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6. Occurrence and levels of indicator bacteriophages in bathing waters throughout Europe

Author

Contreras-Coll, N Lucena, F Mooijman, K Havelaar, A and Pierzo, V Boque, M Gawler, A Holler, C Lambiri, M and Mirolo, G Moreno, B Niemi, M Sommer, R Valentin, B and Wiedenmann, A Young, V Jofre, J

Abstract

Somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages, bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli and enterococci were counted in bathing waters in the late spring and summer. We tested fresh and marine bathing waters from North, South, East and West Europe expected to contain between 100 and 500 E coli per 100 ml, although wider ranges were sometimes found. Bacteriophages were counted after concentration, since a preliminary study proved that this step was necessary to obtain positive counts. During monitoring, a first-line quality control with reference materials for bacteria and bacteriophages was performed by all the laboratories participating in the study. The same microbes were also counted in raw sewage samples from various areas in Europe, where the bacterial indicators and the three groups of bacteriophages were detected in roughly the same numbers. All groups of bacteriophages were detected in both fresh and marine bathing waters throughout Europe. Reliable and complete results from 147 samples showed that for log-transformed values, E. coli and bacteriophages were slightly correlated. However, the slope of the regression line changed according to E. coli concentration and the correlation diminished when this concentration was close to zero per 100 ml. The ratios between E coli and phages in bathing waters differed significantly from those in sewage. The relative amounts of bacteriophages, mainly somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bact. fragilis RYC2056, increased in bathing waters with low E coli concentration, especially in seawater samples containing < 100 E coli per 100 ml. The relationship of bacteriophages with respect to enterococci paralleled that of bacteriophages with respect to E coli. Somatic coliphages and bacteriophages infecting Bact. fragilis are useful to predict the presence of some pathogens with the same origin as present bacterial indicators but with higher survival rates. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2002

11. Quality improvement in gastrointestinal endoscopy: microbiologic surveillance of disinfection

Author

Merighi, A., Contato, E., Scagliarini, R., Mirolo, G., Tampieri, M.L., Pazzi, P., and Gullini, S.

Abstract

Background: Cleaning and disinfection procedures play an essential role in the prevention of infection transmission in gastrointestinal endoscopy. In spite of published detailed guidelines, several variants and weak points still exist. Methods: Cleaning-disinfection procedures were carried out according to ''Working Party, Sydney 1990.'' A microbiologic surveillance protocol tested the contamination of endoscopes and of automatic washing machines. To assess and improve the efficacy of disinfection, we adopted a quality assurance program. Results: During a 2-year follow-up, the outside surfaces of gastroscopes were contaminated in 60.5% and channels in 41.3%; the outside areas of colonoscopes were contaminated in 62.3% and channels in 40.3%. Isolated bacteria were gram-negative organisms, particularly Pseudomonas species, and gram-positive organisms, mostly Staphylococcus species. The water reservoirs of automatic washing machines were frequently contaminated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The disinfection of washing machines and alcohol rinsing of endoscopes after standard procedures significantly reduced the bacterial contamination. Conclusions: The microbiologic surveillance pointed out the main weak points that could be improved by the adoption of corrective interventions. Quality assurance is a feasible method to assess the efficacy of cleaning-disinfection, and its wide application would improve quality of care. (Gastrointest Endosc 1996;43:457-62.)

Published
1996
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12. Serum Antibodies to Individual Cytomegalovirus Structural Polypeptides in Renal Transplant Recipients during Viral Infection

Author

Landini, M.P., Mirolo, G., Coppolecchia, P., Re, M.C., and La Placa, M.

Abstract

In a longitudinal study we examined by immunoblotting (IB) the development and the evolution of the humoral immune response against individual cytomegalovirus (CMV) structural polypeptides in a total of 80 serum samples from 13 renal transplant recipients showing serological evidence of CMV infection and five renal transplant recipients with an anti‐CMV antibody level unchanged over the observation period. The results showed that the IB reactivity at the time of transplantation may be a good index of the host's humoral immune status against CMV; by using this procedure it is possible to identify a seroconversion by the detection of antibodies reacting with some intermediate molecular weight proteins in sera examined at high dilution. Furthermore, IB is a very sensitive procedure also for IgM detection as it anticipates the positivity of the enzyme immune assay for IgM.

Published
1986
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13. Relationship between antibody titres against human cytomegalovirus detected by enzyme immunoassay and titres to individual viral polypeptides studied by immunoblotting

Author

Mirolo G, Mp, Landini, Baldassarri B, Maria Carla Re, Lazzarotto T, and La Placa M

Subjects
Cytomegalovirus, Antibodies, Viral, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Kinetics, Viral Proteins, Immunoglobulin M, Pregnancy, Immunoglobulin G, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Immunologic Techniques, Humans, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Female, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Peptides
Abstract

Several sera with different IgG and IgM titres measured by enzyme immunoassay were studied in serial dilutions for their reactivity with human Cytomegalovirus structural polypeptides separated in SDS-PAGE and electrotransferred to nitrocellulose. The different immunogenicity of the viral proteins is documented and a hypothetical evolution of the humoral immune response to individual polypeptides is presented.

15. Hygienic control of mass catering establishments, microbiological monitoring of food and equipment

Author

G. Mirolo, Erica Leoni, Pier Paolo Legnani, N. Alvaro, M. Berveglieri, Legnani P., Leoni E., Berveglieri M., Mirolo G., and Alvaro N.

Subjects
Food hygiene, MICROBIOLOGICAL FOOD QUALITY, Control (management), Microbiological quality, Hygienic quality, HACCP, Work (electrical), Environmental health, Hazard analysis and critical control points, Food science, Business, CATERING SERVICES, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract

During the period 2001–2002 a total of 236 inspections were performed on 27 catering establishments in the province of Ferrara (Emilia-Romagna region, Italy), after a HACCP system was introduced and educational programs for food staff was undertaken for approximately 10 years. A total of 370 food samples and 140 surface swabs were taken and examined for microbiological quality. The surveillance system has brought to light various shortcomings regarding the equipment (36 corrective actions) and incorrect procedures (47 corrective actions). The tool and work surfaces showed an unacceptable contamination in 10% of samples. The data also highlight a certain percentage of unacceptable samples of foods, especially with regard to Escherichia coli, ranging from 5.4% for the “first and second courses” to 10.8% for the “raw meats and meat preparations”. Nevertheless, the hygienic quality of services and foods has improved in comparison with previous surveys, showing that the staff educational programs and the application of HACCP principles have increased the level of awareness regarding food hygiene in those working in catering services.

Published
2004
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16. Effect of ultrasound treatment, oil addition and storage time on lycopene stability and in vitro bioaccessibility of tomato pulp.

Author

Anese M, Bot F, Panozzo A, Mirolo G, and Lippe G

Subjects
Carotenoids metabolism, Humans, In Vitro Techniques, Intestine, Small metabolism, Lycopene, Viscosity, Carotenoids chemistry, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated pharmacology, Food Handling methods, Solanum lycopersicum chemistry, Ultrasonics
Abstract

This study was performed to investigate the influence of ultrasound processing on tomato pulp containing no sunflower oil, or increasing amounts (i.e. 2.5%, 5% and 10%), on lycopene concentration and in vitro bioaccessibility at time zero and during storage at 5 °C. Results confirmed previous findings in that ultrasonication was responsible for cell breakage and subsequent lycopene release in a highly viscous matrix. Neither the ultrasound process nor oil addition affected lycopene concentration. A decrease of approximately 35% lycopene content occurred at storage times longer than 15 days, due to isomerisation and oxidation reactions. No differences in lycopene in vitro bioaccessibility were found between the untreated and ultrasonically treated samples; this parameter decreased as a consequence of oil addition. Losses of lycopene in vitro bioaccessibility ranging between 50% and 80% occurred in the untreated and ultrasonically treated tomato pulps with and without oil during storage, mainly due to carotenoid degradation., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2015
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17. Effect of vacuum roasting on acrylamide formation and reduction in coffee beans.

Author

Anese M, Nicoli MC, Verardo G, Munari M, Mirolo G, and Bortolomeazzi R

Subjects
Acrylamide analysis, Coffea chemistry, Hot Temperature, Seeds chemistry, Vacuum, Acrylamide metabolism, Coffea metabolism
Abstract

Coffea arabica beans were roasted in an oven at 200 °C for increasing lengths of time under vacuum (i.e. 0.15 kPa). The samples were then analysed for colour, weight loss, acrylamide concentration and sensory properties. Data were compared with those obtained from coffee roasted at atmospheric pressure (i.e. conventional roasting), as well as at atmospheric pressure for 10 min followed by vacuum treatment (0.15 kPa; i.e. conventional-vacuum roasting). To compare the different treatments, weight loss, colour and acrylamide changes were expressed as a function of the thermal effect received by the coffee beans during the different roasting processes. Vacuum-processed coffee with medium roast degree had approximately 50% less acrylamide than its conventionally roasted counterpart. It was inferred that the low pressure generated inside the oven during the vacuum process exerted a stripping effect preventing acrylamide from being accumulated. Vacuum-processed coffee showed similar colour and sensory properties to conventionally roasted coffee., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2014
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18. Effect of ultrasound treatments of tomato pulp on microstructure and lycopene in vitro bioaccessibility.

Author

Anese M, Mirolo G, Beraldo P, and Lippe G

Subjects
Biological Availability, Carotenoids metabolism, Digestion, Humans, Lycopene, Solanum lycopersicum metabolism, Models, Biological, Carotenoids chemistry, Food Handling methods, Solanum lycopersicum chemistry, Ultrasonics methods
Abstract

The influence of ultrasound treatments of tomato pulp on microstructure and lycopene in vitro bioaccessibility was investigated. To this purpose, samples were subjected to ultrasound at a frequency and amplitude of 24 kHz and 100 μm, respectively, for increasing lengths of time. Results showed that ultrasound was responsible for loss of tomato cell integrity, as well as a decrease in the degree of pectin esterification. In contrast, rheological measurements showed that ultrasonically treated tomato pulp had greater gel-like properties than an untreated sample. It was inferred that ultrasound promoted the formation of a new network due to hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions among the de-esterified pectin molecules. Such a reinforcement of the tomato pulp structure resulted in a decrease in lycopene in vitro bioaccessibility of the ultrasonically treated tomato pulp, probably due to the fact that the presence of a stronger network may make lycopene less available to the digestion process., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2013
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19. Relationship between antibody titres against human cytomegalovirus detected by enzyme immunoassay and titres to individual viral polypeptides studied by immunoblotting.

Author

Mirolo G, Landini MP, Baldassarri B, Re MC, Lazzarotto T, and La Placa M

Subjects
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Female, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Immunoglobulin G analysis, Immunoglobulin M analysis, Immunologic Techniques, Kinetics, Peptides immunology, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious immunology, Antibodies, Viral analysis, Cytomegalovirus immunology, Cytomegalovirus Infections immunology, Viral Proteins immunology
Abstract

Several sera with different IgG and IgM titres measured by enzyme immunoassay were studied in serial dilutions for their reactivity with human Cytomegalovirus structural polypeptides separated in SDS-PAGE and electrotransferred to nitrocellulose. The different immunogenicity of the viral proteins is documented and a hypothetical evolution of the humoral immune response to individual polypeptides is presented.

Published
1986

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