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The article discusses the methods of translation used in the process of translation from English into Uzbek, in particular, one of the specific techniques of simultaneous translation - lexical compression. In particular, the application of the lexical compression method in the translation process and the essence of the content is also very important in the short and meaningful translation of texts and phrases.

The subject of this research is the approaches towards studying railway terminology as the language for specific purposes. Transport and namely railway terminology holds an important place in the terminological system of English language. The author explores the basic interpretations of the concept of “language for specific purposes”, as well as such approaches towards studying railway terminology of English language as semantic, structural and etymological. Semantic approach consists in classification of terms by semantic groups. Structural approach analyzes the number and nature of components that comprise terminological units in this area of LSP. Etymological approach reviews the origin and evolution of the meaning of terminological units. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive description of the approaches towards studying language for specific purposes on the materials of professional field “railway transport”. Research methodology includes the analysis of scientific literature, analysis of dictionary definitions, comparative method, and diachronic analysis. The conclusion was made that the same approaches are applicable to the analysis of railway terminology and to the analysis of language for specific purposes of any other professional sphere. At the same time, systematicity and hierarchical pattern of the acquired classifications indicated a high level of formedness and systematization of terminology under review.&nbsp

O`quvchilarni Yangi dastur loyihasini tayyorlash haqida umumiy tushuncha berish.

Krupoz pnevmoniya asosan bakterial etiologiyali yallig’lanish kasalligi bo’lib, sovuqqotganda, quvvatsizlik holatida odamda pnevmokokk va stafilokokk qo‘zg‘atuvchilari oqibatida yuzaga keladi. Ushbu turda o‘pkaning butun bir bo‘lagi zararlanishi mumkin hattoki, o‘pkani o‘rab turuvchi parda ham zararlanadi. Bu alveolalarda ekssudat hosil bo’lishi, yallig’lanish hujayralari bilan infiltratlanishi, parenximaga ekssudat so’rilishi bilan kechadigan jarayondir. Kasallik odamda to‘satdan boshlanadi. U o’ziga xos xansirash, bosh og’rig’i, tanani qaqshab og’rishi, uchuq toshishi, ko’krak qafasidagi og’riq, harorat ko’tarilishi, nafas qisilishi, balg’amning zangsimon bo’lishi, pulsning tezlashishi bilan namoyon bo’ladi.

The results of assessing the psychophysiological state of modern teachers of Uzbekistan leading universitiesas the basis for the preventive measures development to maintain their health are presented. It is shown thatthe teachers’ cardiovascular system (CVS) functional state during the working day basically does not gobeyond physiological fluctuations, and the functional state of the central nervous system is characterizedby a decrease in the quality of the work performed. Revealed a high frequency of emotional burnout (EB)signs in teaching staff in comparison with the administrative and technical employees of universities;the average statistical indicators of the signs of the teaching staff of different universities do not havestatistically significant differences. The average level frequency of emotional exhaustion among the teachingstaff members is 52-60%, a high level of personal achievement reduction - 44-50%; the average level ofdepersonalization is 22-40%. For the EB signs frequency, the work experience at the university matters; atthe beginning of the academic year, emotional burnout indicators are less pronounced than at the end.

International audience; AbstractA radiochemical method for producing 82Se sources with an ultra-low level of contamination of natural radionuclides (40K, decay products of 232Th and 238U) has been developed based on cation-exchange chromatographic purification with reverse removal of impurities. It includes chromatographic separation (purification), reduction, conditioning (which includes decantation, centrifugation, washing, grinding, and drying), and 82Se foil production. The conditioning stage, during which highly dispersed elemental selenium is obtained by the reduction of purified selenious acid (H2SeO3) with sulfur dioxide (SO2) represents the crucial step in the preparation of radiopure 82Se samples. The natural selenium (600 g) was first produced in this procedure in order to refine the method. The technique developed was then used to produce 2.5 kg of radiopure enriched selenium (82Se). The produced 82Se samples were wrapped in polyethylene (12 μm thick) and radionuclides present in the sample were analyzed with the BiPo-3 detector. The radiopurity of the plastic materials (chromatographic column material and polypropylene chemical vessels), which were used at all stages, was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The radiopurity of the 82Se foils was checked by measurements with the BiPo-3 spectrometer, which confirmed the high purity of the final product. The measured contamination level for 208Tl was 8–54 μBq/kg, and for 214Bi the detection limit of 600 μBq/kg has been reached.

Ten terra-cotta sarcophagi, together with a terra-cotta aryballos (perfume jar), excavated in Su Terazisi necropolis of Enez-Turkey (Ancient Ainos), were investigated by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA), to determine the concentration of thirty two chemical elements: Na, K, Ca, Fe, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Th and U. The dataset was submitted to multivariate statistical analysis. The classification was done by cluster analysis. The results demonstrated the occurrence of two different groups of terra-cotta samples. Group I contains nine sarcophagi and terra-cotta aryballos whereas group II contains only one sample (E09-ST5-M26). High correlations between La and Ce (r(2) = 0.92), and U and Th (r(2) = 0.91) indicated that local clay was used for manufacturing the terra-cotta sarcophagi and aryballos but probably the claybed used for E09-ST5-M26 was different from that of others.

Instrumental neutron-activation analysis (INAA) was applied to estimate trace contaminations in polyethylene (PE) used as a neutron shield for low background setup of the EDELWEISS Dark Matter search experiment. PE samples with masses of 1–10 grams each were irradiated at the WWR-SM nuclear reactor by neutron flux of 1 · 1014 n/(cm2 s) for 5–48 h. The radioactivity was measured by high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. In PE samples of two types, more than 30 trace elements were determined at a concentration level of 10−5 to 10 –11 g/g.

Ancient glass fragments excavated in the archaeological district Enez (Ancient Ainos)–Turkey were investigated by combined Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry techniques. Multi-elemental contents of 15 glass fragments that belong to Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Periods, were determined by INAA. The concentrations of twenty six elements (Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Sb, Cs, Ba, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Au and Th), which might be present in the samples as flux, stabilizers, colorants or opacifiers, and impurities, were examined. Chemometric treatment of the INAA data was performed and principle component analysis revealed presence of 3 distinct groups. The thermal history of the glass samples was determined by FTIR spectrometry.

Ancient glass fragments excavated in the archaeological district Enez (Ancient Ainos)-Turkey were investigated by combined Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry techniques. Multi-elemental contents of 15 glass fragments that belong to Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Periods, were determined by INAA. The concentrations of twenty six elements (Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Sb, Cs, Ba, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Au and Th), which might be present in the samples as flux, stabilizers, colorants or opacifiers, and impurities, were examined. Chemometric treatment of the INAA data was performed and principle component analysis revealed presence of 3 distinct groups. The thermal history of the glass samples was determined by FTIR spectrometry. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Turkish International Cooperation Agency.

Turkish International Cooperation Agency.

Turkish International Cooperation Agency.

Concentration levels of various elements have been estimated in ancient coins dating back to Roman age, which have been found in a sewage system of the ancient Ainos (Enez, Turkey). The coins are distributed into two groups on the basis of elemental composition: Pb and Cu based or Fe and Mn based coins indicating that two different ore deposits were used for issuing these coins. Other minor elements present in varying proportions are Ca, As and n. Besides to these major and minor elements, the coins,,were found to contain Na, K, Sc, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Br, Ag, Sb, Ba, An as impurities.

Various X-ray fluorescence techniques have been developed for the determination of the composition of two- and three-component alloys. It has been found experimentally and confirmed theoretically that in some alloys, the composition can be determined without taking into account the absorption and secondary excitation of analytical characteristic lines, indicating that the contributions of these effects are opposite. X-ray techniques have also been applied to determine the composition of various kinds of technological waste. As a rule, waste contains many so-called "light" elements (Z < 19) for which characteristic lines cannot be detected. In these cases, an independent measurement of the quantity of one of these elements is necessary to determine the quantities of the others. In most of the cases, instrumental neutron activation analysis is used for the independent measurement.

International Atomic Energy Agency

I. Avrasya Nükleer Bilimler ve Uygulamaları Konferansı : 23-27 Ekim 2000. İzmir, Türkiye. Such industry objects as metallurgical works, chemical fertilizers manufacture, automobile industry and others are contribute to contaminate an environment. For example, it is known, that aluminum factories throw out in an environment fluorine hydride, solid fluorides, nitrogen dioxide, sulpher dioxide, hydrocarbons, ions of heavy metals and others. For comparison of harmful action of various industrial objects on plants we had investigate some leaves and seed of plants grown in areas of Tadjik aluminum factory, Chirchik works of heatproof and refractory metals, Asaka automobile works and Tashkent nuclear reactor action. Investigations were conduct by nuclear techniques and by physical and agrotechnical methods. The alternative methods have been used by Tashkent state agrarian university. High sensitive and reliable multielement instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray radiometric techniques for determination of 27 elements in plant have been developed in the Institute of nuclear physics (INP).

Some surface sediment samples, collected from 10 sampling sites of the southwest part of the Black Sea in 1998, were analysed quantitatively by radioisotope energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) methods. The concentration of U, Th, Sc and some other rare earth elements (REEs) and important heavy metals in the sediment samples are as follows: U (1.5-5.7 mg/kg), Th (1.9-11 mg/kg), Sc (1.7-13 mg/kg), La (7.8-30 mg/kg), Ce (12-68 mg/kg), Nd (9-20 mg/kg), Sm (1.5-5.3 mg/kg), Th (0.18-0.82 mg/kg), Lu (0.06-0.44 mg/kg), Cd (0.10-0.26 mg/kg), Sb (0.036-2.30 mg/kg), Hg (0.02-0.08 mg/kg), and Pb (2-35 mg/kg). The results investigated indicate the presence of correlations between the concentrations of some elements of the sediment samples. The results are also compared to those of other marine sediments.

Some surface sediments, collected from 7 sampling sides of the Dardanelles and 13 sampling sited of creeks in the area of surrounding of the Dardanelles were analyzed quantitatively by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and concentrations of N-2, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Fe, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Sb, Cs, Hf, U, Th and rare earth elements (La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Dy, Yb, Lu) were determined. Uranium and thorium results were found to be compatible with those given in the literature for marine sediments. Results indicated correlations between Rb and Sr (r = 0.8542), Th and Ce (r = 0.8131), Th and La (r = 6371), Th and Sm (r = 4756) in the creek sediments. These correlations were find to be r = 0.5361 (Rb and Sr), r = 0.8571 (Th and Ce), r = 7397 (Th and La), r = 0.9045 (Th and Sm), respectively, in the marine sediments.