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In this study, the effect of dual modification using ultrasound (100 and 300 W for 5, 10, and 15 min) and microwave (600 W for 45 s) treatments on functional properties of wheat gluten protein (WGP) and whey protein concentrate (WPC), as two by-products of food industry with different primary functional properties, was investigated. Ultrasound treatment did not affect the solubility of both proteins significantly but the emulsion and foam properties were increased up to 10 min. Nevertheless, microwave treatment after ultrasound caused a significant decrease in the solubility of both proteins. However, the foam stability of the WPC and WGP was not significantly modified after microwave treatment. The obtained results showed a more positive effect of ultrasound at 100 W for 10 min than other ultrasound treatments on the functional and structural properties of both proteins. The zeta potential of both proteins was decreased after dual physical modifications, but thermal stability of proteins was improved after microwave treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Vitamin D is a fat soluble nutrient which was help to improve human health. There are different problems in VD3 fortification of foods including low water solubility and susceptibility to environmental conditions. Microencapsulation of VD3 could be used to overcome these limitations. Encapsulation of VD3 in yeast cells can be counted as an affective technique to provide a protection against VD3-photochemical degradation. Material and methods: In this study, VD3 was encapsulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells as encapsulating matrix. Microcapsules were dried by spray drier and freeze drier. Two concentration of vitamin (100 and 500 IU) used for bread fortification. Furthermore, the effect of UV irradiation and thermal treatment (80 °C for 1 minutes) on stability of free and encapsulated vitamin D was investigated. Results and conclusion: The results showed, about 40% and 95% of vitamin were remained after application of UV and high temperature treatment, respectively. In addition, yeast cells could provide good protection against (more than 95%) high temperature of bread baking process (180 °C for 30min). The analysis of bread quality and sensory properties showed higher value of bread containing encapsulated VD3 in comparison to free form. The results of this study show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cell could be used as a suitable carrier for encapsulation of VD3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to appraise the quinoa and buckwheat seeds as pseudocereals to develop new beef burgers. In this study, three different formulations were prepared: one control sample with 15% mixture of bread crumb with soy protein, and two samples with 15% quinoa flour (QB) and buckwheat flour (BB), respectively. This replacement did not make significant difference between the different formulations in most of the physicochemical characteristics including moisture content, pH value, frying properties and water activity but emulsion stability and protein content were higher in the control sample than new formulations. Based on the results of texture properties, raw control sample showed significantly harder texture but BB showed harder texture after frying. Moreover, raw quinoa burger had a higher lightness value (L*). A comparison between the QB and BB burger showed significantly increase in protein and fat content, emulsion stability and lightness of QB. In conclusion, the replacing of bread crumb and soy protein mixture by buckwheat and quinoa flours in beef burger, especially by quinoa flour did not cause significant damage to burger properties and might be a suitable strategy to produce a new functional burger with comparable physicochemical and textural properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the importance of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Iran, the aim of this study is to identify the trend in the salt (NaCl) levels of various types of traditional bread (sangak, barbari, taftoon, and lavash breads) in Tehran in 2016 and 2018 and its implication for public health. Methods: A total of 777 samples of various traditional breads were randomly collected from various districts located in Tehran in 2018. The salt content (expressed as g/100 g dry weight) in these breads were determined according to Volhard method. Results from this study were compared with those reported in 2016. Results: The present study indicated that the mean salt content in traditional breads in 2018 was significantly higher than that reported in 2016. Salt content in traditional breads collected in 2018 ranged from 0.03 to 6.52/100 g dry weight, with mean value of 1.43 g/100 g dry weight. When comparing with the permitted limit set by Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI), there was an increase in the percentage of samples complying with the permitted limit; 50.8% (2016) vs 54.1% (2018). Conclusions: The daily salt intake increased from 1.56 g per person in 2016 to 2.31 g per person in 2018. Considering the high bread per capita consumption in Iran, it seems that half of the daily recommended salt intake could be reached exclusively through breads. Hence, the main strategies for salt intake reduction from bread could be achieved through evaluation of salt reduction programs and development of technological factors in bread baking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine antioxidant activity, total phenol, phenolic acids and minimum inhibitory concentrations of the stem bark and root of three Barberries species (Berberis integrima Bunge, Berberis vulgaris asperma and Berberis vulgaris orientalis). The root extract of Berberis vulgaris asperma showed the highest amount of total phenol and antioxidant activity. After measuring minimum inhibition concentration, the stem extract of Berberis vulgaris orientalis and the root extract of Berberis vulgaris asperma were selected as the best extract with a high level of antimicrobial activity. Also, the root extract of Berberis vulgaris asperma could effectively prevent fungal and bacterial growth in a concentration of 600 and 750 ppm. Moreover, bread containing 600 ppm of Berberis vulgaris asperma root extract showed the highest level of overall acceptability and oxidative stability. According to the results, Berberis vulgaris asperma root extract was the best extract among the studied samples and the concentration of 600 ppm was the best level for enriching bread and producing functional bread with extended shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of Aflatoxins (AFs) including B1, B2, G1 and G2 in commercial cereal-based baby foods by HPLC-FLD method in Iran and related risk assessment in three baby age groups (6-12, 12-18, and 18-24 months) using Monte Carlo simulation approach. Results showed an occurrence ranging from 20% to 60% for B1, B2, and G2 aflatoxins, while AFG1 was not detected in any assessed samples. Exposure and risk assessment was estimated to be two groups (aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins). The highest estimated dietary exposure to both AFB1 and total AFs was estimated for 6-12 months aged babies, representing 5.81 ng/kg BW/day and 8.55 ng/kg BW/day, respectively. Overall, the margin of exposures to AFB1 and total AFs were lower than 10,000 in all age groups, indicating a health concern about AFB1 and total AFs exposure through cereal-based baby food consumption. High cancer risk for high consumers (P95) of baby food was also estimated in all age groups, calling for immediate intervention due to serious claims that AFB1, is a highly carcinogenic component, causes hepatocellular carcinoma. Risk ranking results indicated the presence of AFB1 is classified as high risk for babies who consume cereal-based foods, which demands the attention of risk managers to reduce or eliminate this risk for the most vulnerable sector of society, whose aged <24 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of different cold plasma treatments was investigated as a novel method for the modification of starch film properties. The films were prepared from wheat starch using a solvent casting method and then treated with air and O2 glow discharge plasma at different durations (4, 8, and 12 min). A significant increase in the hydrophilicity of the films was observed due to the formation of oxygen-containing groups after plasma treatment. Fourier transform infrared analysis illustrated a decrease in C–H groups that caused an increase in C–O and C–O–C groups in air-treated films and carbonyl groups in O2-treated films. The surface roughness of the treated films increased from 17.6 nm to 22.5 and 20.6 nm after air and O2 treatments, respectively. Plasma treatments decreased oxygen permeability of the films but no significant difference in the water vapor permeability was observed. After plasma treatment, tensile strength of films was improved due to crosslinking and etching at the surface, although elongation at break remains unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In celiac patient exposure to even only a small amount of gluten can lead to malabsorption of some important nutrients including calcium, iron, folic acid, and fat-soluble vitamins because of small-intestine inflammation. A strictly followed gluten-free (GF) diet throughout the patient's lifetime is the only effective treatment for celiac disease; however, elimination of gluten from cereal-based product leads to many technological and nutritional problems. This report discusses different substitutes to replace gluten functionality and examines the economic and social impacts of adherence to a GF diet. Better knowledge about the molecular basis of this disorder has encouraged the search for new methods of patient treatment. The new and common GF sources and different challenges encountered in production and consumption of these products and different solutions for improving their properties are discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Walnut green husk (WGH) extract has been known as potential preventive and therapeutic antioxidants and antimicrobials due to its high polyphenol content. In this study, preparation of spray dried WGH extract-loaded microcapsules by maltodextrin and its blending with two other natural biodegradable polymers, pectin, or alginate were investigated. Methods: In this study, encapsulation efficiency (EE), total phenol content (Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method), antioxidant (DPPH scavenging assay) and antimicrobial activities (agar well diffusion method) structural (SEM and FTIR studies), and release properties of WGH extract-loaded microcapsules were investigated. Results: High retention of phenolic content in microcapsules indicated the successful encapsulation of WGH extract. Addition of biopolymers to maltodextrin matrix has a positive effect on EE and other properties of microcapsules. The microcapsules prepared with mixture of maltodextrin and pectin had higher EE (79.35 ± 0.87%) and total phenolic (TP) content (56.83 ± 1.04 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/100 g) in comparison to maltodextrin and alginate mixture (EE: 75.21 ± 0.24%, TP content: 54.33 ± 1.53 mg GAE/100 g) and maltodextrin only matrix (EE: 72.50 ± 1.00%, TP content: 50.67 ± 1.35 mg GAE/100 g). Extract-loaded microcapsules also showed nearly spherical structure, good antioxidant (with the percentage DPPH inhibition ranged from 75.17 ± 1.42% to 80.87 ± 2.29%), and antimicrobial properties (with mean inhibition diameter zone ranged from 7.76 ± 0.86 mm to 11.53 ± 0.45 mm). Fourier transform infrared analyses suggested the presence of extract on microcapsules. The in vitro extract release from microcapsules followed an anomalous non-Fickian diffusion mechanism with almost complete release. Conclusions: WGH extract microcapsules can be used as novel and economic bioactive phytochemical and therapeutic agents to prevent oxidation and microbial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of different cold plasma treatments was investigated as a novel method for the modification of starch film properties. The films were prepared from wheat starch using a solvent casting method and then treated with air and O 2 glow discharge plasma at different durations (4, 8, and 12 min). A significant increase in the hydrophilicity of the films was observed due to the formation of oxygen-containing groups after plasma treatment. Fourier transform infrared analysis illustrated a decrease in C-H groups that caused an increase in C-O and C-O-C groups in air-treated films and carbonyl groups in O 2 -treated films. The surface roughness of the treated films increased from 17.6 nm to 22.5 and 20.6 nm after air and O 2 treatments, respectively. Plasma treatments decreased oxygen permeability of the films but no significant difference in the water vapor permeability was observed. After plasma treatment, tensile strength of films was improved due to crosslinking and etching at the surface, although elongation at break remains unchanged.