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Red pepper leaf extract (PLE) administration could ameliorate high-fat-induced obesity and improve gut dysbiosis by enhancing lipid metabolism of both adipocytes and hepatocytes and the gut environment.

As a crop quality sensor, Raman spectroscopy has been consistently proposed as one of the most promising and non-destructive methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant substances, because it can measure molecular structures in a short time without requiring pretreatment along with simple usage. The sensitivity of the Raman spectrum to target chemicals depends largely on the wavelength, intensity of the laser power, and exposure time. Especially for plant samples, it is very likely that the peak of the target material is covered by strong fluorescence effects. Therefore, methods using lasers with low energy causing less fluorescence, such as 785 nm or near-infrared, are vigorously discussed. Furthermore, advanced techniques for obtaining more sensitive and clear spectra, like surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, time-gated Raman spectroscopy or combination with thin-layer chromatography, are being investigated. Numerous interpretations of plant quality can be represented not only by the measurement conditions but also by the spectral analysis methods. Up to date, there have been attempted to optimize and generalize analysis methods. This review summarizes the state of the art of micro-Raman spectroscopy in crop quality assessment focusing on secondary metabolites, from in vitro to in vivo and even in situ, and suggests future research to achieve universal application.

In this study, the survival capacity (acid and bile salt tolerance, and adhesion to gut epithelial cells) and probiotic properties (enzyme activity-inhibition and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibition of adipogenesis, and stress hormone level reduction) of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5314, isolated from kimchi (Korean traditional fermented cabbage), were investigated. LRCC5314 exhibited very stable survival at pH 2 and in 0.2% bile acid with 89.9% adhesion to Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells after treatment for 2 h. LRCC5314 also inhibited the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which are involved in elevating postprandial blood glucose levels, by approximately 72.9% and 51.2%, respectively. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with the LRCC5314 lysate decreased the levels of the inflammatory factors nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and interferon-γ by 88.5%, 49.3%, 97.2%, and 99.8%, respectively, relative to those of the cells treated with LPS alone. LRCC5314 also inhibited adipogenesis in differentiating preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cells), showing a 14.7% decrease in lipid droplet levels and a 74.0% decrease in triglyceride levels, as well as distinct reductions in the mRNA expression levels of adiponectin, FAS, PPAR, C/EBPα, TNF-α, and IL-6. Moreover, LRCC5314 reduced the level of cortisol, a hormone with important effect on stress, by approximately 35.6% in H295R cells. L. plantarum LRCC5314 is identified as a new probiotic with excellent in vitro multifunctional properties. Subsequent in vivo studies may further demonstrate its potential as a functional food or pharmabiotic.

Academic oral history is a valuable methodology for hearing multiple stories, particularly in cases of hotly contested histories. This methodology allows for many voices to coexist, provides a long-form space for presenting people’s experiences, and connects to the practices of the griot and informal oral histories. This chapter explores how academic oral history complicates master narratives by looking at an oral history project about New York City b-girls who were active in the 1990s. It also examines how this approach creates a fuller picture of breaking history than what has commonly been depicted in both the media and among practitioners.

Patients with obesity mostly have metabolic syndrome and this can lead to multiple health problems. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-obesity effect of water-soluble red pepper (

Clinical and preclinical studies have reported that Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17, a probiotic bacterial strain isolated from human breast milk, reduces body weight and white adipose tissue volume. In order to further explore the actions of L. gasseri BNR17, we investigated the anti-menopausal effects of L. gasseri BNR17 in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. The serum alanine aminotransferase levels of the rats in the OVX-BNR17 group were lower than those of the rats in the OVX-vehicle only (OVX-Veh) group. Upon administration of L. gasseri BNR17 after ovariectomy, calcitonin and Serotonin 2A levels increased significantly, whereas serum osteocalcin levels showed a decreasing tendency. Compared to the rats in the OVX-Veh group, those in the OVX-BNR17 group showed lower urine deoxypyridinoline levels, lower pain sensitivity, and improved vaginal cornification. Furthermore, L. gasseri BNR17 administration increased bone mineral density in the rats with OVX-induced femoral bone loss. These results suggest that L. gasseri BNR17 administration could alleviate menopausal symptoms, indicating that this bacterium could be a good functional probiotic for managing the health of older women.

Global Dance Meditation for Black Liberation began with Dr. Shamell Bell's dream, a clear vision of people around the world heeding a call, at the same time, to the same rhythm, in a collective resonance. It has grown into a conversation, a community, a journey, and a call to action. This Radical Embodied Dialogue was created to honor Black dance artists and their legacies. As part of the Street Dance Activism Global Dance Meditation for Black Liberation twenty-eight-day collective healing project, we invited Marlies Yearby and Dianne McIntyre to share their stories and their shared histories. The pandemic, coupled with use of technology, opened up and provided alternative methods to host a gathering and listen to their experiences that have too often been excluded from dance history texts. This resulting documentation of some of the work of these artists restores the significance of their work to American dance history.

A water-soluble extract from radish greens (WERG) inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and ameliorates high fat diet-induced obesity in mice.

Endogenous circadian clocks play a key role in regulating a vast array of biological processes from cell cycle to metabolism, and disruption of circadian rhythms exacerbates a range of human ailments including cardiovascular, metabolic, and gastrointestinal diseases. Determining the state of a patient's circadian rhythms and clock-controlled signaling pathways has important implications for precision and personalized medicine, from improving the diagnosis of circadian-related disorders to optimizing the timing of drug delivery. Patient-derived 3-dimensional enteroids or in vitro "mini gut" is an attractive model uncovering human- and patient-specific circadian target genes that may be critical for personalized medicine. Here, we introduce several procedures to assess circadian rhythms and cell cycle dynamics in enteroids through time course sample collection methods and assay techniques including immunofluorescence, live cell confocal microscopy, and bioluminescence. These methods can be applied to evaluate the state of circadian rhythms and circadian clock-gated cell division cycles using mouse and human intestinal enteroids.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify the time of blood pressure (BP) drop in the orthostatic hypotension test, and to propose a realistic and appropriate duration in the orthostatic hypotension test. METHODS A total of 879 consecutive patients (61-year-old and 44% women) with positive on the orthostatic hypotension test in the emergency department were retrospectively reviewed. Orthostatic hypotension was defined as drop in standing SBP of at least 20 mmHg or standing DBP of at least 10 mmHg from their supine values after standing for 5 min. BP measurements was made at 1, 3, and 5 min after standing. RESULTS Six hundred and eighty-four (77.8%), 152 (17.3%) and 43 (4.9%) patients had BP drop meeting orthostatic hypotension criteria at 1, 3, and 5 min, respectively. In multivariable analysis, older age (≥60 years) and higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (≥15.5 mg/dl) were independently associated with early BP drop at 1 min, and younger age (

Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile bacteria, designated IMCC1753T and IMCC26285T, were isolated from a shallow eutrophic pond and a deep oligotrophic lake, respectively. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the two strains shared 99.8 % sequence similarity and were most closely related to Sphingorhabdus contaminans JC216T(98.7–98.8 %). The whole genome sequences of strains IMCC1753T and IMCC26285T were 3.5 and 2.9 Mbp in size with 56.6 and 55.5 mol% DNA G+C content, respectively. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the two strains were 82.2 and 25.8 %, respectively, indicating that they are separate species. The two strains showed ≤98.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and ≤82.2 % ANI and ≤28.7 % dDDH values to closely related species of the genus Sphingorhabdus , indicating that the two strains each represent novel species. Major fatty acid constituents of strain IMCC1753T were C17 : 1 ω6c, C17 : 1 ω8c and summed features 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c) and 8 (C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c); those of strain IMCC26285T were summed features 3 and 8. The predominant isoprenoid quinone detected in both strains was ubiquinone-10 and the most abundant polyamine was spermidine. Both strains contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and sphingoglycolipid as major polar lipids. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strains IMCC1753T and IMCC26285T were considered to represent two distinct novel species in the genus Sphingorhabdus , for which the names Sphingorhabdus lacus (IMCC1753T=KCTC 52480T=KACC 18985T=NBRC 112442T) and Sphingorhabdus profundilacus (IMCC26285T=KCTC 52479T=KACC 18986T=NBRC 112454T) are proposed, respectively.

A novel haloalkaliphilic bacterium, designated G-116T, was isolated from the decaying biomass of a laboratory culture of cyanobacterium Geitlerinema species. Cells of strain G-116T were Gram-stain-negative, motile spirilla. Strain G-116T showed high halotolerance to 20 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum growth at 3.5–6.0 %, w/v) and obligately alkaliphilic growth within the pH range 7.3–10.4 (optimum growth at pH 8.7–8.9). The major fatty acids identified were C16:0, summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/C18 :1 ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16 :1 ω6c) and C19:0 cyclo ω8c. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, three unidentified amino lipids and five unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 60.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the closest genus with a validly published name is a monotypic Salinispirillum and strain G-116T clustered with Salinispirillum marinum GCWy1T with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 94.3 %. Based on the data obtained from phenotypic and chemotaxonomic studies and the phylogenetic analysis, the isolate is proposed to be a representative of a novel genus and a novel species, Natronospirillum operosum gen. nov., sp. nov. Together with S. marinum they form a separate clade, for which a novel family, Natronospirillaceae fam. nov., is proposed. In addition, Saccharospirillaceae fam. nov. and Gynuellaceae fam. nov. are proposed to encompass the genera Saccharospirillum and Reinekea , and the genus Gynuella , respectively. All three novel families are within the order Oceanospirillales of the class Gammaproteobacteria . The type strain of the type species, Natronospirillum operosum gen. nov., sp. nov. is G-116T (=VKM B-3134T=KCTC 62956T).

Gellan gum (GG) is an anionic polysaccharide used as an additive in the food industry. However, the effect of GG on gut microbiota regulation and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not yet been investigated. In vitro fermentation experiments have demonstrated that GG promoted the growth of probiotic strains such as Lactiplantibacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum, producing metabolites beneficial to gut health. In mice, GG reduced hepatic triglyceride content, serum biomarkers, and body fat mass and weight gain induced by a high fat diet. Additionally, GG regulated the gut microbiota including Desulfovibrionales, Deferribacterales, Bacteroidales, and Lactobacillales at the order level and also promoted short-chain fatty acid production. Moreover, GG improved the expression of proteins related to hepatic inflammation and lipid metabolism. Taken together, GG ameliorated NAFLD, possibly by acting on the gut-liver axis via improving the gut health, indicating its potential as a food supplement and/or prebiotic against NAFLD.

The incidence of stress-related type 2 diabetes (stress-T2D), which is aggravated by physiological stress, is increasing annually. The effects of

Bacterial biofilm residing in the oral cavity is closely related to the initiation and persistence of various dental diseases. Previously, we reported the anti-biofilm activity of Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid (Lp.LTA) on a representative dental cariogenic pathogen, Streptococcus mutans. Since LTA structure varies in a bacterial strain-specific manner, LTAs from various L. plantarum strains may have differential anti-biofilm activity due to their distinct molecular structures. In the present study, we isolated Lp.LTAs from four different strains of L. plantarum (LRCC 5193, 5194, 5195, and 5310) and compared their anti-biofilm effects on the dental pathogens, including S. mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus gordonii. All Lp.LTAs similarly inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. However, their effects on S. gordonii and S. mutans biofilm formation were different: LRCC 5310 Lp.LTA most effectively suppressed the biofilm formation of all strains of dental pathogens, while Lp.LTAs from LRCC 5193 and 5194 hardly inhibited or even enhanced the biofilm formation. Furthermore, LRCC 5310 Lp.LTA dramatically reduced the biofilm formation of the dental pathogens on the human dentin slice infection model. Collectively, these results suggest that Lp.LTAs have strain-specific regulatory effects on biofilm formation of dental pathogens and LRCC 5310 Lp.LTA can be used as an effective anti-biofilm agent for the prevention of dental infectious diseases.

Circadian rhythms regulate diverse aspects of gastrointestinal physiology ranging from the composition of microbiota to motility. However, development of the intestinal circadian clock and detailed mechanisms regulating circadian physiology of the intestine remain largely unknown. In this report, we show that both pluripotent stem cell‐derived human intestinal organoids engrafted into mice and patient‐derived human intestinal enteroids possess circadian rhythms and demonstrate circadian phase‐dependent necrotic cell death responses to Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB). Intriguingly, mouse and human enteroids demonstrate anti‐phasic necrotic cell death responses to TcdB. RNA‐Seq analysis shows that ~3–10% of the detectable transcripts are rhythmically expressed in mouse and human enteroids. Remarkably, we observe anti‐phasic gene expression of Rac1, a small GTPase directly inactivated by TcdB, between mouse and human enteroids, and disruption of Rac1 abolishes clock‐dependent necrotic cell death responses. Our findings uncover robust functions of circadian rhythms regulating clock‐controlled genes in both mouse and human enteroids governing organism‐specific, circadian phase‐dependent necrotic cell death responses, and lay a foundation for human organ‐ and disease‐specific investigation of clock functions using human organoids for translational applications., Mouse and human 3D in vitro models show tissue maturation to determine species‐specific circadian rhytms in the intestine.

The circadian clock orchestrates ∼24-hour oscillations of gastrointestinal epithelial structure and function that drive diurnal rhythms in gut microbiota. Here, we use experimental and computational approaches in intestinal organoids to reveal reciprocal effects of gut microbial metabolites on epithelial timekeeping by an epigenetic mechanism.We cultured enteroids in media supplemented with sterile supernatants from the altered Schaedler Flora (ASF), a defined murine microbiota. Circadian oscillations of bioluminescent PER2 and Bmal1 were measured in the presence or absence of individual ASF supernatants. Separately, we applied machine learning to ASF metabolomics to identify phase-shifting metabolites.Sterile filtrates from 3 of 7 ASF species (ASF360 Lactobacillus intestinalis, ASF361 Ligilactobacillus murinus, and ASF502 Clostridium species) induced minimal alterations in circadian rhythms, whereas filtrates from 4 ASF species (ASF356 Clostridium species, ASF492 Eubacterium plexicaudatum, ASF500 Pseudoflavonifactor species, and ASF519 Parabacteroides goldsteinii) induced profound, concentration-dependent phase shifts. Random forest classification identified short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) (butyrate, propionate, acetate, and isovalerate) production as a discriminating feature of ASF "shifters." Experiments with SCFAs confirmed machine learning predictions, with a median phase shift of 6.2 hours in murine enteroids. Pharmacologic or botanical histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors yielded similar findings. Further, mithramycin A, an inhibitor of HDAC inhibition, reduced SCFA-induced phase shifts by 20% (P.05) and conditional knockout of HDAC3 in enteroids abrogated butyrate effects on Per2 expression. Key findings were reproducible in human Bmal1-luciferase enteroids, colonoids, and Per2-luciferase Caco-2 cells.Gut microbe-generated SCFAs entrain intestinal epithelial circadian rhythms by an HDACi-dependent mechanism, with critical implications for understanding microbial and circadian network regulation of intestinal epithelial homeostasis.

In this study, the survival capacity (acid and bile salt tolerance, and adhesion to gut epithelial cells) and probiotic properties (enzyme activity-inhibition and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibition of adipogenesis, and stress hormone level reduction) of

BACKGROUND This study investigated the in vivo prophylactic effect of probiotic chocolate on constipation. Rats were administered chocolate containing 2.5 × 1010 CFU g-1 of probiotics daily for 4 weeks and treated with loperamide (5 mg kg-1 ) daily at the fourth week of treatment. RESULTS Probiotic chocolate treatment significantly (P

Although the prevalence of metabolic disorders has progressively increased over the past few decades, metabolic disorders can only be effectively treated with calorie restriction and improved physical activity. Recent research has focused on altering the gut microbiome using prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics because various metabolic syndromes are caused by gut microbial dysbiosis. Postbiotics, substances produced or released by microorganism metabolic activities, play an important role in maintaining and restoring host health. Because postbiotics have a small amount of literature on their consumption, there is a need for more experiments on short- and long-term intake. This review discusses current postbiotic research, categories of postbiotics, positive roles in metabolic syndromes, and potential therapeutic applications. It covers postbiotic pleiotropic benefits, such as anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive qualities, that could aid in the management of metabolic disorders. Postbiotics are promising tools for developing health benefits and therapeutic goals owing to their clinical, technical, and economic properties. Postbiotic use is attractive for altering the microbiota; however, further studies are needed to determine efficacy and safety.

Clinical and preclinical studies have reported that

Graphical abstract, Highlights • We demonstrated the ability of microorganisms ionizing respirator to remove airborne bacteria. • It uses miniaturized corona ionizer and separator electrodes. • Airborne bacteria was electrically charged and removed from air flow. • Its breathing resistance was less than that of commercial N95 respirator. • Contributes to the comfort and ease of breathing of the wearer., In this paper, we have demonstrated the feasibility of using microorganism-ionizing respirators with reduced breathing resistance to remove airborne bacteria. Using a miniaturized corona ionizer and two pairs of separator electrodes, airborne bacteria were ionized and removed from the airflow. Two microorganism-ionizing respirator designs were experimentally evaluated with flow rates ranging from ∼10 to 20 L/min and yielded airborne bacterial removal efficiencies of ∼75%–100%. Further, they were in close agreement with the analytical airborne particle removal efficiencies, at a similar range of flow rates. These flow rates also correspond to the breathing rates of standing and walking adults. More importantly, the breathing resistance could be reduced by more than 50% for flow rates of ∼200 L/min. Using manganese (IV) oxide coated mesh, the ozone concentration in the air outflow was reduced to less than 0.1 ppm, at a flow rate of ∼20 L/min, thus enabling safe use. The power consumption was less than 1 W.

This paper examines the impact of public listing on bank profitability. Using a large sample of US banks, we find that the impact depends on bank size. Specifically, for small and medium-sized banks, the public listing has a negative impact on profitability. In contrast, for large banks, the impact is positive. Our results are consistent with theories predicting that the net benefit of public listing increases with firm size

Two Gram-staining-negative, orange coloured, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated strains IMCC26013T and IMCC26026T, were isolated from a freshwater sample collected from Lake Soyang in Korea. The 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analyses showed that both strains belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and that strains IMCC26013T and IMCC26026T were most closely related to Flavobacterium psychrophilum (96.5 %) and Flavobacterium myungsuense (97.7 %), respectively. DNA G+C contents of strains IMCC26013T and IMCC26026T were 37.8 and 33.7 mol%, respectively. DNA–DNA relatedness between strain IMCC26026T and F. myungsuense HMD1033T was 56.4 %, showing a novel species status of strain IMCC26026T. Major fatty acid constituents (>10 %) of strain IMCC26013T were iso-C15 : 1 G, C15 : 1 ω6c, C17 : 1 ω6c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c) and those of strain IMCC26026T were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3. Respiratory quinone detected in the two strains was MK-6. Both strains contained phosphatidylethanolamine as a major polar lipid. On the basis of these results, strains IMCC26013T and IMCC26026T were considered to represent novel species in the genus Flavobacterium , for which the names Flavobacterium chuncheonense (type strain IMCC26013T=KCTC 52573T=NBRC 112526T), and Flavobacterium luteum (type strain IMCC26026T=KCTC 52572T=NBRC 112527T) are proposed, respectively.

A bacterial strain, designated IMCC26223T, was isolated from an oligotrophic freshwater lake, Lake Soyang, Korea. Cells of strain IMCC26223T were Gram-staining negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile and short-rod-shaped. Growth occurred at pH 6–8 (optimum, pH 7.0), at 4–25 °C (optimum, 15 °C) and with 0–0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain IMCC26223T was identified as a member of the genus Flavobacterium and most closely related to Flavobacterium fluvii H7T (97.6 %), Flavobacterium segetis AT1048T (97.5 %) and Flavobacterium weaverense AT1042T (97.2 %). DNA–DNA relatedness between strain IMCC26223T and F. fluvii H7T was 41.5–51.7 % in the reciprocal hybridization. Strain IMCC26223T contained MK-6 as the major respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids consisted of C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), and the polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain IMCC26223T was 34.5 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene phylogeny and phenotypic characterization, strain IMCC26223T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium soyangense sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is IMCC26223T (=KCTC 52245T=JCM 31384T).

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether information on arterial stiffness can improve the value of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: A total of 233 patients (age: 62.2 ± 10.8 years, 60.3% males) with detected ischemia on SPECT undergoing invasive coronary angiography (ICA) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) measurement within a month was retrospectively reviewed. Results: Of the 233 patients, 190 (81.5%) had obstructive CAD (≥ 50% luminal stenosis). The difference in baPWV according to the presence of obstructive CAD was significant in patients in the mild ischemia group [summed stress score (SSS): 4–8] (1,770 ± 364 cm versus 1,490 ± 328 cm, p < 0.001) but not in the moderate (SSS: 9–13) or severe (SSS: ≥14) ischemia groups (p > 0.05 for each). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses showed that the diagnostic value of baPWV for obstructive CAD was significant only in patients in the mild ischemia group (area under curve: 0.714; p = 0.001) but not in the moderate or severe ischemia groups (p > 0.05 for each). Adding information on baPWV to SPECT results and clinical parameters significantly increased diagnostic accuracy in the detection of obstructive CAD in patients with mild ischemia (integrated discrimination improvement p = 0.006) but not in those with moderate or severe ischemia on SPECT (p > 0.05 for each). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that baPWV may have additional value to SPECT for the detection of obstructive CAD, especially in patients with mild ischemia on SPECT.

Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are spherically arranged oligonucleotides on core inorganic nanoparticles and have great potential for intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules, since they have been found to be internalized into mammalian cells. Understanding the factors that influence the cellular uptake of SNAs would be beneficial to design SNAs with novel uptake properties. We here report the effect of the sugar backbone type of the oligonucleotides on the cellular internalization of SNAs. After the preparation of SNAs with the oligonucleotides of five different sugar backbones, we analyze the cellular uptake efficiency quantitatively by flow cytometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The data reveal that the uptake efficiencies and the uptake mechanisms significantly rely on the backbone type. These results suggest that the backbone modification can provide a unique handle to tune the cellular uptake behavior of SNAs.

ATSC 3.0, which is the standard of UHD broadcasting, is defined, and a new web-based broadcasting system is being developed which leads to the active participation of viewers from the traditional broadcasting. Therefore, in this paper, we study about the scene composition method of viewer - selectable type applying the companion screen service among the IBB services which is one of the ATSC 3.0 standards and developed a web application.

In this paper, we implemented a service that supports the safety situation of the construction site using IoT sensor network that prevents the dangerous situation of workers. We built a sub-1ghz based Zigbee SensorTags and Edge Routers for sensor networks which is suitable for construction sites. Using the gyroscope and accelerometer data of the wearable device, it provides a safety service that detects worker's falls using Deep Learnings. Using Deep Learning networks falls detection performance was achieved above 94%.