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1. Issues of theory and method in the analysis of Paleolithic mortuary behavior : a view from Shanidar Cave

Author

Emily Tilby, Ariane Burke, Tim Reynolds, Paul Bennett, Paul Goldberg, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Curtis W. Marean, Robert Foley, Evan Hill, Paul Pettitt, Lucy Farr, Bruno Maureille, Emma Pomeroy, Eleni Asouti, Chris Hunt, Andreas Nymark, Christopher E. Miller, Kaify Ali Mustafa, Marjolein Bosch, Nohemi Sala, Giuseppina Mutri, Amos Frumkin, Ceren Kabukcu, Ross Lane, Dennis Sandgathe, Chris Stringer, Graeme Barker, Charles French, Dlshad Abdulmutalb, Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), Université de Montréal (UdeM), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Department of Archaeology, Boston University [Boston] (BU), Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Groupe de recherche sur la surdité et la LSQ, Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Simon Fraser University (SFU.ca), The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Pomeroy, Emma [0000-0001-6251-2165], Foley, Robert [0000-0003-0479-3039], French, Charles [0000-0001-7967-3248], Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], Tilby, Emily [0000-0002-9735-7510], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Geologic Sediments, 010506 paleontology, History, Neanderthal, Taphonomy, Burial, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, 01 natural sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Fractures, Bone, Cave, biology.animal, Animals, 0601 history and archaeology, History, Ancient, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Neanderthals, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, 060101 anthropology, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Fossils, taphonomy, Paleontology, funerary activity, 06 humanities and the arts, General Medicine, Limiting, CC, sediment micromorphology, Archaeology, Caves, GN, Anthropology, Iraq, mortuary activity
Abstract

Mortuary behavior (activities concerning dead conspecifics) is one of many traits that were previously widely considered to have been uniquely human, but on which perspectives have changed markedly in recent years. Theoretical approaches to hominin mortuary activity and its evolution have undergone major revision, and advances in diverse archeological and paleoanthropological methods have brought new ways of identifying behaviors such as intentional burial. Despite these advances, debates concerning the nature of hominin mortuary activity, particularly among the Neanderthals, rely heavily on the rereading of old excavations as new finds are relatively rare, limiting the extent to which such debates can benefit from advances in the field. The recent discovery of in situ articulated Neanderthal remains at Shanidar Cave offers a rare opportunity to take full advantage of these methodological and theoretical developments to understand Neanderthal mortuary activity, making a review of these advances relevant and timely. publishedVersion

Published
2020
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2. Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Palaeolithic foragers

Author

Sikora, M, Seguin-Orlando, A, Sousa, VC, Albrechtsen, A, Korneliussen, T, Ko, A, Rasmussen, S, Dupanloup, I, Nigst, PR, Bosch, MD, Renaud, G, Allentoft, ME, Margaryan, A, Vasilyev, SV, Veselovskaya, EV, Borutskaya, SB, Deviese, T, Comeskey, D, Higham, T, Manica, A, Foley, RA, Meltzer, DJ, Nielsen, R, Excoffier, L, Mirazon Lahr, M, Orlando, L, Willerslev, E, Nigst, Philip [0000-0001-7330-8768], Bosch, Dorothea [0000-0002-2829-3832], Manica, Andrea [0000-0003-1895-450X], Foley, Robert [0000-0003-0479-3039], Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], Willerslev, Eske [0000-0002-7081-6748], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Population Density, Genome, Human, Humans, Reproductive Behavior, DNA, Ancient, Social Behavior, History, Ancient, Russia
Abstract

Present-day hunter-gatherers (HGs) live in multilevel social groups essential to sustain a population structure characterized by limited levels of within-band relatedness and inbreeding. When these wider social networks evolved among HGs is unknown. Here, we investigate whether the contemporary HG strategy was already present in the Upper Paleolithic (UP), using complete genome sequences from Sunghir, a site dated to ~34 thousand years BP (kya) containing multiple anatomically modern human (AMH) individuals. Wedemonstrate that individuals at Sunghir derive from a population of small effective size, with limited kinship and levels of inbreeding similar to HG populations. Our findings suggest that UP social organization was similar to that of living HGs, with limited relatedness within residential groups embedded in a larger mating network.

Published
2017

3. New evidence suggesting a dissociated etiology for cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis

Author

Rivera, F, Mirazon Lahr, M, Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
cribra orbitalia, scurvy, computed tomography, cranial vault thickness, anemia
Abstract

Objectives: Porotic hyperostosis, characterized by porotic lesions on the cranial vault, and $\textit{cribra orbitalia}$, a localized appearance of porotic lesions on the roof of the orbits, are relatively common osteological conditions. Their etiology has been the focus of several studies, and an association with anemia has long been suggested. Anemia often causes bone marrow hypertrophy or hyperplasia, leading to the expansion in trabecular or cranial diploic bone as a result of increased hematopoiesis. Hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia is often coupled with a disruption of the remodeling process of outer cortical bone, cranially and/or post-cranially, leading to the externally visible porotic lesions reported in osteological remains. In this paper, we investigate whether individuals with cribra orbitalia have increased thickness of the diploë, the common morphological direct effect of increased hematopoiesis, and thus test the relationship between the two conditions, as well as explore the type of anemia that underlie it. Methods: An analysis of medical CT scans of a worldwide sample of 98 complete, young to middle-aged adult dry skulls from the Duckworth Collection was conducted on male and female cribrotic individuals (n= 23) and non-cribrotic individuals (n= 75), all of whom lacked any evidence of porotic lesions on the vault. Measurements of total and partial cranial thickness were obtained by virtual landmark placement, using the Amira 5.4 software; all analyses were conducted in IBM SPSS 21. Results: Cribriotic individuals have significantly thinner diploic bone and thicker outer and inner tables than non-cribriotic individuals, contrary to the expected diploic expansion that would result from anemic conditions associated to bone marrow hypertrophy or hyperplasia. Additionally, individuals without cribra orbitalia and those with the condition have distinctive cranial thickness at particular locations across the skull and the severity to which cribra orbitalia is expressed also differentiates between those with mild and those with a moderate to severe form of the condition. Conclusions: Our results suggest a complex pattern of causality in relation to the pathologies that may lead to the formation of porotic lesions on the vault and the roof of the orbits. A form of anemia may be behind the osteological changes observed in porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia, but it is unlikely to be the same type of anemic condition that underlies both types of osteological lesions. We suggest that cribra orbitalia may be associated to anemias that lead to diploic bone hypocellularity and hypoplasia, such as those caused by anemia of chronic disease and, to a lesser extent, of renal failure, aplastic anemia, protein deficiency and anemia of endocrine disorders, and not those that lead to bone marrow hypercellularity and hyperplasia and potential porotic hyperostosis. This leads us to the conclusion that the terms porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia should be used to reflect different underlying conditions.

Published
2017

4. Aliel: A mid-Holocene stone platform with cairn and single pillar in West Turkana, Kenya

Author

Alex Wilshaw, Muwonge, H., Rivera, F., Lahr, M. M., Wilshaw, Alexis [0000-0001-7459-7784], Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Mirazon Lahr, Mirazon Lahr [0000-0001-5752-5770]

Subjects
D051, Cairn, Archaeology, GN, African prehistory, African Archaeology, Turkana, Pastoralist, Pillar Site
Abstract

In August 2016, the In-Africa Project, which focuses on the palaeo-environment and human occupation of West Turkana during the late Quaternary (http://in-africa.org/), identified a stone platform and cairn whilst surveying an area between the Napudet Mountains and the Kerio River in Southwest Turkana. Different from other simple cairns in the area, this structure, locally known as Aliel, also exhibits: a) a single standing stone within the construction of the cairn; and b) a significant assemblage of pottery sherds (including Nderit ware) on the surface of the platform. Cairns, circles, platforms and stone structures are well-known features of the prehistory of the Turkana Basin (Robbins, 2006, Wright et al., 2016), including complex megalithic architecture in the form of ‘Pillar sites’ characterised by the presence of multiple stone pillars placed vertically on the ground within a constructed platform, such as Lothagam, Jarigole and Kalokol (Hildebrand et al. 2011, Grillo & Hildebrand 2013, Nelson, 1995; Figure 1). While stone cairns and structures continued to be built until recently throughout eastern Africa (Davies 2013), ‘Pillar sites’, often associated with ceramics decorated with ‘Nderit’ motifs, cluster chronologically between ~5,300 – 4,000 years BP (Grillo & Hildebrand 2013), overlapping chronologically with the first evidence for domestic cattle in Kenya (Marshall et al., 1984). Thus, the Turkana Basin is thought to have acted as the corridor for early pastoralist communities, economies and traditions expanding into East Africa during the mid-Holocene. As such, the area holds crucial information for understanding changes in population history and settlement dynamics. The site of Aliel is well placed both chronologically and geographically to provide further insights into this period of prehistory, European Research Council

Published
2017

5. Mirazón Lahr et al. reply

Author

Aurélien Mounier, D. M. Mukhongo, J. L. Schwenninger, Anne W. T. Muigai, John E. Lawrence, JE Edung, Robert Foley, Rainer Grün, Federica Crivellaro, A. Van Baelen, Hema Achyuthan, Rachel Wood, E. Mbua, Heinz Miller, JM Maillo Fernandez, B Copsey, A Leakey, Marta Mirazón Lahr, C Kiarie, Ronika K. Power, Frances Rivera, Alexis Onawa Wilshaw, Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], Foley, Robert [0000-0003-0479-3039], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Multidisciplinary, History, 060102 archaeology, 0601 history and archaeology, 06 humanities and the arts, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

In the accompanying Comment1, Stojanowski et al. challenge the evidence for inter-group conflict at Nataruk2. They make two arguments—first, that the lesions in three crania are due to soil compression; second, that there is a correlation between body position and age, reflecting different burial traditions. We believe that their interpretation is incorrect on both counts.

Published
2016

6. Reply to Stojanowski et al

Author

Mirazon Lahr, MB, Rivera, F, Power, RK, Mounier, A, Copsey, B, Crivellaro, F, Edung, JE, Maillo Fernandez, JM, Kiarie, C, Lawrence, J, Leakey, A, Mbua, E, Miller, H, Muigai, A, Mukhongo, DM, Van Baelen, A, Wood, R, Schwenninger, J-L, Grün, R, Achyuthan, H, Wilshaw, A, Foley, RA, Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], Wilshaw, Alexis [0000-0001-7459-7784], Foley, Robert [0000-0003-0479-3039], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Abstract

In the accompanying Comment1, Stojanowski et al. challenge the evidence for inter-group conflict at Nataruk2. They make two arguments—first, that the lesions in three crania are due to soil compression; second, that there is a correlation between body position and age, reflecting different burial traditions. We believe that their interpretation is incorrect on both counts.

Published
2016

7. Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia

Author

N. V. Ekomasova, Elza Khusnutdinova, Andrea Bamberg Migliano, Vedrana Škaro, Georgi Hudjashov, L. A. Atramentova, Murray P. Cox, Evelin Mihailov, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Mait Metspalu, Herawati Sudoyo, Monika Karmin, Alexia Cardona, Florin Mircea Iliescu, Melissa A. Wilson Sayres, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Dilbar Dalimova, Boris Malyarchuk, Michael D. Petraglia, Rita Khusainova, Grigor Zoraqi, Mark G. Thomas, Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana, Irina Evseeva, Kuvat T. Momynaliev, François-Xavier Ricaut, Jainagul Isakova, A. S. Karunas, Reedik Mägi, Joseph Lachance, Kristiina Tambets, Lejla Mulahasanovic, Elena Balanovska, S M Abdullah, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Oleg Balanovsky, Nicolas Brucato, Yali Xue, Lauri Saag, Andrea Manica, Christina A. Eichstaedt, Mario Mitt, Florian Clemente, Ene Metspalu, Sardana A. Fedorova, Chris Tyler-Smith, Andres Metspalu, Charlotte E. Inchley, Pagbajabyn Nymadawa, Matthew Leavesley, Marina Gubina, Guy S. Jacobs, David M. Lambert, Craig Muller, Thierry Letellier, Elvira Pocheshkhova, Qasim Ayub, Joseph Wee, Pascale Gerbault, Zhaxylyk Sabitov, Doron M. Behar, Nikolay A. Barashkov, Dragan Primorac, Christiana L. Scheib, Tiago Antao, Evelyn Jagoda, Olga Utevska, Jeffrey D. Wall, Sarah A. Tishkoff, Toomas Kivisild, Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Shahlo Turdikulova, Eske Willerslev, Alena Kushniarevich, Lehti Saag, Chandana Basu Mallick, I. M. Khidiyatova, Ludmila P. Osipova, Alexander Mörseburg, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Damir Marjanović, Larisa Damba, Richard Villems, Anders Eriksson, Miroslava Derenko, Sergei Litvinov, Daniel Lawson, Rasmus Nielsen, V. L. Akhmetova, Maru Mormina, Mari Järve, Luca Pagani, George Andriadze, Michael DeGiorgio, Mikhail Voevoda, Daria V. Lichman, Michael C. Westaway, Sarah Kaewert, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], Human Evolution, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, International Network for the Sequencing of resPIRratory vIrusEs (INSPIRE), Department of Oncology, Human Genetics, Physiopathologie mitochondriale, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), School of Archaeology, University of Oxford [Oxford], Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics [Bashkortostan Republic, Russia], Russian Academy of Sciences / Ufa Scientific Centre [Bashkortostan Republic, Russia]], Dept Integrat Biol, UMR 6578 : Anthropologie Bio-Culturelle (UAABC), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Section for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), University of Pennsylvania, University of Oxford, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Eriksson, Anders [0000-0003-3436-3726], Cardona, Alexia [0000-0002-7877-5565], Scheib, Christiana [0000-0003-4158-8296], Jacobs, Guy [0000-0002-4698-7758], Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], Manica, Andrea [0000-0003-1895-450X], Willerslev, Eske [0000-0002-7081-6748], Kivisild, Toomas [0000-0002-6297-7808], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, History, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Biological anthropology, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Population Dynamics, Datasets as Topic, Evolutionary biology, Balancing selection, Genome, genome, peopling, Eurasia, 0302 clinical medicine, Effective population size, History, Ancient, Neanderthals, Genetics, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Continental Population Groups, Human migration, Fossils, Medicine (all), Genomics, 3. Good health, Europe, Oceanic Ancestry Group, Human, Biotechnology, Estonia, Gene Flow, Genome evolution, Heterozygote, Asia, General Science & Technology, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Human Migration, Population, Biology, Evolutionary genetics, Article, Ancient, Africa, Animals, Genetics, Population, Genome, Human, Humans, New Guinea, 03 medical and health sciences, education, business.industry, Human evolutionary genetics, Racial Groups, Human Genome, 030104 developmental biology, Generic health relevance, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

High-coverage whole-genome sequence studies have so far focused on a limited number1 of geographically restricted populations2, 3, 4, 5, or been targeted at specific diseases, such as cancer6. Nevertheless, the availability of high- resolution genomic data has led to the development of new methodologies for inferring population history7, 8, 9 and refuelled the debate on the mutation rate in humans10. Here we present the Estonian Biocentre Human Genome Diversity Panel (EGDP), a dataset of 483 high-coverage human genomes from 148 populations worldwide, including 379 new genomes from 125 populations, which we group into diversity and selection sets. We analyse this dataset to refine estimates of continent-wide patterns of heterozygosity, long- and short-distance gene flow, archaic admixture, and changes in effective population size through time as well as for signals of positive or balancing selection. We find a genetic signature in present-day Papuans that suggests that at least 2% of their genome originates from an early and largely extinct expansion of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) out of Africa. Together with evidence from the western Asian fossil record11, and admixture between AMHs and Neanderthals predating the main Eurasian expansion12, our results contribute to the mounting evidence for the presence of AMHs out of Africa earlier than 75, 000 years ago.

Published
2016
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8. Two ancient human genomes reveal Polynesian ancestry among the indigenous Botocudos of Brazil

Author

Jeffrey D. Jensen, Walter Alves Neves, T. Douglas Price, Thomas Higham, Claudia Rodrigues-Carvalho, Morten E. Allentoft, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Ana T. Duggan, Yong Wang, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Sérgio D.J. Pena, Eske Willerslev, Murilo Q.R. Bastos, Jesper Stenderup, Jan Heinemeier, Paula F. Campos, Rasmus Nielsen, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Danilo V. Bernardo, Morten Rasmussen, Mark Stoneking, Oscar Lao, Manfred Kayser, Simon Rasmussen, Hannes Schroeder, Jesper V. Olsen, Vanessa F. Gonçalves, Michael DeGiorgio, Philip L. F. Johnson, Silvia Reis, Mingkun Li, Ida Moltke, Francisca Santana Sagredo, Ludovic Orlando, Søren Brunak, Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén, Emily Hodges, Anders Albrechtsen, Gregory J. Hannon, Maanasa Raghavan, Genetic Identification, Raghavan, Maanasa [0000-0003-1997-0739], Hannon, Gregory [0000-0003-4021-3898], Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], Willerslev, Eske [0000-0002-7081-6748], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, common, Biology, DNA, Mitochondrial, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Indigenous, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Polynesians, Data sequences, law, MTDNA, Humans, Radiocarbon dating, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all), Genome, Human, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), Native american, Indians, South American, Radiometric Dating, Evolutionary biology, common.group, Human genome, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Brazil, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Summary Understanding the peopling of the Americas remains an important and challenging question. Here, we present 14C dates, and morphological, isotopic and genomic sequence data from two human skulls from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, part of one of the indigenous groups known as 'Botocudos'. We find that their genomic ancestry is Polynesian, with no detectable Native American component. Radiocarbon analysis of the skulls shows that the individuals had died prior to the beginning of the 19th century. Our findings could either represent genomic evidence of Polynesians reaching South America during their Pacific expansion, or European-mediated transport. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2014
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9. Paleogenomics. Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years

Author

Andaine, Seguin-Orlando, Thorfinn S, Korneliussen, Martin, Sikora, Anna-Sapfo, Malaspinas, Andrea, Manica, Ida, Moltke, Anders, Albrechtsen, Amy, Ko, Ashot, Margaryan, Vyacheslav, Moiseyev, Ted, Goebel, Michael, Westaway, David, Lambert, Valeri, Khartanovich, Jeffrey D, Wall, Philip R, Nigst, Robert A, Foley, Marta Mirazon, Lahr, Rasmus, Nielsen, Ludovic, Orlando, Eske, Willerslev, Manica, Andrea [0000-0003-1895-450X], Nigst, Philip [0000-0001-7330-8768], Foley, Robert [0000-0003-0479-3039], Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], Willerslev, Eske [0000-0002-7081-6748], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Europe, Male, Siberia, Fossils, Genome, Human, Humans, DNA, Genomics, History, Ancient, White People
Abstract

The origin of contemporary Europeans remains contentious. We obtained a genome sequence from Kostenki 14 in European Russia dating from 38,700 to 36,200 years ago, one of the oldest fossils of anatomically modern humans from Europe. We find that Kostenki 14 shares a close ancestry with the 24,000-year-old Mal'ta boy from central Siberia, European Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, some contemporary western Siberians, and many Europeans, but not eastern Asians. Additionally, the Kostenki 14 genome shows evidence of shared ancestry with a population basal to all Eurasians that also relates to later European Neolithic farmers. We find that Kostenki 14 contains more Neandertal DNA that is contained in longer tracts than present Europeans. Our findings reveal the timing of divergence of western Eurasians and East Asians to be more than 36,200 years ago and that European genomic structure today dates back to the Upper Paleolithic and derives from a metapopulation that at times stretched from Europe to central Asia.

Published
2014

10. The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic

Author

Joan Brenner Coltrain, Toomas Kivisild, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Finn Cilius Nielsen, Simon Fahrni, Thomas Hansen, Helena Malmström, Jerome S. Cybulski, Richard Villems, Omar E. Cornejo, Jørgen Dissing, V. A. Spitsyn, Maanasa Raghavan, Linea Cecilie Melchior, Ida Moltke, T. Max Friesen, Ludovic Orlando, Pontus Skoglund, Dennis H. O'Rourke, Simon Rasmussen, William W. Fitzhugh, Mattias Jakobsson, Jesper V. Olsen, Eske Willerslev, Martin Appelt, Hans Lange, Morten Meldgaard, Bjarne Grønnow, M. Geoffrey Hayes, Michael DeGiorgio, Kate Britton, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Anders Albrechtsen, Niels Lynnerup, Thomas W. Stafford, Elza Khusnutdinova, Jette Arneborg, Claus Andreasen, Hans Christian Gulløv, Rasmus Nielsen, Michael H. Crawford, Tracey Pierre, Benjamin T. Fuller, Jan Heinemeier, Carlos Bustamante, Vibha Raghavan, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Morten Rasmussen, Kirill Dneprovsky, Anders Götherström, Yong Wang, Mait Metspalu, Rick Knecht, M. A. Priscilla Renouf, Vaughan Grimes, Raghavan, Maanasa [0000-0003-1997-0739], Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], Kivisild, Toomas [0000-0002-6297-7808], Willerslev, Eske [0000-0002-7081-6748], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Canada, Human Migration, Greenland, Molecular Sequence Data, Population genetics, Metapopulation, Biology, DNA, Mitochondrial, Bone and Bones, Gene flow, Prehistory, 03 medical and health sciences, Paleontology, Humans, 0601 history and archaeology, Survivors, History, Ancient, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, 060102 archaeology, Base Sequence, Human migration, business.industry, Ecology, Native american, Arctic Regions, Genome, Human, 06 humanities and the arts, Siberia, Arctic, Inuit, Period (geology), business, Tooth, geographic locations, Alaska, Hair
Abstract

Arctic genetics comes in from the coldDespite a well-characterized archaeological record, the genetics of the people who inhabit the Arctic have been unexplored. Raghavanet al.sequenced ancient and modern genomes of individuals from the North American Arctic (see the Perspective by Park). Analyses of these genomes indicate that the Arctic was colonized 6000 years ago by a migration separate from the one that gave rise to other Native American populations. Furthermore, the original paleo-inhabitants of the Arctic appear to have been completely replaced approximately 700 years ago.Science, this issue10.1126/science.1255832; see also p.1004

Published
2014
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11. A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia

Author

Sankar Subramanian, David M. Lambert, Pascale Gerbault, Joe Dortch, Stephan Peischl, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Sturla Ellingvåg, Nicolas Brucato, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Gudjugudju Fourmile, François-Xavier Ricaut, William Pomat, Simon Rasmussen, Mark Stoneking, Tim H. Heupink, Mait Metspalu, Michael C. Westaway, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Shengyu Ni, Aubrey Lynch, Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith, Fernando Racimo, Joanne L. Wright, Anders Albrechtsen, Farhang Aghakhanian, Andrea Manica, Warren Clark, Ivan P. Levkivskyi, Yali Xue, Thomas Wales, Rasmus Nielsen, Andrea Bamberg Migliano, Alexander J. Mentzer, Craig Muller, Laurent Excoffier, Anders Bergström, Irina Pugach, Thomas Mailund, Søren Brunak, Jacob E. Crawford, Richard Durbin, Paula F. Campos, Anders Eriksson, Claire Bowern, George Koki, Enrico Macholdt, Manjinder S. Sandhu, Ashot Margaryan, Les Murgha, Betty Logan, Vitor C. Sousa, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Maude E. Phipps, Jade Yu Cheng, Isabel Alves, Stephan Schiffels, Eske Willerslev, Colleen Ma Run Wall, Robert Foley, Georgios Athanasiadis, Chris Tyler-Smith, Stephen Oppenheimer, Oscar Lao, Mark G. Thomas, Ida Moltke, Darren Injie, Jeffrey D. Wall, Mikkel H. Schierup, Chiara Barbieri, Doc Reynolds, Peter McAllister, Peter Siba, Martin Sikora, Matthew Leavesley, Isabelle Dupanloup, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée [Aix-Marseille Université] (INMED - INSERM U901), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Forensic Molecular Biology, ErasmusMC, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Evolutionary Genetics, Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University [Brisbane], Section of Biostatistics [Copenhagen], Department of Public Health [Copenhagen], Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Berne, Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Human Evolution, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], Human Genetics, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Allan Wilson Center for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Auckland [Auckland], Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Tartu, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Papua New Guinea of Medical Research, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Yale University [New Haven], Bioinformatics Research Center (BiRC), Dept Integrat Biol, Strangeways Research Laboratory, MRC, Zoological Institute - Conservation Biology, University of Bern, Section for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), University of Auckland [Auckland]-Massey University-University of Canterbury [Christchurch]-University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research (PNG-IMR), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), University of Oxford, Eriksson, Anders [0000-0003-3436-3726], Durbin, Richard [0000-0002-9130-1006], Manica, Andrea [0000-0003-1895-450X], Foley, Robert [0000-0003-0479-3039], Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], Sandhu, Manjinder [0000-0002-2725-142X], Willerslev, Eske [0000-0002-7081-6748], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Gene Flow, 0301 basic medicine, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Neanderthal, Population genetics, Human Migration, Population Dynamics, Population, Population structure, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Datasets as Topic, Tasmania, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, biology.animal, Humans, education, Denisovan, History, Ancient, Phylogeny, Language, New Guinea, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, biology, Genome, Human, Human migration, business.industry, Racial Groups, Australia, New guinea, Genomics, biology.organism_classification, Data processing, Genetics, Population, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, Anthropology, Africa, Ethnology, Biological dispersal, Desert Climate, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

The population history of Aboriginal Australians remains largely uncharacterised, not least because of a lack of extensive genomic data. We generated high-coverage genomes for 83 geographically diverse Aboriginal Australians (all speakers of Pama-Nyungan languages) and 25 Papuans from the New Guinea Highlands. We find that Papuan and Aboriginal Australian ancestors diversified from each other 25-40 thousand years ago (kya), suggesting early population structure in the ancient continent of Sahul (Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania). However, all contemporary Aboriginal Australians studied descend from a single founding population that differentiated around 10-32 kya. We infer a population expansion in northeast Australia during the Holocene (past c.10 kya) associated with limited gene flow from this region to the rest of Australia. This is broadly consistent with the spread of the Pama-Nyungan languages and cultural changes taking place across the continent in the mid-Holocene. We estimate that Aboriginal Australians and Papuans diverged from Eurasians 60-100 kya, following a single out of Africa dispersal and subsequent admixture with different archaic populations. Finally, we report evidence of selection in Aboriginal Australians potentially associated with living in the desert.

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12. Newly-discovered Neanderthal remains from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan, and their attribution to Shanidar 5

Author

Chris Hunt, Federica Crivellaro, Graeme Barker, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Emma Pomeroy, Lucy Farr, Tim Reynolds, Pomeroy, Emma [0000-0001-6251-2165], Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Male, 010506 paleontology, Neanderthal, Postcrania, Pubic symphysis, 01 natural sciences, Paleontology, QH301, Cave, biology.animal, hominin skeletal remains, morphology, medicine, Animals, Humans, 0601 history and archaeology, Pelvic Bones, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Neanderthals, Palynology, geography, 060101 anthropology, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Fossils, Hominidae, 06 humanities and the arts, CC, Archaeology, Time of death, Caves, medicine.anatomical_structure, Fibula, Anthropology, foot, Iraq, Left hamate, hca, postcrania, hand, Iraqi kurdistan, Geology
Abstract

The Neanderthal remains from Shanidar Cave, excavated between 1951 and 1960, have played a central role in debates concerning diverse aspects of Neanderthal morphology and behavior. In 2015 and 2016, renewed excavations at the site uncovered hominin remains from the immediate area where the partial skeleton of Shanidar 5 was found in 1960. Shanidar 5 was a robust adult male estimated to have been aged over 40 years at the time of death. Comparisons of photographs from the previous and recent excavations indicate that the old and new remains were directly adjacent to one another, while the disturbed arrangement and partial crushing of the new fossils is consistent with descriptions and photographs of the older discoveries. The newly discovered bones include fragments of several vertebrae, a left hamate, part of the proximal left femur, a heavily crushed partial pelvis, and the distal half of the right tibia and fibula and associated talus and navicular. All these elements were previously missing from Shanidar 5, and morphological and metric data are consistent with the new elements belonging to this individual. A newly discovered partial left pubic symphysis indicates an age at death of 40–50 years, also consistent with the age of Shanidar 5 estimated previously. Thus, the combined evidence strongly suggests that the new finds can be attributed to Shanidar 5. Ongoing analyses of associated samples, including for sediment morphology, palynology, and dating, will therefore offer new evidence as to how this individual was deposited in the cave and permit new analyses of the skeleton itself and broader discussion of Neanderthal morphology and variation.

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