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To investigate the association of health status and parity with hormone profiles during the transition period and reproductive parameters in Holstein dairy cows, a prospective observational cohort study was carried out including only healthy primiparous (PP, n = 116) and multiparous (MP, n = 172) cows at the beginning of the study. A subset of 120 healthy and sick cows was randomly selected for insulin, IGF-I, leptin and adiponectin determination. Primiparous cows had greater IGF-I and adiponectin concentrations (P

The predictive values of plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cholesterol, albumin and calcium to predict risk of peripartum diseases in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) Holstein cows was investigated. Besides it was assessed if the health status interacted with parity on body condition score and metabolic profiles during the transition period. Dairy cows (126 PP and 182 MP) from a commercial dairy free stall herd (loose-housing system) were weekly body condition scored and tail bled for metabolites determination from −3 to +4 weeks relative to calving. Peripartum diseases were diagnosed by a single trained veterinarian, while subclinical diseases (ketosis and hypocalcemia) were diagnosed at the laboratory. Cows were classified as healthy cows, cows with one event, or cows with two clinical events following a prospective observational cohort study, with only healthy cows enrolled at the beginning of the study. The largest incidence was for metritis (26.6%) followed by retained placenta (17.2%) and mastitis (15.2%) with no effect of parity, while subclinical hypocalcemia incidence was greater in MP than PP cows (43% vs 9.5%) respectively. In MP cows albumin concentrations were predictive for metritis at week −2 and for retained placenta at weeks −2 and −1, while cholesterol was predictive for mastitis at week −2, −1 and at calving. The interaction between health status and parity affected all metabolites during the transition period. This study showed a different evolution of metabolic profiles in healthy and sick cows during the transition according to parity, pointing out albumin and cholesterol as diseases predictors before calving.

This study vised to detect possible changes in chemical and cellular composition of cow’s milk at different milking sessions and to test if proportional or composite milk sampling can be used instead of separate milk analysis. Two experiments were conducted: one in cows milked thrice daily and the other one in cows milked twice daily. In both experiments, three milk samples were collected from each cow in each milking session in order to determine milk composition at each milking; to have a composite sample, i.e., a single sample from the same aliquots of milk from each milking session; and to have a proportional sample, i.e., a single sample from each milking session in a volume proportional to milk volume yielded. Fat content and fat to protein ratio were higher in the afternoon on both experiments. Protein content was larger in the afternoon on cows milked twice daily, but not on cows milked thrice daily. Lactose level was not different across the milking sessions in any of the experiments. The urea level was higher in the afternoon and evening milking on cows milked thrice daily, and in the morning milking on cows milked twice daily. Somatic cell count did not differ between milking in any experiment. No difference in milk composition was noted between proportional and composite samples on cows milked thrice or twice daily. The collection of proportional and composite samples is recommended in twice or thrice daily milking sessions so that the analysis of milk components becomes more easy and cheap. RESUMO: Este estudo visou detectar possíveis mudanças na composição química e celular do leite de vaca em diferentes sessões de ordenha, e testar se a amostragem de leite proporcional ou composta pode ser usada em vez de uma análise separada do leite. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: um em vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia e outro em vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia. Em ambos os experimentos, três amostras de leite foram coletadas de cada vaca em cada ordenha: para determinar a composição do leite em cada ordenha; ter uma amostra composta, isto é, uma única amostra das mesmas alíquotas de leite de cada sessão de ordenha; e ter uma amostra proporcional, ou seja, uma única amostra de cada sessão de ordenha em um volume proporcional ao volume de leite produzido. O conteúdo de gordura e a relação gordura:proteína foram maiores no período da tarde nos dois experimentos. O conteúdo de proteína foi maior à tarde nas vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia, mas não nas vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. O nível de lactose não foi diferente nas sessões de ordenha em nenhum dos experimentos. O nível de ureia foi maior à tarde e à noite, nas vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia e, pela manhã, nas vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia. A contagem de células somáticas não diferiu entre as ordenhas em nenhum experimento. Não houve diferença na composição do leite entre as amostras proporcionais e compostas em vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. Recomenda-se a coleta de amostras proporcionais e compostas em duas ou três sessões diárias de ordenha, para que a análise dos componentes do leite se torne mais fácil e barata.

portuguesA determinacao da qualidade do leite nas fazendas e um parâmetro mundialmente aceito e utilizado como base para os sistemas de pagamento. Os produtores modernos utilizam o conhecimento das caracteristicas do leite para adotar medidas que visam melhorar produtividade e qualidade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ano, estacao, estagio de lactacao e numero de lactacao sobre as variaveis producao e composicao do leite de vacas Holandesas (n=148,604). A producao de leite estimada por regressao multipla foi de 25,50L/vaca/dia. O inverno foi a estacao com a maior produtividade e os maiores teores de proteina e lactose. A gordura de leite foi maior no outono em vacas primiparas e no final da lactacao. As vacas com estagio de lactacao entre 6 a 60 dias e aquelas que se encontram na segunda ou terceira lactacao apresentaram a maior produtividade. A concentracao de lactose correlacionou-se positivamente com a producao de leite. O escore das celulas somaticas correlacionou-se negativamente com a produtividade e com a concentracao de lactose. As variacoes mais importantes nas caracteristicas do leite ocorrem entre estacoes, estagios de lactacao e numero de partos. A saude da glândula mamaria ainda e o maior desafio a superar. Palavras-chave: qualidade do leite; numero de lactacoes; sazonalidade; estagio de lactacao EnglishWorldwide, milk analysis is an satisfactory measurement of milk quality on dairy farms. Milk composition is the base for payment systems, so knowledge of its characteristics at different periods is essential for modern dairy producer. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of year, season, stage of lactation, and lactation number on variations in milk yield and composition of Holstein cows (n=148,604). Milk yield estimated by multiple regression was 25,50L/cow/day. Winter was the season with the highest milk yield and the highest protein and lactose content. Milk fat was highest in the fall, in cows in late lactation and also in primiparous cows. Lactating cows from 6 to 60 days in lactation and those in 2nd or 3rd lactation showed the highest milk yield. Lactose concentration was positively correlated with milk yield. Somatic cell score was negatively correlated with milk yield and with lactose concentration. Most important variations in milk characteristics occur among seasons, lactation stages and parities. Mammary gland health is yet the greatest challenge to be overcome. Key words: milk quality; lactation number; seasonality; stage of lactation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of eugenol against the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila and eugenol's effect on hematological and natural immune parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). In vitro, eugenol showed weak activity against A. hydrophila, but in vivo, at a subinhibitory concentration (10 mg L(-1)), it promoted survival in infected silver catfish. Eugenol (50 μg mL(-1)) reduced the hemolytic activity of A. hydrophila supernatant in vitro in fish erythrocytes. Subjecting catfish to eugenol baths (5 and 10 mg L(-1)) for five days did not alter the hematological and immunological parameters studied in this work. Based on these results, eugenol can be used to treat or prevent bacterial diseases in fish.

The aim of this study was to determine the productive and metabolic response in Chilota lambs grazing Calafatal or naturalized pasture. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station Butalcura (INIA, Chiloe) during October, November, and December 2011. Eight Chilota and six Suffolk Down 2-month-old lambs, uncastrated males, no twin, were located to graze a typical secondary succession of the Chiloe Archipelago, as a Calafatal (a secondary succession which derivates from human intervention on native forest in Chiloe Archipelago). Simultaneously, eight male 2-month-old Chilota lambs were located to graze a naturalized pasture, another secondary succession derived from human intervention on native forest in Chiloe Archipelago. Animals had free access to water sources. Measurements were performed one time a month, for three consecutive months for productive indicators: live weight, average daily gain and body condition score, and blood indicators of protein and energetic metabolism. Productive and metabolic response was similar between both types of pastures (P > 0.05). However, Chilota and Suffolk Down lambs grazing Calafatal showed higher plasma concentrations of βOH-butyrate, but lower non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) than Chilota lambs grazing naturalized pasture (P < 0.05). Chilota lambs grazing naturalized pasture showed the highest plasma concentrations of NEFA and urea (P < 0.05). It was concluded that, under the conditions of the study, Chilota lambs grazing naturalized pasture, which had higher contents of crude protein and metabolizable energy, showed better metabolic balance, but not performance, than Chilota and Suffolk Down lambs grazing Calafatal.

The aim of this study was to propose reference intervals (RI) for blood markers of mineral balance in prepartum and lactating groups of dairy cows in the Sou...

The aim of this study was to describe and compare the frequency of mineral imbalances in groups of prepartum and lactating dairy cows in the south of Chile. ...

The aim of the study was to establish the low dose effect (250 mg/cow) of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in grazing dairy cows during the transition period on energy-protein balance parameters and gluconeogenic capacity. 3 assays were conducted:Prepartum,10 prepartum cows were used: bST group (bST, n = 5), single dose of rbST on the 26thday (d) prepartum, and control (n = 5); blood samples and body condition score (BCS) were obtained every 3d from 26thd to 6thd prepartum.Pospartum,10 postpartum cows were used: bST group (n = 5), single dose of rbST on the 6thd postpartum, and control (n = 5); blood samples, body weight (BW), BCS and milk production were obtained and recorded every 3 days from 6thd to 27thd postpartum.Transition,14 prepartum cows were used: bST group (n = 7), treated with rbST every 14 days from 21thd prepartum to 7thd postpartum, and control (n = 7); blood samples, BW and BCS score were obtained every 3 days from 21thd prepartum to 7thd postpartum; additionally, a propionate loading test was performed (bST, n = 4; control, n = 4) on the 9thd postpartum to assess conversion of propionate to glucose. In all the assays, energy and protein plasma concentration were determined. The treatment of grazing dairy cows with a single dose of rbST in prepartum did not change the energy balance, while in early postpartum it increased milk production without a detrimental effect on energy balance. Propionate to glucose conversion in early postpartum was not affected by the prepartum administration of rbST. &nbsp, El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la dosis baja (250 mg/vaca) de somatotropina recombinante bovina (rbST) en vacas lecheras a pastoreo en período de transición sobre los indicadores energético-proteínicos y capacidad gluconeogénica. Se realizaron 3 ensayos:Preparto,se utilizaron 10 vacas preparto, grupo bST (n = 5): dosis única de rbST el día (d) 26 preparto, y control (n = 5); se obtuvieron muestras de sangre y se registró la condición corporal (CC) cada 3 d desde el 26 d al 6 d preparto.Posparto,se utilizaron 10 vacas posparto, grupo bST (n = 5): dosis única de rbST el 6 d posparto, y control (n = 5); se obtuvieron muestras de sangre cada 3 d del 6 d hasta el 27 d posparto, y se determinó el peso vivo (PV), CC y producción láctea.Transición,14 vacas preparto, grupo bST (n = 7): rbST cada 14 d desde el 21 d preparto hasta el 7 d posparto, y control (n = 7); se obtuvieron muestras de sangre cada 3 d desde el 21 d preparto hasta el 7 d posparto, se registró la CC y PV y se realizó una prueba de carga de propionato el 9 d posparto (bST, n = 4; control, n = 4) para evaluar la conversión de propionato a glucosa. En los 3 ensayos se determinaron las concentraciones plasmáticas de indicadores energéticos-proteínicos. El tratamiento con una dosis única de rbST en el preparto no afectó el balance energético, mientras que su uso en el posparto temprano incrementó la producción láctea sin deteriorar el balance energético. La administración de rbST desde el período preparto no afectó la conversión de propionato a glucosa. &nbsp

The ionophores lasalocid and monensin have been used as food additives to improve body weight gain in beef cattle and milk production in dairy cows. The aims of this work were to detect the presence of these compounds in raw milk samples and their ruminal disappearance rate in dairy cows using HPLC techniques. Two Friesian herds were used. Cows from one herd were supplemented with lasalocid and the other with monensin during 18 and 21 days respectively, and according to the recommended dose (300 mg/d). Daily raw milk samples were obtained during the supplementing period and the presence of lasalocid and monensin was analysed using HPLC techniques (LOD 30 and 5 ppb respectively). In a parallel trial fluid ruminal samples obtained from fistulised cows up to 24 hours after a single intra ruminal administration with the ionophores were analysed using the same HPLC techniques. Both ionophores were not detected in any of the milk samples during all the experimental period. The low transference of these ionophores to the milk could be related to their expected low absorption rate related to their physical-chemical proprieties. Lasalocid was detected in the ruminal fluid up to 6 hours after administration and monensin up to 4 hours of administration. According to the results, lasalocid and monensin are not detected in raw milk samples from supplemented cows using techniques with detection limits of 30 and 5 ppb, respectively. &nbsp, Los ionóforos lasalocida y monensina han sido usados como aditivos en el alimento para mejorar la ganancia de peso en ganado de carne y la producción de leche en vacas. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron detectar la presencia de estos compuestos en muestras de leche cruda y la tasa de desaparición ruminal, utilizando HPLC como técnica analítica. Dos rebaños de vacas Friesian fueron utilizados. Las vacas de cada rebaño fueron suplementadas con lasalocida y monensina por 18 y 21 días, respectivamente, a la dosis recomendada (300 mg/d). Las muestras fueron obtenidas diariamente durante el periodo de suplementación y la presencia de lasalocida y monensina fue analizada usando una técnica HPLC (LOD 30 y 5 ppb, respectivamente). En ensayos paralelos, empleando vacas fistuladas, se obtuvieron muestras de líquido ruminal durante 24 horas posterior a una administración intrarruminal de ambos ionóforos, las que fueron analizadas mediante la misma técnica. Ambos ionóforos no fueron detectados en las muestras de leche obtenidas durante el periodo experimental. La escasa transferencia de estos ionóforos a la leche podría estar relacionada a su baja tasa de absorción esperada acorde con sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. La lasalocida fue detectada en el líquido ruminal por 6 horas postadministración, mientras que para la monensina el tiempo fue de 4 horas. De acuerdo con los resultados no se detecta la presencia de lasalocida o monensina en muestras de leche cruda de vacas suplementadas, usando una técnica con límites de detección de 30 y 5 ppb, respectivamente. &nbsp

RESUMENObjetivo. Determinar los valores y el grado de asociación entre las concentraciones de cobre (Cu) hepático y sérico y de ceruloplasmina (Cp) sérica en equinos. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 38 equinos adultos, beneficiados en plantas faenadoras de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre por venopunción yugular previo al beneficio para determinar las concentraciones séricas de Cu y de Cp y, de hígado posterior al beneficio para determinar la concentración de Cu. Se calculó los intervalos de referencia y la asociación entre las concentraciones de Cu hepático y sérico y Cp sérica mediante correlación de Pearson y regresión lineal. Resultados. Se estimaron intervalos para las concentraciones de Cu hepático (32 - 161 μmol/kg de materia húmeda) y sérico (10 – 24 μmol/L) y, para Cp sérica (0.08 - 0.43 ΔDO). Los valores de Cu hepático, al ser comparados con los reportados por la literatura, indican que los animales presentaron un nivel adecuado de Cu, a excepción de 1 caballo, que se encontró bajo el límite inferior. La cupremia se asoció con la concentración sérica de Cp (r=0.49; p0.05). Conclusiones. Las concentraciones de Cu hepático de equinos adultos, beneficiados en plantas faenadoras de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile, se encontraron dentro de los intervalos descritos en la literatura. Las concentraciones de Cu hepático no se asociaron con las de Cu o Cp séricas.

In ruminants, ammonia interferes in gluconeogenesis, reducing conversion of propionate to glucose. The importance of renal and hepatic gluconeogenesis in ruminants is well established, but cellular localization of the key gluconeogenic enzymes liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase, EC.3.1.3.11) and aldolase B (AldoB, EC.4.1.2.13) in these organs and the potential contribution of other tissues in this process have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) diets on the cellular localization of FBPase and AldoB in sheep organs. Eighteen sheep, allotted to three groups, were supplemented with NPN in the diet every 8 h for 18 days: Control (no NPN, 16.8 % crude protein (CP)), moderate NPN = 182 mg N/kg0.75 (22.9 % CP), and high NPN = 425 mg N/kg0.75 (30.7 % CP). Animals were slaughtered and pieces of organs were collected. Immunostaining for FBPase and AldoB expressions were examined by light microscopy, and co-localizations of these enzymes were examined with a confocal microscope. FBPase and AldoB were expressed in the cytoplasm of periportal hepatocytes, proximal tubular cells of the kidney, columnar absorptive cells of the duodenum, submucosa of the rumen, and β cells of Langerhans’ islets in the pancreas. Moreover, AldoB revealed to be located in the nucleus of hepatocytes. The localizations of both enzymes were not modified by NPN supplementation. In conclusion, FBPase and AldoB were detected in sheep tissues other than the liver and kidney, suggesting their potential contribution to gluconeogenesis or other functions in these tissues and their expressions were not changed by the inclusion of NPN in the diet.

Southern pudu (Pudu puda) is one of the smallest deer in the world, categorized as vulnerable by the IUCN. Establishment of reference values for hematologic and biochemical guidelines is fundamental for monitoring health and physiological status of animals. The aim of this study was to describe ranges for hematological and plasma biochemical guidelines in pudu. Blood samples were collected from 29 anesthetized pudus (21 female and 8 males; 5 juveniles and 24 adults) from a semi-captive population. Hematologic parameters, plasma concentrations of energy, protein and mineral guidelines, as well activity of enzymes markers of hepatic and muscular damage were determined. Mean, median, and reference interval hematologic and biochemistry guidelines were presented. No significant differences between genders for any parameter were observed, except plasma calcium concentrations. The plasma concentrations of total protein, globulin, triacylglyceride, and chlorine were higher in adult than young pudus. Values obtained in this study will be employed to build a database for establishing reference limits for this species.

RESUMENObjetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los cambios hematológicos y de presión arterial en perros después de una picadura cutánea de abejas. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron 10 perros adultos, a los cuales se les inoculó veneno de abeja mediante una picadura cutánea controlada. De cada animal se extrajo una muestra de sangre previa y los 15 y 300 minutos post inoculación. Se registró la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), media (PAM) y de pulso (PP) desde 15 minutos previos hasta 45 minutos posteriores a la inoculación. Resultados. El recuento de eritrocitos, el hematocrito y la concentración de hemoglobina se redujeron a los 15 minutos post-inoculación (p0.05). Conclusiones. La picadura cutánea de abejas produce un descenso transitorio del recuento de eritrocitos, hematocrito y concentración de hemoglobina, junto con una disminución en el recuento de reticulocitos y del recuento relativo de eosinófilos, sin alterar mayormente la presión sanguínea.

Los objetivos del estudio fueron 1) comparar valores de pH de muestras de líquido ruminal (LR) obtenidas mediante rumenocentesis dorsomedial, sonda ororruminal, y directamente del rumen y 2) evaluar la efectividad de la rumenocentesis dorsomedial, mediante dos experimentos en vacas Holstein-Frisian en lactancia mantenidas a pastoreo. Experimento 1: en cuatro vacas fistuladas se obtuvieron muestras de LR a las 8:30, 13:30 y 17:30 horas mediante sonda ororruminal y por cánula ruminal (sacos caudoventral, caudodorsal, craneoventral y craneodorsal); además, de otra muestra obtenida a las 17:30 horas mediante rumenocentesis dorsomedial. Los pH del LR obtenidos mediante rumenocentesis y del saco caudoventral fueron similares y correlacionados (r = 0,77). Experimento 2: a 30 vacas Holstein-Frisian en lactancia y mantenidas en pastoreo se realizó una rumenocentesis dorsomedial cada cinco días, durante un mes, para evaluar la eficiencia del procedimiento y sus eventuales efectos en la salud y producción. En las 150 rumenocentesis ejecutadas se obtuvo una muestra de LR adecuada para determinar su pH (> 3mL), con manifestaciones de rechazo más bruscas en los primeros procedimientos. No se produjeron alzas térmicas o disminución de la producción láctea y en la zona de punción solo se apreció un aumento de volumen temporal de 1-1,5 cm en 4% de las vacas. Se concluye que la rumenocentesis dorsomedial es una técnica práctica y segura para la obtención de una muestra representativa del LR, pudiendo ser utilizada para la determinación del equilibrio ácido base ruminal en condiciones de pastoreo.

El tumor venéreo transmisible canino (TVT) es una neoplasia benigna de células redondas que afecta frecuentemente la mucosa genital externa de perros. El olfateo y el lamido permiten la implantación de las células tumorales en zonas extragenitales con formación de metástasis. Se relata un caso de TVT diseminado en piel, párpados y pene en un perro macho mestizo. Las lesiones localizadas en la parte dorsal y lateral de la zona torácica y abdominal presentaban varios nódulos alopécicos ulcerados y bien vascularizados, con aspecto friable y con secreción purulenta. El párpado superior izquierdo y derecho presentaban una masa granulosa con áreas de necrosis y queratitis bilateral. En la base del pene se presentaba una masa granulosa firme y bien delimitada. El análisis citológico de los nódulos cutáneos, de los párpados y la masa del pene reveló hallazgos compatibles con TVT, el que fue confirmado con análisis histopatológico. Además se determinó la presencia de LINE-1 en el oncogen c-myc como una alteración genética conocida para CTVT. Se estableció un protocolo quimioterápico sobre la base de sulfato de vincristina. Previo a cada sesión de quimioterapia se tomaron hemogramas para prevenir mielosupresión. Posterior a la tercera sesión se observó una anemia no regenerativa moderada que fue resuelta suspendiendo durante 2 semanas la terapia. La terapia con sulfato de vincristina fue efectiva para producir la regresión de todos los tumores en 6 sesiones, sin mostrar recurrencia.

Molecules with immune modulating activity are ubiquitously distributed in nature and their impact on aquaculture has been exploited in order to increase fish resistance to pathogens. Here, we investigated the effect of inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO) on blood cells and innate and acquired immune response of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). iPPVO inoculation had no effect on respiratory burst activity; however, following iPPVO inoculation, we observed a significant decrease on circulating monocytes concomitantly with an increased number of heterophilic granulocytes and thrombocytes, which are the main cells involved in innate immunity and provide connection with acquired immunity. Fish inoculated with a combination of bovine serum albumin (BSA) + iPPVO had significantly higher levels of antibodies to BSA compared to fish inoculated with BSA alone, but lower than fish inoculated with BSA + Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA). These findings points to the potential usefulness of iPPVO as immunomodulator in fish and instigate further research to identify its component that interact with immune cells and that could be exploited as adjuvants in fish.

The effect of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) supplementation on the gluconeogenic capacity of sheep was investigated. Three groups of six sheep each, control, moderate (MN=0.55 g N/kg 0.75 /d) and high (HN=1.28 g N/kg 0.75 /d) NPN were used. A propionate loading test (PLT) was performed in each animal after 7 or 15 days of NPN supplementation by infusing a bolus of sodium propionate, and plasma glucose, urea, lactate and insulin concentrations were measured up to 88 min after infusion. Liver glycogen concentration and the activity of gluconeogenic enzymes and complementary ureagenic enzymes were determined at 9 or 17 days of the supplementation period. Glycemia and lactacidemia increased during the PLT in all groups, being highest in HN sheep. Liver activity of PEPCK was higher in HN than in the control sheep. NPN supplementation in sheep increased plasma urea and lactate concentrations and liver PEPCK activity associated to an increased gluconeogenic capacity from propionate or lower peripheral glucose utilization.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of daily pasture allowance and concentrate type on ruminal pH, the ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) and the volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in the rumen of autumn-calving dairy cows in early lactation. Three Chilean Black Friesian cows fitted with ruminal cannulas where used. The four dietary treatments were a combination of two pasture allowances above ground level (moderate, 25.5 and high, 38.5 kg of dry matter/cow/day) and two concentrate types offered at the level of 5 kg/cow/day, corn-based concentrate (A) and sugar beet pulp-based concentrate (F). After an adaptation period of nine days, liquor rumen samples were taken and pH was measured immediately. The remaining samples were preserved for ammonia and VFA analyses. Statistical analysis was carried out through a linear mixed model using a factorial design of repeated measures. pH levels were not affected by pasture allowance (P > 0.05), whereas the effect of type of concentrate was affected (P < 0.05). The averages were 6.19 and 6.07 for corn-based concentrate and sugar beet pulp-based concentrate, respectively. Pasture allowance affected (P < 0.05) rumen ammonia concentration (9.7 and 18.2 mmol/L, for high and moderate pasture allowances, respectively) and the total VFA (43.6 and 67.4 mmol/L, for high and moderate pasture allowances, respectively). The effect of type of concentrate did not affect N-NH3concentration (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that offering a high pasture allowance to dairy cows would synchronize more efficiently ruminal fermentation. The supplementation with moderate amount of concentrate maintains pH under physiological range, even though beet pulp based concentrates produce a greater amount of ruminant VFA. &nbsp, El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de la oferta de pradera y del tipo de suplemento concentrado sobre el pH y las concentraciones de nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3) y de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) en el rumen. Se utilizaron tres vacas fistuladas Frisón Negro Chileno. Las vacas fueron asignadas a un diseño factorial de 2 x 2: dos ofertas de pradera; alta (38,5 kg de MS/día/vaca) y moderada (25,5 kg de MS/vaca/día) y dos tipos de concentrados: base a maíz (A) y base a coseta de remolacha (F). Muestras de líquido ruminal fueron obtenidas después de 9 días de adaptación a la dieta midiendo el pH inmediatamente y la muestra remanente fue conservada para análisis de N-NH3y AGV. El análisis estadístico se realizó con un modelo lineal mixto utilizando medidas repetidas. El aumento en la oferta de pradera no afectó el pH ruminal (P > 0,05), pero sí disminuyó (P < 0,05) la concentración ruminal N-NH3(9,7 mmol/L y 18,2 mmol/L, para alta y moderada, respectivamente) y aumentó las concentraciones totales de AGV (48,5 a 62,6 mmol/L, para alta y moderada oferta de pradera, respectivamente). El concentrado basado en coseta de remolacha disminuyó significativamente el pH ruminal (de 6,19 a 6,07 para el concentrado base a maíz y base a coseta de remolacha, respectivamente) y aumentó las concentraciones de totales de AGV (48,5 mmol/L para el concentrado base a maíz y 62,6 mmol/L para concentrado base a coseta de remolacha), pero sin modificar las concentración de N-NH3ruminal (P > 0,05). Se concluye que una alta oferta de pradera sincroniza más eficientemente la fermentación en rumen, al generar una menor cantidad de nitrógeno amoniacal y una mayor producción de ácidos grasos volátiles. La suplementación con cantidades moderadas de concentrado, independiente del tipo, mantiene el pH ruminal dentro de rangos normales. &nbsp

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar una suplementacion con oxido de magnesio (MgO) en diferentes horarios y dosis sobre el pH ruminal y balance metabolico de magnesio (Mg) en vacas lecheras en pastoreo. Se utilizaron 4 vacas Frisonas Negro-Chileno con canulas ruminales. El diseno experimental fue de 4x3, con 3 periodos experimentales de 1dia de duracion en cada ensayo y 3 dias de descanso entre periodos. El MgO se suministro oralmente posterior al ordeno. Ensayo-1 : C = control; SM = 60g/vaca como suplementacion-matutina y SV = 60g/vaca como suplementacion-vespertina. Ensayo-2 : C = control, MgO-60 = 2-dosis 30g/vaca y MgO-90 = 2 dosis 45g/vaca. Se obtuvieron muestras de liquido ruminal y sangre a las 08:30, 10:30, 13:00, 17:30, 19:30, 22:00 y 02:30 horas, determinandose los valores de pH ruminal, concentraciones ruminales de Mg, potasio (K), N-amoniacal (N-NH 3 ) y Mg plasmatico. En ensayo-1, el pH-ruminal disminuyo durante el dia en C con valores mas bajos durante la tarde, en SM no vario y en SV incremento postsuplementacion. En ensayo-2, MgO-60 mantuvo el pH-ruminal constante durante el dia. Concentraciones de Mg-ruminal aumentaron en las vacas que recibieron SV (ensayo-1) y MgO-90 (ensayo-2). La magnesemia fue mayor en SM (ensayo-1) y en MgO-60 y MgO-90 (ensayo-2). Las concentraciones de K y N-NH 3 fueron semejantes entre grupos. Se concluye que 60 g de MgO, suministrado en la manana como dosis unica o en dos dosis de 30 g, minimiza las fluctuaciones diarias del pH ruminal e incrementa la magnesemia en vacas lecheras en pastoreo

A toxoplasmose é uma potencial zoonose difundida mundialmente, causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii. Infecta naturalmente o homem e os animais, tendo os felídeos como hospedeiros definitivos. A toxoplasmose causa prejuízos à ovinocultura e indiretamente, à saúde pública. O objetivo da pesquisa foi e determinar a soroprevalência de toxoplasmose em gatos e ovinos no Brasil. Uma metanálise foi realizada dos artigos publicados sobre prevalência de anticorpos para toxoplasma em gatos e ovinos no Brasil, indexados nas bases de dados eletrônicas. O ano de publicação, o número total, número de positivos e negativos de animais, região geográfica e zona de residência dos animais foram tabulados. Observou-se soroprevalência de 35,9% para toxoplasmose em gatos no Brasil e em relação à faixa etária, verificou-se que gatos adultos têm 2,84 vezes mais chances de serem soropositivos do que jovens. A soroprevalência dos gatos provenientes da região Norte- nordeste-centro foi de 50,5% e de 29,9% na região Sul-sudeste. A soroprevalência encontrada em ovinos no Brasil foi de 33,83%, sendo que ovinos adultos apresentaram 2,34 vezes mais chance de serem soropositivos à toxoplasmose do que jovens.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar o efeito da somatotrofina bovina recombinante (BSTr) sobre a taxa de ovulação após a indução, sobre o metabolismo intermediário do colesterol e da glicose em ovelhas, e no o ganho de peso de cordeiros lactentes cujas mães foram tratadas com BSTr bem como as variações do peso e escore corporal das mesmas. Utilizou-se para tanto 3mg/kg de BSTr em formulação de liberação prolongada em dose única para o primeiro experimento e, 4mg/kg para o segundo. No primeiro experimento, os resultados obtidos mostraram que a incidência de estro foi de 100% nos grupos controle e tratado, onde o número de corpos lúteos encontrados foi de 0,9 ± 0,18 no grupo controle e 1,18 ± 0,12 no grupo tratado, não sendo diferentes estatisticamente. Também não houve diferenças entre os grupos quanto aos níveis de colesterol e glicose. No experimento 2, houve uma diminuição na condição corporal das ovelhas do grupo tratado entre os dias 1 e 10 e seu aumento entre os dias 10 e 20, (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of herbage allowance (HA) and type of silage supplemented (TS) on milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI) and metabolism of dairy cows in early lactation. Thirty-six Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were allocated to four treatments derived from an arrangement of two HA (LHA = 17 or HHA = 25 kg of DM/cow/day) and two TS (grass (GS) or maize (MS)). Herbage allowance had no effect on DMI or milk yield. Rumen pH and NH3 -N concentration were not affected by HA. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen (microbial protein (MP)) was affected by HA with 21.5 and 23.9 g microbial nitrogen per kg ruminal digestible organic matter for LHA and HHA, respectively (P < 0.05). Supplementation with MS showed higher values of milk yield by 2.4 kg/cow/day (P < 0.001), milk protein content by 0.10 % (P < 0.023) and herbage DMI by 2.2 kg/cow/day, and showed lower values for milk urea compared to GS (P < 0.001). The former results suggest that TS had a greater effect on milk yield, total feed intake and energy intake than increase in herbage allowance; however, increase in HA had greater effects on MP than TS.

Here we describe an outbreak of chorioptic mange in cattle, 56 years after its first identification in Brazil. Between the months of June and July 2011, dermatitis characterized by alopecia and crusted and thickened skin at the insertion of the tail and in the ischiorectal fossa was recognized in 40 (35.7%) out of 112 Holstein cows on a farm in the northeastern mesoregion of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. After diagnosing mange caused by Chorioptes bovis, the cows were weighed and treated with 0.5% ivermectin, as a pour-on single dose, and were separated into two groups: cows in early lactation and those in late lactation. The survival rate of C. bovis and the healing rate in the two groups of infested cows were monitored every seven days through skin scrapings. After 28 days of evaluation, the cure rate through treatment was greater among cows in early lactation (p

RESUMENObjetivo. Dos experimentos se realizaron para determinar el estatus de selenio en equinos Criollo-Chileno a pastoreo y, evaluar la respuesta a la suplementación con Na2SeO3. Materiales y métodos. Exp.1A caballos pertenecientes a 10 criaderos del sur de Chile se les determinó la actividad sanguínea de glutatión peroxidasa (GPx, EC.1.11.1.9) (AcGPx). Los animales pertenecieron a 3 grupos, pastoreo de otoño (PO, n=40), pastoreo de otoño y suplementados con avena (PO+A, n=47), y, pastoreo de primavera (PP, n=41). Exp2Se utilizaron equinos con carencia de selenio, distribuidos en tres grupos: G1, n=7, tratado con Na2SeO3 el día 0 (Se= 0.05 mg/kg pv, im); G2, n=8, suplementado con Na2SeO3, los días 0 y 15 y GC, n=8, control. La AcGPx se determinó al día 0, 30 y 120. Resultados. La mediana (Me) de la AcGPx en todos los grupos fue menor al límite adecuado (>130 U/gHb), mayor en PO+A (Me=92, P25%=47, P75%=129 U/gHb) y PP (Me=85, P25%=45, P75%=114 U/gHb) que en PO (Me=35, P25%=20, P75%=85 U/gHb) (p

RESUMENObjetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociación, sensibilidad (Se) y especificidad (Es) de las enzimas glutamato deshidrogenasa (GDH, EC: 1.4.1.3), aspartato aminotransferasa (AST, EC: 2.6.1.1) y g-glutamil transpeptidasa (GGT, EC: 2.3.2.2) como indicadores de daño hepático en perfiles bioquímicos sanguíneos de vacas lecheras. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los valores de la actividad plasmática de GDH, AST y GGT, obtenidos de 1566 vacas correspondientes a 112 perfiles bioquímicos realizados en rebaños lecheros. Se determinó la asociación entre la actividad de las enzimas y el área bajo la curva (ABC) y la Se y la Es mediante curva ROC considerando la presencia de daño hepático cuando GDH>30 U/L o GGT>39 U/L. Resultados. La AST presentó mayor asociación con la GDH (r=0.55) que la GGT (r=0.44), así como una mayor ABC (p=0.01) al utilizar GDH>30 U/L para indicar daño hepático. El grado de asociación entre AST y GGT fue de r=0.42. La sensibilidad de la AST para detectar daño hepático, utilizando el punto de corte de referencia del laboratorio (>150 U/L), fue inferior que al emplear GGT (>39 U/L). El punto crítico de máxima Se y Es de la curva ROC para daño hepático se obtuvo con AST>110 U/L, valor que incrementó la concordancia diagnóstica con la GDH (Kappa >0.300), pero no con la GGT. Conclusiones. La actividad plasmática de AST en vacas lecheras se asocia mayormente con la de GDH que con la de GGT y su límite de referencia para predecir daño hepático correspondería a >110 U/L.