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Background Kidney size evaluation is an essential examination in pediatric nephrology. While body length/height is the best predictor of kidney length, age-based and body surface area (BSA)-based normative values may be useful in clinical practice or research. This study aimed to establish ultrasound-based kidney length lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) percentiles by age and BSA in healthy children. Methods In 1758 Polish and Lithuanian children (868 boys, 49%) aged 0-19 years, kidney length was measured using ultrasonography. In all participants, anthropometric measurements were taken and kidney function was evaluated based on serum creatinine concentration. Participants with chronic or kidney diseases, abnormal kidney function, or pathologies in sonographic examination were excluded from the analysis. Results Kidney length (median kidney length) increased progressively from infancy to the age of 18 years, from 60.1 to 114.2 mm in males, and from 57.3 to 105.2 mm in females. A gradual increase of kidney length (50.sup.th percentile) in relation to BSA (from 46.1 mm in infants with a BSA of 0-1.2 m.sup.2 to 118.3 mm in adolescents with a BSA of 2.6-2.8 m.sup.2) was also observed. LMS percentiles by age (stratified by sex) and BSA were determined and presented as graphs and tables of percentiles and LMS parameters by 1-year age intervals and 0.2 m.sup.2 of BSA, respectively. Conclusions We present the first age- and BSA-based kidney length LMS normative values based on the largest pediatric cohort to date, which can be used in both clinical practice and research studies. Graphical abstract A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information, Author(s): Lukasz Obrycki [sup.1] , Jedrzej Sarnecki [sup.2] , Marianna Lichosik [sup.1] , Malgorzata Sopinska [sup.3] , Malgorzata Placzynska [sup.3] , Malgorzata Stanczyk [sup.4] , Julia Mirecka [sup.4] , Agnieszka [...]

Background Currently used pediatric kidney length normative values are based on small single-center studies, do not include kidney function assessment, and focus mostly on newborns and infants. We aimed to develop ultrasound-based kidney length normative values derived from a large group of European Caucasian children with normal kidney function. Methods Out of 1,782 children aged 0-19 years, 1,758 individuals with no present or past kidney disease and normal estimated glomerular filtration rate had sonographic assessment of kidney length. The results were correlated with anthropometric parameters and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Kidney length was correlated with age, height, body surface area, and body mass index. Height-related kidney length curves and table were generated using the LMS method. Multivariate regression analysis with collinearity checks was used to evaluate kidney length predictors. Results There was no significant difference in kidney size in relation to height between boys and girls. We found significant (p < 0.001), but clinically unimportant (Cohen's D effect size = 0.04 and 0.06) differences between prone vs. supine position (mean paired difference = 0.64 mm, 95% CI = 0.49-0.77) and left vs. right kidneys (mean paired difference = 1.03 mm, 95% CI = 0.83-1.21), respectively. For kidney length prediction, the highest coefficient correlation was observed with height (adjusted R.sup.2 = 0.87, p < 0.0001). Conclusions We present height-related LMS-percentile curves and tables of kidney length which may serve as normative values for kidney length in children from birth to 19 years of age. The most significant predictor of kidney length was statural height. Graphic Abstract, Author(s): Lukasz Obrycki [sup.1] , Jedrzej Sarnecki [sup.2] , Marianna Lichosik [sup.1] , Malgorzata Sopinska [sup.3] , Malgorzata Placzynska [sup.3] , Malgorzata Stanczyk [sup.4] , Julia Mirecka [sup.4] , Agnieszka [...]

The available literature is scarce on the initial symptoms of arterial hypertension in children. Our study aimed to analyze the initial clinical profile of patients referred to the hospital with suspected hypertension and those diagnosed with hypertension for the first time during a hospitalization for other reasons. This study was a retrospective analysis of medical records in 471 patients. More than half of the patients showed no symptoms. The most common symptom reported was a headache—28% (132) of patients. The diagnosis of elevated blood pressure or hypertension was more frequent in asymptomatic patients (P = 0.001). Headaches were seen more often in healthy patients than in patients with hypertension. Newly diagnosed hypertension is mainly diagnosed in asymptomatic children. Moreover, the symptoms previously described in the literature as the most common did not prove to be predictive of hypertension in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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