabrana, tako da se obuhvati što više različitih ekspozicija na terenu. Na ukupno 20% stabala crnog bora ustanovljena je prisutnost borove imele., Few years ago, the new pathogen, pine mistletoe was noticed on Austrian Pine and Scots Pine in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Pine forests mainly occur on xerothermic habitats. There are many adverse factors that influence the health of pines in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Pine mistletoe negatively affects the vitality of pine trees and makes them vulnerable to the emergence of secondary harmful factors. This study was aimed at determining the presence of mistletoe shrubs that infected pine trees, as well as the main features of those shrubs. The focus is on analyzing the impact of exposure on the size of mistletoe shrubs, and the length of Haustorium branching. The research covered a total of 120 trees of Austrian Pine and an assessment of the intensity of their infection by mistletoe was done. According to the results of the study, the issue of pine mistletoe has been present for a long time and has a tendency of increasing the intensity of infection. Due to the high intensity of infection a significant number of trees are dead or in process of drying.

Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 is an invasive bug species native to the western part of North America and one of 16 alien Heteroptera species in Europe. After it was first found in Italy in 1999, the species spread fast across the continent, including the Balkan Peninsula. Our study confirms the species presence in Bosnia and Herzegovina and gives data on its distribution, including the earliest records for the country. Up untill now the species is found at nine different locations in the period from 2008 to 2016. The record from early spring 2008 suggests that the species was already present in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2007 or even earlier. Most records pertain to overwintering adults. For the first time the species is reported from Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii H. Christ). The species is also reported from Klek village in Dubrovnik region, south Croatia., Sjeverno-američka stjenica, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910, jedna je od 16 neeuropskih vrsta stjenica do danas unešenih u Europu, od kojih 10 potječe upravo iz Sjeverne Amerike (Rabitsch, 2010). Zbog svojeg prirodnog područja pridolaska u Sjevernoj Americi, područja Pacifičke obale omeđena lancem Stjenjaka na zapadu, Amerikanci su je nazvali „zapadnom stjenicom sjemena četinjača” (western conifer seed bug), čime su, uz područja pridolaska, naznačili i njenu štetnost za sjeme drvenastih vrsta iz porodice Pinaceae. Zbog osobite morfološke značajke, spljoštenog proširenja goljenice stražnjih nogu, također je poznata i kao „stjenica listolikog stopala“ (leaf-footed bug). Slovenski autori iskoristili su ovaj naziv kao predložak i dodali mu češer kao objekt prehrane, pa su je nazvali „storževa listonoška“ (Jurc & Jurc, 2005). U svakom slučaju, ova se stjenica nakon dolaska na europski kontinent u Italiji 1999. godine (Taylor et al. 2001.) vrlo brzo širila Europom, pa je u nepunih 10 godina prodrla u velik broj europskih zemalja, od Velike Britanije na zapadu, do Ukrajine i Rusije na istoku, od Norveške na sjeveru do Turske na jugu (Malumphy & Reid, 2007; Fent & Kment, 2011; Gapon, 2013). Među zemljama juga Europe, kojima se proširio ovaj novi invazivni štetnik, našla se i Bosna i Hercegovina. U radu su prikazani svi provjereni i dokumentirani nalazi L. occidentalis na području BiH, od prvog pronalaska i do sada neobjavljenog nalaza iz travnja 2008. godine (zgrada Zemaljskog muzeja BiH u Sarajevu), pa do najsvježijih nalaza ljeti i ujesen 2016. godine (Igman, Neum, Banja Luka). Recentno područje na kojemu je evidentirana ova nova invazivna stjenica u BiH, pregledno je prikazano prostorno označenim podacima nalaza na slici 1. Iako očekivan, značajan je i prvi nalaz ove nove invazivne stjenice u reliktnim sastojinama bora munjike (Pinus heldreichii H. Christ) u masivu Prenja u studenom 2010. godine.Uvid u kronološki slijed i prostornu distribuciju nalaza L. occidentalis u Bosni i Hercegovini od 2008. do 2016. godine ukazuju na razmjerno brzo širenje ovog štetnika i vjerojatno lokalno povećanje populacije, što je zasigurno rezultiralo i njenom lakšom detekcijom. Nalaze se ipak treba shvatiti u kontekstu u kojem su nastali, a to su u velikoj većini bili neciljani, slučajni nalazi entomologa tijekom nekih drugih terenskih istraživanja. Radi uočljivosti i krupnoće same stjenice i činjenice da se ujesen zavlači u ljudske nastambe, nije rijetkost da se često i građanstvo pojavljuje kao „dojavljivač“ novih invazivnih vrsta. Važno je stoga ukazati na nepostojanje sustavnog praćenja pojave i širenja L. occidentalis na ovim prostorima. Uspostava ciljanog monitoringa i praćenja pojave, a posebice potencijalnog štetnog utjecaja L. occidentalis u borovim sastojinama i sjemenskim objektima u Bosni i Hercegovini, nužan su preduvjet potrajnog gospodarenja šumskim bogatstvom i kvalitetniju organizaciju i učinkovitost sustava zaštite šuma od ovog novog invazivnog štetnika.

This paper compares the forest structure, regeneration and distribution of dead wood in a virgin forest remnant and a close-to-nature managed beech–conifer mixture situated on Grmecˇ Mountain inWestern Bosnia. The investigations were carried out in a 1 ha permanent sample plot and 35 circular plots (20m radius) in the virgin forest and in 17 circular plots (25m radius) in managed forests. The number of trees in the managed forest was significantly ( p ¼ 0.05) higher than that in virgin forest and the distribution of the number of trees per diameter classes had a decreasing trend, but with a different shape in the virgin forest compared to the managed stands. In the lower diameter classes, the stock volume recorded in virgin forest was half of that in the managed forest, whilst for higher diameter classes the cumulated volume of the growing stock was almost double in virgin forest. The young crops had a significantly lower presence in the virgin forest and a larger volume of dead wood was identified in the virgin forest than in managed stands. The study results are important in assessing the consequences of close-to-nature management on the forest structure and regeneration when compared to the condition in virgin forests.

UDK 630*4:712(497.6 Sarajevo) This paper analyzes the health status of trees in the avenues of the city of Sarajevo. Special attention is paid to abiotic harmful influences, snow precipitation and mechanical damage of trees, as the initial factors of destabilization of their health status. Sarajevo area is characterized by a moderate continental climate occurring as a result of the influence of central European climate from the north and the Mediterranean climate from the south and of the variety of the terrain. This type of climate is characterized by hot summers and relatively cold winters. Because of severe thermal influence of the Adriatic Sea autumn is warmer than spring. Distribution of precipitation in Sarajevo is characterized by summer (primary) and autumn (secondary) peaks. Specific weather conditions in this area, in some years, result in early or late snowfall the consequences of which are damages of vegetation cover. The results of this research confirmed significant damages of the trees resulted from the adverse effects of snow in October 2009 (branches fractures, split of the stem and fracture of tree crowns). The resulting injuries are suitable openings for the penetration of rot causing microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) and colonization of insects which is why we can expect further deterioration in the health status of trees in the future. The paper suggests activities the implementation of which can reduce these harmful effects of biotic factors.

Utvrđivanje bionomije i utjecaja štetnika smrekine ose listarice, Pristiphora abietina na zdravstveno stanje šumskih kultura smreke provedeno je u sastojinama Šumskoprivrednog područja „Ključko“. Istraživanjem su procjenji­va­ni i mjereni sljedeći parametri: početak, tok i kraj rojenja male smrekine ose listarice, biologija i tok nastajanja simptoma na napadnutim stablima smreke. Za ulov jedinki P. abietina korištene su žute, ljepljive, ploče. Svaka od serija za ulov imala je 10 ploča sa 20 ljepljivih površina. Ukupno je u 180 ljepljivih ploča, ulovljeno 2640 jedinki P. abietina, od toga 1903 mužjaka ili 72,1 % i 737 ženki ili 27,9%. Utvrđene su značajne štete uzrokovane ovim štetnikom na istraživanom području., Determining the impact of pest P. abietina on the health of the forest of spruce plantations was conducted in the area of ​​the Forest area „Ključko“ within the department „27“ forest management unit „Ošljak-Golaja“. Within the object of research assessed and measured the following parameters: the start, the course and the end of swarming of small spruce leaf wasp; biology of species; flux emergence of symptoms in the attacked trees spruce. To capture – catch specimens P. abietina were used yellow sticky traps for insects. Each series (18 series) had 10 with 20 traps sticky surface. A total of 180 used sticky traps. Caught a total of 2,640 individuals of P. abietina, of which 1,903 or 72.1% of males and 737 females, or 27.9%. This pest caused significant damage in this locality.

UDK 630*44:582.284 (234 Bjelašnica - Igman) U radu se analizira prisustvo rizomorfi gljiva roda Armillaria u dva šumska ekosistema: gospodarskoj šumi i prašumi planinskog kompleksa Bjelašnica – Igman. Objekti istraživanja pripadaju šumama bukve i jele sa smrčom koje su dominantno zastupljene u ukupnom šumskom resursu Bosne i Hercegovine. Ciljevi istraživanja su bili: (1) utvrđivanje intenziteta prisustva rizomorfi Armillaria spp. u tlu istraživanih šumskih ekosistema, (2) analiza značaja prisustva ovih struktura po zdravstveno stanje šuma i (3) razmatranje uticaja gospodarskih mjera na zakonitosti njihove pojave. Prisustvo podzemnih rizomorfi gljiva utvrđivano je na presjecištima kvadratne mreže rastojanja 75 m x 75 m, u tri cilindrična uzorka zemljišta Ø 15 cm, dubine do 15 cm. Pored prisustva rizomorfi, na presjecištima – stajnim tačkama opažano je zdravstveno stanje drveća i grmlja te karakter gospodarskih mjera. Rezultati istraživanja daju uvid u prisustvo rizomorfi u tlu istraživanih objekata i omogućavaju sagledavanje značaja mikrostaništa za bujnost rasta ovih struktura, što je od značaja i za planiranje i za realizaciju gospodarskih mjera u srodnim šumskim ekosistemima.

UDK 595.371(497.6 Sarajevo) Rad je rezultat izlova jedinki potočnog raka Austropotamobius torrentium iz Nahorevskog potoka u periodu od augusta 2006. do maja 2007. godine. Analiza je obuhvatila i fizičko/hemijske paramtere vode i sastav zoobentosa Nahorevskog potoka. Utvrđeno je da voda spada u kategoriju oligo/betamesosaprobnih ili II kategorije, čista sa manjom količinom alohtone organske materiije u vodotoku. Mjerenjem dužine potočnog raka (šest izlovljenih ženki i pet mužjaka), utvrđeno je da ona varira od 4,5 do 7 cm kod ženke i 1,54 do 7 cm kod mužjaka. Statističkom obradom utvrđeno je da najviše varira težina, a najstabilniji karakter je dužina tijela. Izračunata vrijednost Fulton´s Conditions Factor (RICKER, 1975) i Crayfish Constant, (ADEGBOYE, 1981) ukazuje da je mužjak u boljem kondicionom stanju, što je i rezultat dosadašnjih istraživanja u Evropi. Doprinos rada je utvrđivanje habitata ili staništa potočnog ili raka kamenjara na prostorima Bosne i Hercegovine, koji je 1994. godine uvršten u IUCN listu za prostor naše države.

UDK 630*44:582.632.2 582.632.2:582.728.4 Hrast kitnjak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) u šumama Bosne i Hercegovine već duži niz godina je izložen brojnim negativnim uticajima. Poseban značaj u procesu odumiranja stabala hrasta kitnjaka ima hrastova imela - Loranthus europaeus Jacq. U ovom radu analizirano je prisustvo parazitske cvjetnice na stablima hrasta. Rezultati pokazuju značajnu pojavu imele u objektu istraživanja kao bitnog faktora destabilizacije šumskih sastojina. U odmakloj fazi razvoja poluparazita redovito dolazi do pojave ulančavanja drugih štetnih biotičkih i abiotičkih agenasa.

UDK 595.78:582.746.56(497.6 Sarajevo) U ovom radu je ispitivana štetnost C. ohridella na oglednim površinama u području Sarajeva. Analiza je obavljena na osnovu direktnih šteta na listovima divljeg kestena. Utvrđivana je površina koju zauzimaju mine na listu. To je rađeno na potpuno formiranim minama iz kojih su eklodirali leptiri. Uzorak za mjerenje su sačinjavale izmiješane mine svih generacija zajedno, ukupno 130 mina. Veličina mina (dužina, širina i površina) je mjerena pomoću milimetarskog papira. Istovremeno je mjerena (nije procjenjvana) ukupna površina liske radi tačnog izračunavanja procenta larvenog oštećenja lisne površine.

Nedavna otkrića gljivičnog patogena Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & R.S. Soper u susjednim istočnim i sjevernim zemljama Europe, posebice u Hrvatskoj, te pojavnost progradacija populacija gubara (Lymantria dispar L.) u pojedinim područjima Bosne i Hercegovine, privukla su pozornost istraživača na mogućnost prisutnosti ovog patogena u lokalnim populacijama gubara. Interes istraživača usmjerio se na lokacije zabilježenih mjesta progradacije gubara koja se nalaze u sjevernim dijelovima Bosne i Hercegovine. S obzirom na malu zračnu udaljenost tih lokacija s lokacijama masovne pojavnosti patogena E. maimaiga u Republici Hrvatskoj i Srbiji, hipoteza je bila provjeriti mogućnost prelaska patogena duž graničnog područja rijeke Save i Drine te ulazak u Bosnu i Hercegovinu.Istraživanje je obavljeno početkom srpnja 2013. godine. Odabrano je pet lokacija u kojima je zabilježeno stanje progradacije populacije gubara, te uočen značajni mortalitet larvi gubara od nepoznatog uzročnika. Uzorci larvalnih kadavera sakupljeni su sa stabala na visini od 0,5–1,5 m iznad razine tla. Sakupljani su samo stariji larvalni stadiji (L4 – L6) zbog kasnijeg vremenskog razdoblja uzorkovanja, te analizirani u Laboratoriju za patologiju drveća Šumarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.Kod svih pet uzoraka tkiva uginulih larvi s pet različitih lokacija, pronađene su azigospore ili konidije (konidio­spore) i azigospore vrste E. maimaiga. Tip spora koji će se formirati nakon smrti domaćina ovisi o patogenu i načinu infekcije, faktorima vezanim za domaćina i okolišnim uvjetima. Makroskopski simptomi napada gljive E. maimaiga bili su jasno vidljivi na terenu, zajedno s nekim znacima larvalnog mortaliteta od strane poliedrije (LdMNPV), međutim u znatno manjem obujmu. Prisutno je bilo vrlo malo znakova parazitoidnog mortaliteta, ali sa značajnom prisutnošću tipičnih predatora gubara kao što je Calosoma sycophanta L., koji je bio prisutan u sta­diju ličinke i imaga., The fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & R.S. Soper (Enthomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) was found in the north-east Bosnia and Herzegovina populations of Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in summer 2013 at 5 localities (Figure 1, Table 1). Since the first introduction of this pathogen in Bulgaria in 1999 several southeastern European countries confirmed its presence in subsequent years. Recent findings of this pathogen in the neighbouring countries, especially in Croatia and Serbia, and also regarding to the progradation of L. dispar populations in some parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, attracted the attention of the researchers on the possibility of finding this highly selective fungal pathogen. The sampling localities were selected based on pre-collected data of reported L. dispar population progradation, but also to the relative geographical vicinity regarding the new Croatian positive sites with E. maimaiga fungal pathogen. Large areas were aerially sprayed with a Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki – based bacterial insecticide and larval development was closely inspected in the field. In the last 70 years, from the first reported outbreak of L. dispar in Bosnia and Herzegovina, many outbreaks have been reported, causing the supstantial economical and ecological damage in forestry but also in agriculture production. Biological insecticide based on the Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, commonly used for the suppression of the local populations of L. dispar, does not always produce the desired impact. Consequently, the highly selective, host specific, fungal pathogen that could be put in use as a biological control agent of the L. dispar populations is found to be very interesting for both science and professional application thus deminishing the economical and ecological negative feedback of this indigenous defoliator. The research was carried out during July 2013 throughout the north-east part of Bosnia and Herzegovina where gypsy moth populations continued an ongoing outbreak. From five selected localities, where excessive mortality was observed, larval cadavers were sampled from tree trunks 0,5 – 1,5 m above the ground. Only older larval stages (L4 – L6) were sampled due to the late sampling period. Cadavers were inspected, and larval tissue samples were prepared under the stereo microscope (LEICA Leitz MZ8) and light stereo microscope (Motic SMZ – 168 TLED). Process was digitaly documented with Olympus SP – 500UZ digital camera equipped with the Olympus QuickPHOTO CAMERA 2.3 digital imaging software. Larval tissue samples were inspected under light microscope (Olympus BX53) and images were recorded by digital camera Motic MoticamPro 252A. Measurements of azygospores and conidia (conidiospores) were made via digital imaging software Motic Images Plus 2.0 and Motic Images Advanced 3.2. associated with a compound microscope. Microscopic analysis of the dead tissue larvae, in all five locations, confirmed both conidia and azygospores or azygospores only, of the E. maimaiga species. Spore dimensions were as follows: pear-shaped conidia crosswise 25,7–35,1 µm and 34,6–43,7 µm lenghtwise; azygospores 32,2–47,9 µm in diameter (Figure 2, Figure 3). The type of spores (conidia or azygospores or both) that will form after host death is determined by the pathogen and the type of host infection, host-related factors and environmental conditions. Macroscopic symptoms of E. maimaiga attack were easily recognizable on the tree trunks along with some signs of larval mortality caused by Lymantria dispar multicapsid nuclear polihedrosis virus (LdMNPV) (Figure 4). There were very few signs of parasitoid mortality, but unlike in the Croatian sites (Hrašovec et al. 2013), with a great abundant presence of gypsy moth predators like Calosoma sycophanta L. (Figure 5), which could be an indicator that the pathogen has emerged when the L. dispar population was already starting its descent into a retrogradation phase. Just like in the Croatian localities where the sampling took place (Hrašovec et al. 2013), dead larvae were hanging from the tree trunks head down all through the sites and no living larva or viable pupa could be found in the area. Based on the field collections and microscopic analysis, entomopathogenic fungus E. maimaiga, a pathogen of L. dispar introduced on the European continent, has been confirmed in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Extensive monitoring of the fungal pathogen in the following years will give us the information on pathogen spatial spread, its speed and the possibility for establishing its permanent position among the other local indigenous species. Nevertheless, there are some concerns whether E. maimaiga may show some direct and indirect impacts on non-targeted and beneficial organisms in the future, or change the basic community structure of folivore insect guilds on oaks, maybe resulting in increasing populations of other defoliating insect groups such as tortricids, geometrids and sawflies. These concerns will demand more scientific attention in the future.

Pine processionary moth, Thaumetopea pityocampa, is a model insect indicator of global warming, the northwards and upwards range expansion of this Mediterranean species being directly associated with the recent warming up. The knowledge about the drivers of moth expansion is synthesized. A first standardized mapping of the northern expansion edge, from Western Europe to Turkey, is presented, then detailed for 20 countries of Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa, including future trends. Additional data about the responses of the other Thaumetopoea species are given. Finally, the chapter points out the importance of the man-mediated introductions in the expansion process. © Éditions Quæ, 2015.

U radu je prikazano testiranje upotrebe agregacionih feromona u masovnom hvatanju i kontroli najvažnijih smrčinih potkornjaka (Ips typographus i Pityogenes chalcographus) u Bosni i Hercegovini Korišteni su različiti feromonski mamci i vrste klopki, te je diskutovano o rezultatima.

U Bosni i Hercegovini pronađena je nova vrsta insekata - Phyllonorycter robiniella Clemens (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) - lisni miner bagrema (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Detaljan opis štetnika (moljac, muški genitalije, oštećenja, životni krug vrste, intenzitet zaraze i štetnost) dat je ovdje .

Oštećenja šuma koja su nastala tokom nedavnog rata i nepostojanje šumskouzgojnih mjera u poslijeratnom vremenu predisponiraju stabla bolestima i štetočinama koje danas ugrožavaju stabilnost nekih šumskih ekosistema. Najznačajnije sastojine četinara u Bosni i Hercegovini su u opasnosti. Tako je jela (Abies alba) snažno napadnuta imelom Viscum album što uzrokuje smanjenje prirasta drva i, u nizu potkornjaka (pretežno Pityocteines curvidens) ili napada Armillaria, dolazi do propadanja ovih šuma. Smrčaa (Picea abies), druga važna vrsta četinara u zemlji, teško je napadnuta potkornjacima Ips typographus i Pityogenes chalcographus. Trenutna epidemija ovih insekata uzrokuje umiranje mnogih sastojina smrče.

Utvrđivanje utjecaja stanišnih elemenata na prisutnost šumske voluharice i žutogrlog šumskog miša provedeno je u Bosni na tri lokaliteta (Bitovnja, Zvijezda i Igman) u šumama bukve, jele i smreke. U svrhu definiranja uvjeta staništa, na svakoj plohi minimalnog kvadrata procjenjivani su i mjereni sljedeći parametri: prekrivenost zemljišta krošnjama stabala, ekspozicija, mikroreljef, prisutnost vode, drvnih ostataka, starost drvnih ostataka i prekrivenost zemljišta vegetacijom. Dobivenim rezultatima utvrđen je utjecaj navedenih stanišnih parametara na prisutnost šumske voluharice (Myodes glareolus) i žutogrlog šumskog miša (Apodemus falvicollis). Omjer smjese vrsta drveća, ponajprije veća prisutnost listača, kao i sama strukturna izgrađenost sastojine, utječu na povećanu prisutnost sitnih glodavaca. Manje vrijednosti veličine prekrivenosti zemljišta krošnjama stabala omogućavaju značajniju prisutnost šumske voluharice, dok staništa čije su vrijednosti ovog parametra veće, više pogoduju za nastanjivanje žutogrlog šumskog miša. Razvijen sloj prizemne vegetacije i grmlja kao što je Rubus sp., ima pozitivan utjecaj na prisutnost M. glareolus. Šumska voluharica bila je prisutnija na dijelovima sastojine koje su južno i istočno eksponirane u odnosu na druge strane. Količina drvnih ostataka u sastojini kao neophodan zaklon od prirodnih neprijatelja i mjesto na kojemu nalaze hranu, imala je važan utjecaj za prisutnost sitnih glodavaca na svim lokalitetima istraživanja., The increase of the number of population of small rodents, when they can cause significant damage, among the other impacts also depends on the characteristics of the habitat. In this paper was tested the impact of habitats elements to the presence of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and yellow necked mouse (Apodemus falvicollis). The researches were undertaken in the area of Bosnia (Bitovnja, Zvijezda and Igman) in the period 2008 and 2009. Different level of composition of plant communities and the character of human-caused impact on the object of research have enabled the identification of their impact to the presence of small rodents. Defining of types of habitat conditions for these animals was conducted according to the importance of their presence at the parts of plots of minimal square (Picture 1). This method means the determination of numerousness (abundance) of the population of small rodents based on the number of units collected at the total of 64 hunting locations/places. Hunting places of the plot were defined as small plots (micro-localities) the size of which was 15 x 15 m. For the needs of this paper, in the period of research, were placed 9 plots with minimal square, and the assessment of habitat parameters was conducted at the total of 576 small plots. The description of the habitat was intended to find the dependence between the numerousness (abundance) and living ambiance of the present species of small rodents at the researched localities. The pattern for typing (standardization) of the habitat contained the basic factors which individually or in combination describe the living space of these animals. The level of land coverage by tree crowns was defined with three categories: (1) covered, (2) partially covered, and (3) not covered. The assessment of exposure of the small plot had five categories, (1–4) for main sides of the world and (5) flat surface of the small plot. The category micro-relief has contained five elements: (1) flat small plot, (2) small plot with hollows, (3) small plot with elevations, (4) uniformly inclined surface and (5) ') INSERT INTO sve VALUES(201309,56,' 9-10/2013',438,'8,91',' combination of micro-hollows and micro-elevations. Coverage of the land with leaf litter and vegetation as the category had six elements: (1) covered with leaf litter, (2) grass vegetation, (3) combination of two previous elements, (4) without leaf litter or grass vegetation, (5) less presence of weed and (6) weeds more represented. Availability of water was reviewed through two categories: (1) available water, (2) waterless habitat. Quantity of wood remains (1) no remains, (2) medium quantity and (3) more remains present. Age of wood remains had three categories: (1) fresh remains, (2) medium-fresh remains and (3) completely decomposed. For this analysis was used the statistical program SPSS Statistics 17.0. Testing of the importance of the impact of particular ecological parameters was conducted by the analysis Cross Tab, by implementing of the method: Analyze/Descriptive/Crosstab and correlative connection Correlation, Bivariate Correlation, Correlation Coefficient, Spearman, Test of Significance Two – tailed. Based on the examination of the caught species of small rodents (Table 1) was visible its significant representation in forests of beech and fir with spruce in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By conducted analyses was identified the existence of statistically important impact of particular parameters of micro-habitat at plots of all localities to the presence of M. glareolus and A. flavicollis (Tables 2–4). At particular parts of plots, or small plots, the more significant increase of the openness of the surface has contributed to forming of rich layer of ground vegetation. The change of micro-habitat conditions in this sense also had positively reflected to the numerousness (abundance) of M. glareolus (Tables 2 and 4). The favorable impact to its presence also had the intensively developed floor of herbaceous plants in the forest which provides the necessary food. From the aspect of the protection, the dense vegetation cover provides to this species a safe shelter from predators, especially at dusk, and partially also during the day time. The existence of the connection between this habitat parameter and the presence of A. flavicollis was not identified. Such result was expected due to significantly different demands of this species regarding the habitat conditions. This species prefers a dry habitat with almost complete level of canopy, poorly developed layer of brush and ground vegetation and large quantity of leaf litter at the ground with plenty of beech seeds. Significant correlation connection was identified between the presence of species from the genus Rubus and bank mole at Mt. Bitovnja. Namely, Rubus species create favorable place for living of animals at particular micro-habitat providing an adequate shelter and during the ripening of fruits (July-August) also the plenty of food. Significant differences regarding the numerousness of M. glareolus were identified in comparison of numerousness at southern-exposed small plots compared to other exposures (Table 2), and numerousness at eastern-exposed parts of plots compared to the other (Table 3). The impact of the exposure as the result represents in essence the demand of this species for increased heat and light. According to the results of these researches, one could say that for bank mole are favorable habitats with micro-hollows (Table 3). High numbers of these animals are related to the presence of small hollows, or it indicates its preference for moist or wet surfaces of the habitat. There were identified significant differences in numerousness of M. glareolus and A. flavicollis depending on the presence of dead wood (Tables 2, 3 and 4). Different dead wood remains like: assortments, logs and branches, ensure shelter for these animals. It covers underground passages and nests, and, what is also important, indirectly, by growing of plants, moss, lichens and fungi on it, also provide food for it. Fallen trees help the inhabiting of insects and other invertebrates which represent significant share in the nutrition of small rodents. Identified impacts of the presence of different tree species and its structure, and the other parameters of habitat to the representation and abundance of species of small rodents can represent a good starting basis in creating the silviculture works and other activities in the forest, or the forming of conditions of stands unfavorable for their living.

Every ecosystem is a complex organization of carefully mixed life forms; a dynamic and particularly sensible system. Consequently, their progressive decline may accelerate climate change and vice versa, influencing flora and fauna composition and distribution, resulting in the loss of biodiversity. Climate changes effects are the principal topics of this volume. Written by internationally renowned contributors, Biodiversity loss in a changing planet offers attractive study cases focused on biodiversity evaluations and provisions in several different ecosystems, analysing the current life condition of many life forms, and covering very different biogeographic zones of the planet.

Obična jela (Abies alba) u Bosni i Hercegovini je, s aspekta zdravstvenog stanja, trenutno najugroženija od bijele imele (Viscum album ssp. abietis). Gotovo da i nema sastojina obične jele koje ne trpe od ovog poluparazita. U ovom radu praćen je utjecaj ove cvjetnice na smanjenje prirasta i vitalnosti obične jele preko biomase dvogodišnjih iglica. Rezultati pokazuju postojanje statistički značajnih razlika u biomasi iglica obične jele sa grana na kojima se nalaze grmići imele u odnosu na one na kojima oni nisu prisutni. Jaka zaraženost stabala obične jele rezultira smanjenim vitalitetom nakon čega ona postaju podložna napadu sekundarnih štetnika., From the aspect of its health status, Silver fir (Abies alba) in Bosnia and Herzegovina is currently most threatened by white mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. abietis). There are almost no silver fir stands that do not suffer from this semi-parasite. In this study we monitored the influence of this flowering plant on the decrease of growth and vitality through biomass of two-year old silver fir needles. The results indicated the existence of significant differences in fir needle mass originating from the branches bearing mistletoe bushes, compared to mistletoe- free branches. High infectivity of fir trees by mistletoe results in their decreased vitality, making them susceptible to attacks of secondary pathogens and pests.