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In recent years, the proliferation of social networks has been remarkable, providing a rich source for data mining endeavours. However, a significant challenge lies in safeguarding the privacy of individuals while sharing these databases publicly. Current approaches such as K-anonymity, L-diversity, and Tcloseness, are commonly employed for data anonymization in social networks. However, these techniques entail considerable information loss due to random alterations in the graph-based datasets. To addressthese limitations, this paper introduces a new anonymization technique called KMFC-GWO, which combines K-Member Fuzzy Clustering with Grey Wolf Optimizer. This integrated method is designed to strengthen the anonymized graph against a range of threats, including identity, attribute, link disclosure, and similarity attacks, while significantly reducing information loss. Within the KMFC-GWO framework, Kmember fuzzy c-means clustering is utilized to create wellbalanced clusters, each meeting the K-anonymity requirement. Subsequently, the Grey Wolf Optimizer is applied to optimize cluster formation and effectively anonymize the social network graph. The objective function is carefully crafted to minimize both clustering error and information loss, while ensuring adherence to predefined anonymity criteria.

A medical field that is increasingly benefiting from Artificial Intelligence applications is Gyne- cology and Obstetrics. In previous work, we exposed that Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology and obstetric control by physicians can enhance pregnancy health, leading to better pregnancy outcomes and overall better experience, also reducing any possible long-term effects that can be produced by complications. This work presents a data collection methodology for responsible AI in Health and a case study in the pregnancy domain. It is a qualitative descriptive study on the preferences and expectations expressed by pregnant women regarding responsible AI and affective computing. A 41-items structured interview was distributed among 150 pregnant pa- tients attending prenatal care at Hospital Virgen del Rocío and the Clinic Victoria Rey (Seville, Spain) during the months of October and November 2020. A substantial interest in intelligent pregnancy solutions among pregnant women has been revealed in this study. Participants with a lower level of interest reported privacy concerns and lack of trust towards AI solutions. Re- garding affective computing based intelligent solutions specifically, most participants reported positively and no significant difference was found between women having a healthy or a high risk pregnancy on this matter. Our findings also suggest that a high demand of personalized intelligent solutions exists among participants. On the topic of sharing pregnancy data with the healthcare provider in favor of scientific research, pregnant women assisting public health- care services were found to be more likely to share their data when the provider was a public healthcare system rather than a private entity. Pregnant women who are interested in using an AI pregnancy application share a strong idea that it needs to be responsible, trustworthy, useful, and safe. Likewise, we found that pregnant women would change their mind about their concerns and they wou

The health care building designing is a very difficult process in which there are a great quantity of parameters and variables that it is necessary to consider. The health care building should reach the population needs. Additionally, the design of this type of building and the related facilities involves a great quantity of regulations which they are adapted to the different countries. Thus, the health care facilities should be designed according to numerous and complex regulations. The checking of this regulation is very difficult and usually involves big teams of specialized engineers and architects. The proposed Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and Reinforcement Learning can analyse the data about building design (provided in an Extended Mark-up Language or XML file, and other compatible formats), checking, and validating the regulations. This approach allows to reduce the specialized and high qualified personnel, providing a report with the checking regulations, and the traceability of warning and faults in the application of regulations.

Artificial Intelligence has been widely applied to a majority of research areas, including health and medicine. Certain complications or disorders that can appear during pregnancy can endanger the life of both mother and fetus. There is enough scientific literature to support the idea that emotional aspects can be a relevant risk factor in pregnancy (such as anxiety, stress or depression, for instance). This paper presents a scoping review of the scientific literature from the past 12 years (2008-2020) to identify which methodologies, techniques, algorithms and frameworks are used in Artificial Intelligence and Affective Computing for pregnancy health and well-being. The methodology proposed by Arksey and O'Malley, in conjunction with PRISMA-ScR framework has been used to create this review. Despite the relevance that emotional status can have as a risk factor during pregnancy, one of the main findings of this study is that there is still not a significant amount of literature on automatic analysis of emotion. Health enhancement and well-being for pregnant women can be achieved with artificial intelligence or affective computing based devices, hence future work on this topic is strongly suggested.

Artificial Intelligence has been widely applied to a majority of research areas, including health and medicine. Certain complications or disorders that can appear during pregnancy can endanger the life of both mother and fetus. There is enough scientific literature to support the idea that emotional aspects can be a relevant risk factor in pregnancy (such as anxiety, stress or depression, for instance). This paper presents a scoping review of the scientific literature from the past 12 years (2008-2020) to identify which methodologies, techniques, algorithms and frameworks are used in Artificial Intelligence and Affective Computing for pregnancy health and well-being. The methodology proposed by Arksey and O'Malley, in conjunction with PRISMA-ScR framework has been used to create this review. Despite the relevance that emotional status can have as a risk factor during pregnancy, one of the main findings of this study is that there is still not a significant amount of literature on automatic analysis of emotion. Health enhancement and well-being for pregnant women can be achieved with artificial intelligence or affective computing based devices, hence future work on this topic is strongly suggested.

Artificial Intelligence has been widely applied to a majority of research areas, including health and medicine. Certain complications or disorders that can appear during pregnancy can endanger the life of both mother and fetus. There is enough scientific literature to support the idea that emotional aspects can be a relevant risk factor in pregnancy (such as anxiety, stress or depression, for instance). This paper presents a scoping review of the scientific literature from the past 12 years (2008-2020) to identify which methodologies, techniques, algorithms and frameworks are used in Artificial Intelligence and Affective Computing for pregnancy health and well-being. The methodology proposed by Arksey and O'Malley, in conjunction with PRISMA-ScR framework has been used to create this review. Despite the relevance that emotional status can have as a risk factor during pregnancy, one of the main findings of this study is that there is still not a significant amount of literature on automatic analysis of emotion. Health enhancement and well-being for pregnant women can be achieved with artificial intelligence or affective computing based devices, hence future work on this topic is strongly suggested.

Industrial Engineering degree course syllabuses include a series of basic, common skills which must be acquired by those studying for any of the five qualifications that can be obtained in the subject. This paper presents a reflection on the content which should be included in the subject that cover the proficiency “Basic Electronics”, analysing the content of the subjects taught to develop skills in this field in some Spanish universities and detailing the subject content offered by the “Escuela Politécnica Superior” (Advanced Polytechnic School) at the University of Seville

En el desarrollo de los títulos de grado de Ingeniería Industrial aparecen un conjunto de competencias (básicas y comunes) que deben ser adquiridas por los alumnos que cursen cualquiera de sus cinco titulaciones. En esta comunicación se presenta una reflexión sobre los contenidos que debe presentar la asignatura que cubra la competencia “Conocimientos de los fundamentos de la Electrónica”, analizando los contenidos de las asignaturas que desarrollan esta competencia en algunas de las universidades de España y presentando con detalle la asignatura que la desarrolla en la Escuela Politécnica Superior de la Universidad de Sevilla.

En la Escuela Politécnica Superior (EPS) de la Universidad de Sevilla se ha trabajado, por tercer curso consecutivo, en un Plan de Acción Tutorial desarrollado por 16 profesores tutores y 20 alumnos mentores de 5 titulaciones de Ingeniería Técnica. El objetivo perseguido en este curso ha sido potenciar actividades que han surgido del propio albedrío de los alumnos mentores, lo que ha dado como resultado la realización de una serie de actividades de mentoría motivadas y dirigidas desde el principio por los alumnos mentores. La actividad conjunta de todos ellos ha llevado a organizar unos subgrupos de mentorías en función de determinadas características del alumnado de primer curso (deportistas, trabajadores, becarios de otras universidades…), a realizar reuniones presenciales de mentores para puesta a punto de estas actividades así como de puesta al día de los resultados que se iban consiguiendo, además de organizar una segunda captación de mentorizados tras las notas del primer cuatrimestre, y la protagonización de una Jornada de Mentoría al final del curso., A third edition with 16 tutorial lecturers and 20 tutorial students from five different degrees (Technical Engineering of the Polytechnical School, EPS, at University of Seville) in a Tutorial Plan development, has been prepared. During the present year, the main characteristic has been a serial of mentoring actions motivated and directed by these mentors. This activity has been organized considering several subgroups of mentoring depending on special characteristics in first year students (sportsplayers, workers, grant holders from other universities…), moreover the organization of a second recruiting of new students after the first term marks, updating meetings for mentors only, and to be main figures in a Congress on Mentoring at the end of the academic year.

Con el fin de integrar a los alumnos de nuevo ingreso, la Escuela Universitaria Politécnica de la Universidad de Sevilla ha puesto en marcha en el curso 2008-09 un Plan de Acción Tutorial (EUPAT) basado en una red en la que participan el profesorado tutor, alumnado mentor y alumnado tutorizado. En el presente trabajo se resumirá el proceso de formación del alumnado mentor y el trabajo desarrollado por el mismo dentro del Plan de Acción Tutorial. Así mismo, se analizarán las dificultades encontradas durante el transcurso de su formación y realización de la labor de mentoría y el nivel de satisfacción alcanzado. Finalmente, se hará una reflexión sobre las debilidades y los puntos de mejora que se pueden deducir del desarrollo hasta el momento de esta acción tutorial, In order to integrate new students, the Polytechnic School of the University of Seville has launched in the year 2008-09 an Tutorial Action Plan (EUPAT) based on a network involving teachers, mentor students and tutored students. In this paper we resume the formation of mentor students and work developed by the same within the Tutorial Action Plan. Also, analyzing the difficulties encountered during the course of their training and carrying out the work of mentoring and the satisfaction level achieved. Finally, we will reflect on the weaknesses and areas for improvement that can be deducted from the development until the time of this action tutorial.

En la actualidad, existen diversos Centros de Datos Ionósfericos accesibles a través de Internet. Uno de estos centros ha sido desarrollado por la Universidad de Massachusetts-Lowell. El conjunto de características ionosféricas (foF2, foF1, M(3000)F2, etc) junto con los perfiles de densidad electrónica provenientes de un elevado número de digisondas extendidas por todo el mundo, están disponibles on-line mediante el software diseñado por este Centro. Una visión complementaria de la Ionosfera se puede obtener mediante observaciones recogidas por la red mundial de receptores GPS. A través de estas dos fuentes de datos es posible desarrollar numerosos estudios y permiten abrir una gama amplia de aplicaciones. En este trabajo se abordan de forma resumida algunas investigaciones realizadas recientemente a partir de estos datos por los autores de este artículo.

The empirical ionospheric storm correction model STORM included in the new version of the IRI model is driven by the previous time-history of the ap index and is designed to be dependent on latitude and season. The behavior of this correction model has been analyzed comparing foF2 values obtained by the IRI model with or without storm correction and those measured by ionosondes distributed around the world. A statistical analysis was done using two geomagnetic storms during 2003 (medium solar activity).

The main parameters that characterize an ionospheric channel, frequency, elevation angle, group path, ground range, and apogee have been obtained by means of 2D raytracing program called abcray03. The analysis has considered different hourly ionospheric conditions for four quiet days (25–28 March 2000) and five geographic locations distributed in the two hemispheres. Electron density profiles define the selected ionospheric conditions. Raytracing is run considering experimental electron density profiles from manually scaled measurements obtained with ionosondes. The resulting radio propagation parameters are compared with those obtained using the IRI and NeQuick models driven by measured F2 peak values.

A new technique is presented to estimate the electron density topside profile from information derived from ground-based ionograms. The electron density above the F2 peak is approximated by an a-Chapman function with constant scale height (Hm). The scale height is derived from the shape of the bottomside profile near the F2 peak. Digisonde data obtained at two European stations: Ebro (40.4 N, 0.3 E) and El Arenosillo (37.1 N; 353.2 E) for different times of day, seasons, and periods of the solar cycle to study the variations of Hm. The results of the analysis are in good agreement with those reported by other authors. A table of values is presented for typical hours of the day and different seasons and solar activity conditions. This study, once extended to a larger database, will support modeling Hm as a function of time, season, latitude, solar activity and magnetic activity, and contribute to the formulation of the topside electron density in the IRI model.

This paper shows the importance of the F1-layer shape in the electron density profiles obtained from ionograms with different inversion techniques when the profiles are used in ray tracing. This layer often controls the propagation on the path with ranges less than about 2000 km, particularly for spring and summer periods. Ionograms from two different stations, Hainan (19.4N, 109E) and El Arenosillo (37.1N, –6.7E), obtained during the month of July 2002 (average sunspot number: 99.6) during geomagnetic quiet conditions (Ap-index between 9 and 15) are analyzed. The profiles obtained with two different inversion techniques with different options are used together with the ray tracing program of the Proplab-Pro software. This program calculates the features of the received signal as angle of arrival, path length, height of reflection and range for each given profile assumed to define a spherically symmetric ionosphere in the region along the path. For each ionospheric condition (location, day, hour) the difference between range values obtained with Proplab-Pro program using profiles from the two techniques and the different options (POLAN no valley, POLAN valley, POLAN1-layer and NHPC) are considered.

A technique to reconstruct the electron density of the ionosphere starting from total electron content values has been developed using the NeQuick ionospheric electron density model driven by its effective ionization parameter Az. The technique is based on the computation of Az values for a suitable worldwide grid of points. A simple way to obtain relevant Az grids is to use global vertical Total Electron Content (TEC) maps to define for each grid point as Az value, the one that minimizes the difference between the experimental and the modeled vertical TEC. Having a global grid of Az values it is possible to compute the electron density at any point in the ionosphere using NeQuick. As a consequence, slant TEC values for specific ground station to satellite links or ionosphere peak parameter values at any location can be calculated. The results of the comparisons between experimental and reconstructed slant TEC as well as experimental and reconstructed peak parameters values indicate that the proposed reconstruction method can be used to reproduce the observed ionosphere in a realistic way.

A preliminary validation of the technique developed using the NeQuick ionospheric model and the «effective ionization parameter» Az, based on vertical total electron content data ingestion, was carried out in a previous study. The current study was performed to extend the analyzed conditions and confirm the results. The method to validate this technique is based on a comparison between hourly F2 peak values measured with Vertical Incidence (VI) soundings and those calculated with the new technique. Data corresponding to different hours and seasons (equinox, summer solstice, and winter solstice) during the period 2000-2003 (high and medium solar activity conditions) were compared for all available ionosonde stations. The results show a good agreement between foF2 and hmF2 values obtained with the new technique and measurements from vertical incidence soundings during quiet and storms conditions.

A new ionospheric sounding station using a Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde (CADI) was established for routine measurements by the “Universidade do Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP)” at S˜ao Jos´e dos Campos (23.2_ S, 45.9_ W), Brazil, in August 2000. A major geomagnetic storm with gradual commencement at about 01:00 UT was observed on 31 March 2001. In this paper, we present and discuss salient features from the ionospheric sounding measurements carried out at S. J. Campos on the three consecutive UT days 30 March (quiet), 31 March (disturbed) and 1 April (recovery) 2001. During most of the storm period, the foF2 values showed negative phase, whereas during the two storm-time peaks, large F-region height variations were observed. In order to study the longitudinal differences observed in the F-region during the storm, the simultaneous ionospheric sounding measurements carried out at S. J. Campos, El Arenosillo (37.1_ N, 6.7_W), Spain, Okinawa (26.3_ N, 127.8_ E), Japan and Wakkanai (45.5_ N, 141.7_ E), Japan, during the period 30 March–1 April 2001, have been analyzed. A comparison of the observed ionospheric parameters (h0F and foF2) in the two longitudinal zones (1. Japanese and 2. Brazilian-Spanish) shows both similarities and differences associated with the geomagnetic disturbances. Some latitudinal differences are also observed in the two longitudinal zones. In addition, global ionospheric TEC maps from the worldwide network of GPS receivers are presented, showing widespread TEC changes during both the main and recovery phases of the storm. The ionospheric sounding measurements are compared with the ASPEN-TIMEGCM model runs appropriate for the storm conditions. The model results produce better agreement during the quiet period. During the disturbed period, some of the observed F-region height variations are well reproduced by the model results. The model foF2 and TEC results differ considerably during the recovery period and indicate much stronger negative phase at

This paper discusses the behavior of ionospheric parameters that were obtained from electron density profiles derived from ionograms recorded at El Arenosillo (37.1 N, 353.2 E; Dip = 52; Modip = 45.5) during some intense geomagnetic storms. The selected parameters are the critical frequency of the F2 layer, foF2, the height of the peak electron density, hmF2, the thickness and shape parameters of the F2 layer, B0 and B1, and the integrated total electron content (ITEC). As a measure of the ionospheric disturbance during the storms the relative deviations of these parameters from their corresponding monthly medians has been calculated. All the parameters present changes during the storms. In general, increases during the main phase and first stage of the recovery phase are observed. The relative deviations of foF2 and ITEC present similar temporal behavior (as during quiet geomagnetic conditions). Comparisons between foF2 and ITEC with IRI 2001 model predictions show that the model significantly overestimates the ionospheric parameters mainly during the recovery phase of the storms.

The electron density variability at fixed heights is studied for use in the International Reference Ionosphere IRI model. Monthly median, upper and lower quartile values were obtained for foF2, hmF2, B0 and B1 as deduced from ionograms. The IRI electron density profiles established with these values were then compared with the median and quartiles at fixed heights. Results are shown for the three ionospheric stations E1 Arenosillo (37.1 N, 353.3 E), Tucuman (26.9 S, 294.6 E) and San Juan (31.5 S, 290.4 E) as a function of solar activity, season and local time. As found by other authors the height of maximum variability, hvmax, is located below the peak electron density height (hmF2) in all the cases. Values of differences between hmF2 and hvmax are analized. Variability defined as the interquartile difference and hvmax results are calculated from experimental electron density profiles measured at the three stations.

Modelling and forecasting of ionospheric parameters is very useful for different radio communication purposes. As long as variations in the ionosphere form regular patterns, the empirical International Reference Ionosphere model, IRI 2000, provides sufficiently accurate corrections to the maximum electron density, NmF2, to predict the ionospheric effects on radio wave propagation. During geomagnetic storms, however, agreement between the IRI 2000 model and observations is still insufficient. This paper deals with the analysis of measured and model predicted F-region electron densities under quiet and disturbed conditions with the main emphasis placed on the distribution of the F1-region daytime ionisation. Available electron density profiles obtained from ionograms for selected periods from several European ionospheric stations (Pruhonice, Ebro, Arenosillo) were compared with IRI 2000 model results. Comparative analysis shows that discrepancies do exist predominantly during the storm main phase. The model predicted daytime electron densities at the fixed F1-region heights are closer to observed values during summer than winter. Dependences of D1 on solar activity and season are also analysed.

This study attempts to demonstrate changes in the ionospheric F1-region daytime ionization during geomagnetic storms. The F1-region is explored using available data from several European middle latitude and lower latitude observatories and a set of geomagnetic storms encompassing a range of seasons and solar activity levels. The results of analysis suggest systematic seasonal and partly latitudinal differences in the F1-region response to geomagnetic storm. The pattern of the response of the F1-region at higher middle latitudes, a decrease in electron density, does not depend on the type of response of the F2-region and on solar activity. A brief interpretation of these findings is presented.

The characterisation of a HF channel by means of monthly electron density profiles can be complemented with a detailed study of radio propagation «worst cases» on situations with extremes conditions of radiopropagation for a given period. These «worst cases» correspond to conditions that can be identified by means of cumulative distributions of the key parameter f0F2. This paper analyses the main parameters of the HF channel: time delay, apogee, elevation angle and transmission frequency with mean and extreme conditions. The method used to characterise the ionospheric channel is based on ray-tracing techniques.

The effects of three geomagnetic storms on the ionospheric F region and the influence of the G condition on TEC estimates have been analysed by using ionospheric data from INTA El Arenosillo Atmospheric Sounding Station (37.1N, 353.3E) and GPS TEC measurements obtained at the IGS station of San Fernando (36.5N, 353.8E). The results stress the importance of these perturbations and the need of using edited ionograms.

The 11 August 1999 Solar eclipse totality path ran across western Europe at near-constant latitudes of about 49°N. It occurred at mid-time of a sequence of three days with steady solar wind and quiet magnetospheric conditions. Its response was observed by a score of ionospheric facilities, which will provide high-resolution probing of the various disturbances. First results allow us to compare the time fluctuations at various distances from totality on the eclipse and adjacent days, inside a 5° West to 5° East longitude area. In this preliminary work the foF1 and foF2 time changes are presented in contour maps on a size grid. They show the expected longitude transit of eclipse perturbation. We venture brief comments on the eclipse-own signatures as separate from the various wave oscillations detected prior to eclipse time by 12.4 MHz panoramic azimuth scans of the Losquet radar near Lannion (Brittanny).

The advantage of studying eclipse disturbances is the perfect predictability of their 4D source geometry, which allows for preparation of adapted systems and schedules. The total solar eclipse period of August 11, 1999 across Europe was notable for exceptionally uniform solar disk, steady solar wind and quiet magnetospheric conditions. Large-scale gravity wave activity prior to the eclipse however disturbed the initial 0900 LT thermosphere weather. This rapid letter is an advance summary about one particular aspect of the West European ionosonde and radar results of the eclipse experiment. It focusses on the possible emergence of a distant eclipse frontal bow-wave. This was expected as a consequence of the supersonic shock of stratospheric Ozone cooling. First-look data of Vertical Incidence Digisonde records are greatly improved by their Real-Time acquisition of inverted true-height pro>les. The EBRE (Tortosa, Spain) foF1 and foF2 simultaneous oscillations observed from the second to the fourth hour following maximum solar occultation appear as convincing indicators of the bow-wave signature. Large ?uctuations in foF1 and foF2 during some of our control days, of usual gravity wave character, emphasize the importance of meteorologic disturbances on mid-latitude ionosphere variability.

Monthly median empirical models IRI-95 and NeUoG were compared with incoherent scatter EISCAT and Millstone Hill observations as well as with El Arenosillo Digisonde N e (h) bottomside profiles. A comparison was made for various seasons, levels of solar activity, daytime and night-time hours. The results on the topside comparison: 1) the IRI-95 model systematically and strongly overestimates the Ne (h) effective scale height both for daytime and night-time periods especially during maximum and middle solar activity both at EISCAT and Millstone Hill; 2) the NeUoG model on the contrary systematically underestimates the scale height at all levels of solar activity. But the NeUoG model provides much better overall agreement with SD being less by a factor of 1.5-1.7 in comparison with the IRI-95 model results. The results on the bottom-side comparison: 1) the IRI-95 accuracy is different for daytime and night-time hours, being much worse for the night-time; 2) the NeUoG model similar to IRI-95 demonstrates much worse accuracy for the night-time hours; 3) the NeUoG model demonstrates no advantages over the IRI-95 model in the bottomside N e (h) description. A new simple TopN e model for the N e (h) topside distribution based on the EISCAT and Millstone Hill observations is proposed. The model is supposed to be normalized by the observed hmF 2 and NmF 2 values and is valid below a 600 km height. The TopN e model provides good approximation accuracy over EISCAT and Millstone Hill observations. A comparison with the independent Intercosmos-19 topside sounder observations is given.

Seasonal variations of hmE and f0F2 are analyzed using El Arenosillo digisonde observations during solar minimum (1995-1996). Unlike some widely used empirical models daytime hmE show seasonal variations with winter hmE being higher than summer ones and seasonal differences increase with solar zenith angle. Model calculations enable us to reproduce the observed hmE seasonal variations but the calculated daytime f0E values are too low if conventional EUV fluxes and dissociative recombination rate constants are used. A reduction of a (NO+ ) by taking into account Te > Tn in the E-region as it follows from probe measurements seems to be a plausible solution. The E-region ion composition corresponding to rocket observations may be obtained in model calculations using an appropriate [NO] height distribution. Calculated summer concentrations of [NO] are by a factor of 3-4 larger than winter ones at the hmE-heights.

Ionosphere monitoring implies: observations, prediction and mapping of ionospheric parameters. A case with one available (El Arenosillo) ionosonde is considered. Some statistical methods for f0F2 short-term (1-24 h in advance) prediction are compared. The analysis of multi-dimensional regression for Df0F2 (relative deviation from running median) with Ap, F10.7 and previous Df0F2 observations has shown that inclusion of additional terms with Ap and F10.7 improves the prediction accuracy for lead time more than 15 h. For lead time 1-6 h a linear regression with earlier observed Df0F2 provides the f0F2 forecast with Relative Mean Deviation (RMD) 6-11%. This is acceptable from a practical point of view. A 24-h forecast can be done with RMD 10-11%. Multi-regressional methods provide better prediction accuracy than the usual 10-day running median or quasi-inertial method based on such median. Hourly f0F2 values may be used to calculate the effective index R12eff used as input to the ITU-R monthly median model. This allows the ITU-R model to "breathe" following hour-to-hour f0F2 variations. Then standard surfering methods may be applied for f0F2 mapping over the whole area. The f0F2 mapping accuracy based on the hourly R12eff index is shown to be 9-11% depending on solar activity level.