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Este trabajo tiene como finalidad conocer cómo mujeres jóvenes que han decidido regresar al medio rural perciben, piensan e interpretan el proceso de tránsito por el que han pasado para emprender en este espacio. Para ello, aplicamos una metodología cualitativa, siguiendo un método de estudio de casos, utilizando como técnicas de recogida de información la entrevista en profundidad y las notas de campo. Las participantes son seis mujeres adultas jóvenes, con formación universitaria que han decidido iniciar una actividad emprendedora en el medio rural y que pertenecen a diferentes contextos rurales de Cataluña y Galicia. Para el análisis de la información obtenida se ha utilizado el programa Atlas ti. Las principales conclusiones sugieren que la articulación entre el proyecto profesional y vital es el motor que ha impulsado el emprendimiento de estas mujeres y que sus experiencias de tránsito muestran un cambio en el emprendimiento rural. El lugar tiene una influencia importante a la hora de decidir el tipo de actividad que se va a desarrollar en el negocio y ejerce un papel fundamental en la decisión de emprender de estas mujeres. El compromiso que establecen con el entorno es un motivo para desplegar en él todas sus capacidades y el foco de los negocios pasa por proyectos que relacionan más las personas y los lugares. Desde la orientación profesional es imprescindible considerar el impacto de la socialización de género en las mujeres para reforzar su cultura emprendedora superando los obstáculos que les impone su rol social.

Based on our experience of years of research, teaching and academic administration, this text gathers reflections on the past, present and future developments of feminist geography in Spain. We fir...

Resumen No hay datos sistematicos sobre cuales son las tasas de resistencia a antibioticos tras el fracaso de un primer tratamiento erradicador. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la prevalencia de las resistencias secundarias a los antibioticos mediante una revision sistematica de estudios que evaluaban las resistencias secundarias de Helicobacter pylori. Se identificaron 31 estudios (2.787 pacientes). Se determinaron resistencias en 1.764 pacientes. El 99,1% de los pacientes recibieron claritromicina como tratamiento de primera linea, y un 58,7% desarrollaron resistencias. El 24,3% de los pacientes recibieron metronidazol, desarrollando resistencias el 89,7%. La resistencia secundaria a amoxicilina fue excepcional. Las resistencias secundarias tras un primer tratamiento son muy elevadas. Estos hallazgos dan soporte a la recomendacion de no repetir claritromicina o metronidazol tras el fracaso de un primer tratamiento erradicador.

This paper introduces a special themed section that arose from an International Conference on Feminist Geographies and Intersectionality: Places, Identities and Knowledges, held in 2016 at the Univ...

En el marc d’un cert retorn al camp per part d’alguns col·lectius i en determinats territoris, dones formades s’instal·len en aquests entorns rurals i des de la seva posició contribueixen a construir la ruralitat actual. Aquest és un fenomen nou a diverses àrees rurals d’Espanya i d’Europa i frena la tendència d’un procés sostingut de despoblament rural selectiu quant a edat i gènere que ha afectat negativament les dones joves. Aquest article pretén donar a conèixer la trajectòria de vida d’algunes dones de Catalunya i Galícia que han decidit viure en entorns rurals i que resideixen al mateix municipi, comarca o província on van néixer. Ens interessa saber què els ha portat a viure al món rural i si aquesta permanència o tornada al lloc d’origen té a veure amb motius familiars, laborals o socioambientals que puguin il·lustrar la tendència d’aquestes noves ruralitats. De forma expressa, relacionem la seva trajectòria de mobilitat residencial amb el nivell d’estudis i l’ocupació laboral. L’estudi constata que els aspectes socioambientals i emocionals són importants en el retorn i corrobora que, amb igualtat de formació acadèmica, hi ha diferències d’oportunitats segons el grau de ruralitat., In the context of a certain ‘back to the countryside’ move on the part of certain groups and in specific geographic areas, educated women are settling in the rural environment and from this position are helping to build the new rurality. This is a new phenomenon, seen in several rural areas of Spain and other countries in Europe, which is slowing down a sustained process of rural depopulation, selective in terms of age and gender, that has negatively affected young women. This article aims to illustrate the life journeys of some women from Catalonia and Galicia who have made the choice to live in rural areas, in the same municipality, county or province where they were born. Our aim is to ascertain, first, what factors have led them to live in the rural environment and, second, whether their return to their place of origin is related to family, work or social and environmental reasons, which could give us an insight into the way in which the new ruralities are being shaped. We explicitly relate women’s paths of residential mobility to their level of education and their occupation. The study reveals that socio-environmental and emotional factors are important in the desire to return and it indicates that, given equal educational backgrounds, there are differences in opportunities depending on the degree of rurality of the different areas., En el marco de un cierto retorno al campo por parte de algunos colectivos y en determinados territorios, mujeres formadas se instalan en el medio rural y desde su posición contribuyen a construir la ruralidad actual. Este es un fenómeno nuevo en diversas áreas rurales de España y Europa que frena la tendencia de un proceso sostenido de despoblamiento rural selectivo en cuanto a la edad y al género que ha afectado negativamente a las mujeres jóvenes. Este artículo pretende dar a conocer la trayectoria de vida de algunas mujeres de Cataluña y Galicia que han decidido vivir en entornos rurales y que residen en el mismo municipio, comarca o provincia donde nacieron. Nos interesa saber qué las ha llevado a vivir en el medio rural y si esta permanencia o vuelta al lugar de origen se relaciona con motivos familiares, laborales o socioambientales que puedan ilustrar la tendencia de las nuevas ruralidades. De forma expresa, relacionamos la trayectoria de movilidad residencial de las mujeres con su nivel de estudios y la ocupación laboral. El estudio constata que los aspectos socioambientales y emocionales son importantes en el retorno y corrobora que, con igualdad de formación académica, hay diferencias de oportunidades según el grado de ruralidad., Dans le cadre d’un certain retour au champ de la part de certains groupes et sur des territoires déterminés, des femmes formées s’installent en milieu rural et contribuent depuis leur position à bâtir la ruralité actuelle. Il s’agit d’un phénomène nouveau dans plusieurs zones rurales de l’Espagne et de l’Europe qui freine la tendance d’un processus soutenu de dépeuplement rural sélectif en ce qui concerne l’âge et le genre et qui a négativement affecté les femmes jeunes. Cet article souhaite faire connaître la trajectoire de vie de quelques femmes de la Catalogne et de la Galice qui ont décidé d´habiter dans des environnements ruraux et qui résident dans la même commune, région ou province où elles sont nées. Nous cherchons à savoir ce qui les a amenées à vivre dans un milieu rural et si cette permanence ou retour au lieu d’origine est liée à des motifs familiaux, professionnels ou socio-environnementaux qui puissent illustrer la tendance des nouvelles ruralités. Nous associons expressément la trajectoire de mobilité résidentielle des femmes avec leur niveau d’études et leur profession. L’étude constate que les aspects socio-environnementaux et émotionnels sont importants dans ce retour et ce qui confirme que, à avec une formation académique similaire, il existe des différences d’opportunités selon le degré de ruralité.

The progress in research on gender and rurality (1950-2000)

In some regions of Spain, well-educated women decide to move to the countryside to carry out their professional activities. This is a new phenomenon after many decades of female outmigration that also occurs in other European regions. Our aim is to explore how these professional women who decide to live in the countryside manage their work–life balance in this changing space. Our hypothesis is that these women, with high level of education and urban experience are more aware of gender inequality, have greater bargaining power, and therefore, achieve better work–life conciliation with their male partners. Research has been conducted through 60 in-depth interviews with women that have been analyzed through discourse analysis. The results show a complex situation. While these women are building the new ruralities with their work, skills, and insights, social norms concerning family responsibilities move more slowly. The research evidences aspects related to women’s well-being as well as brings the br...

Intersectionality is a complex concept to deal with when doing research but also when teaching the interrelationships between space and social relations. Here we present “Relief Maps” as a visual tool for teaching intersectionality and its spatial dimension in higher education courses. “Relief Maps” are a model developed for research and applied in a Geography and Gender course at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB) with the aim of promoting student reflection on the relationships between power structures, places and lived experiences, starting from their everyday lives.

Background Susceptibility-guided treatment has been proposed as a way to improve Helicobacter pylori eradication rates. Evidence on its efficacy for rescue therapy is very scarce. The aim of this study was to indirectly assess the applicability and effectiveness of susceptibility-guided treatment by evaluating (a) the rate of acceptance of endoscopy, (b) its success in detecting resistances, and (c) infection cure rates in patients harboring strains found to be susceptible to the antibiotics administered in clinical trials in which the efficacy of second-line treatments was reported. Methods A systematic review of studies evaluating second-line H pylori treatment was carried out in multiple databases. Studies reporting antibiotic susceptibility evaluation and/or cure rates in patients harboring sensitive and resistant strains were selected. Data were extracted in duplicate. Results The systematic review identified 36 eligible studies. Acceptance was evaluated in only one study of 60 patients, of whom only 38 agreed to endoscopy. Among the 2890 patients who received endoscopy and culture, resistances were finally determined in 86.5%. Cure rate was 72.5% in the 113 patients harboring a clarithromycin-susceptible strain after previous clarithromycin treatment, 93.5% in the 765 patients harboring a metronidazole-susceptible strain, and 83.8% in the 192 patients harboring a levofloxacin-susceptible strain. No studies with repeated administration of levofloxacin or metronidazole were found. Conclusion Even if the culture shows a clarithromycin-sensitive strain, repeating clarithromycin after a first failure should be discouraged. Susceptibility-guided treatment alone did not achieve adequate cure rates for rescue therapies. Additional measures are needed to design rescue treatments that consistently achieve excellent cure rates.

There are no systematic data on the rates of antibiotic resistance after the failure of a first eradication treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of secondary resistance to antibiotics by conducting a systematic review of studies evaluating the secondary resistance of Helicobacter pylori. We identified 31 studies (2,787 patients). Resistance was determined in 1,764 patients. A percentage of 99.1 of patients received clarithromycin as first-line treatment and 58.7% developed resistance. A percentage of 24.3 received metronidazole and 89.7% developed resistance. Secondary resistance to amoxicillin was extremely rare. Secondary resistance after first-line treatment was very common. These findings support the recommendation not to repeat clarithromycin or metronidazole after the failure of a first eradication treatment.

OBJECTIVES We analyse the safety and effectiveness of self-outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (s-OPAT) in older patients. METHODS We prospectively evaluated all adults admitted to our home hospitalization unit (HHU) for s-OPAT in the period 2008-12 in whom the bacteria responsible for the infection were identified. We divided patients into three age groups

Background The cure rate of standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection is unacceptably low. Susceptibility-guided therapies (SGTs) have been proposed as an alternative to standard empirical treatments. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy of SGTs. Methods A systematic search was performed in multiple databases. Randomized controlled trials comparing cure rates of SGTs versus those of empirical therapy were selected and analysed separately for first- and second-line treatments. A meta-analysis was performed using risk ratio (RR) and number needed to treat (NNT) to measure the effect. Results Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis. In first-line treatment, SGT was more efficacious than empirical 7-10 day triple therapy (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.10-1.23, I (2) = 33%; NNT = 8). Most studies used a 7-10 day triple therapy and randomized the patients after endoscopy and/or culture, thus precluding the comparison of SGT versus non-invasive testing and empirical treatment in clinical practice. For second-line therapy, only four studies were found. Results were highly heterogeneous and no significant differences were found (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.82-1.51, I (2) = 87%). Conclusions Once endoscopy and culture have been performed, SGT is superior to empirical 7 or 10 day triple therapy for first-line treatment. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of SGT in clinical practice, especially when compared with currently recommended first-line quadruple therapies.

'The Rural World' in Spain: A view of professional women / 'El Mundo Rural' en Espana: Una perspectiva de las mujeres profesionales No contexto das novas ruralidades, algumas mulheres profissionais tem decidido permanecer no mundo rural para desenvolver seu proprio projeto profissional e de vida. E um fenomeno novo, dado o constante processo de emigracao rural para as cidades que a Espanha sofreu no passado. Apesquisa foi desenvolvida na Catalunia e na Galicia atraves de entrevistas em profundidade. O objetivo desta investigacao e compreender como estas mulheres profissionais concebem nao apenas o mundo rural, mas tambem a si mesmas como mulheres rurais. Suas percepcoes podem se converter em um espelho para novas geracoes de mulheres. Palavras-Chave: mundo rural, mulheres, profissao. Abstract Within the context of the new ruralities reshaped by globalization processes, some educated women decide to stay at the countryside, where they develop their own life projects. It is a relatively new phenomenon, taking into account the steady process of female migration from rural areas that has taken place in Spain for decades. Through in­depth interviews we attempt to set out how rural women perceive themselves and assess rurality in two Spanish regions, Catalonia and Galicia. Women’s critical perceptions of the new ruralities become a mirror for younger (female) generations. Keywords: Rural world, Women, Profession. Resumen El el contexto de las nuevas ruralidades, algunas mujeres profesionales han decidido permanecer en el mundo rural para desarrollar su propio proyecto profesional y de vida. Es un fenomeno nuevo, dado el constante proceso de emigracion rural hacia las ciudades que Espana sufrio en el pasado. Esta investigacion se desarrollo en Cataluna y en Galicia a traves de entrevistas en profundidad. El objetivo de este estudio es comprender como estas mujeres profesionales conciben no solo el mundo rural sino tambien a si mismas como mujeres rurales. Sus percepciones pueden convertirse en un espejo para nuevas generaciones de mujeres. Palabras-Clave: Mundo rural; Mujeres; Profesion.