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The purpose of this paper is to present an updated list of fishes found in Argentina’s freshwaters based on the available literature. Since the last list, CLOFFAR by Mirande & Koerber, was published in 2015, most systematical and distributional changes were presented on www.pecescriollos.de and six updates have been published (Koerber et al. 2015, 2016, 2017a, 2017b, 2018, 2019). Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Vertebrados. Sección Ictiología; Argentina Fil: Koerber, Stefan. Kca, Grupo de Estudio del Killi Club Argentino; Argentina

The history of red-eyed Moenkhausia in Argentina dates back to 1937 when Meinken mentioned M.sanctaefilomenae for the first time based on specimens received from Corrientes. Meinken?s lot stillexists in the ichthyological collection in Berlin and based on this material and preserved specimensfrom other collection we can confirm that from the species group of the red-eyed Moenkhausia so faronly M. australis and M. forestii have been collected in Argentina, while the records of M.sanctaefilomenae must be considered erroneous. Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Vertebrados. Sección Ictiología; Argentina Fil: Koerber, Stefan. Kca, Grupo de Estudio del Killi Club Argentino; Argentina Fil: Teran, Guillermo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Vertebrados. Sección Ictiología; Argentina Fil: Aguilera, Gaston. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Vertebrados. Sección Ictiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina

In this note we expand the known distributional range of Hypostomus roseopunctatus to the political boundaries of Argentina. The sole specimen was obtained in the Miriñay River, Uruguay River basin, province of Corrientes. With this record the number of Hypostomus species known from Argentina raises to 26. Fil: Teran, Guillermo Enrique. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Vertebrados. Sección Ictiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Aguilera, Gaston. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Vertebrados. Sección Ictiología; Argentina Fil: Ruiz Diaz, Federico Jose. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ictiología del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Koerber, Stefan. Kca, Grupo de Estudio del Killi Club Argentino; Argentina Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Vertebrados. Sección Ictiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina

Campañas realizadas al noreste de Argentina en el río Paraná revelaron la presencia de la vieja del agua Loricariichthys edentatus Reis & Pereira 2000, que representa el primer registro de esta especie para esa cuenca. Recent expeditions to northeastern Argentina in the Paraná River revealed the presence of the armored catfish Loricariichthys edentatus Reis & Pereira 2000, which represents the first record of this species to that basin. Fil: Teran, Guillermo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Aguilera, Gaston. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Serra, Wilson Sebastián. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Ruiz Diaz, Federico Jose. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina

Freshwater sulfide springs have extreme environmental conditions that only few vertebrate species can tolerate. These species often develop a series of morphological and molecular adaptations to cope with the challenges of life under the toxic and hypoxic conditions of sulfide springs. In this paper, we described a new fish species of the genus Jenynsia, Anablepidae, from a sulfide spring in Northwestern Argentina, the first in the family known from such extreme environment. Jenynsia sulfurica n. sp. is diagnosable by the lack of scales on the pre-pelvic area or the presence of a single row of scales, continuous or not, from the isthmus to the bases of the pelvic fins. Additionally, it presents a series of morphological and molecular characteristics that appear convergent with those seen in other fish species (e.g., Poeciliids) inhabiting sulfide springs. Most notably, J. sulfurica has an enlarged head and postorbital area compared to other fish of the genus and a prognathous lower jaw with a hypertrophied lip, thought to facilitate respiration at the air-water interface. Analyses of cox1 sequence showed that J. sulfurica has two unique mutations resulting in amino acid substitutions convergent to those seen in Poeciliids from sulfide springs and known to provide a physiological mechanism related to living in sulfide environments. A phylogenetic analysis, including molecular and morphological characters, placed J. sulfurica as sister taxa to J. alternimaculata, a species found in nearby, non-sulfide habitats directly connected to the sulfide springs. Thus, it can be inferred that the selection imposed by the presence of H2S has resulted in the divergence between these two species and has potentially served as a barrier to gene flow. Fil: Aguilera, Gastón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Teran, Guillermo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Alonso, Felipe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina Fil: Rometsch, Sina. University Of Konstanz, Germany; Alemania Fil: Meyer, Axel. University Of Konstanz, Germany; Alemania Fil: Torres Dowdall, Julián Roberto. University Of Konstanz, Germany; Alemania. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Zoología Aplicada; Argentina

Recent expeditions to northwestern Argentina revealed the presence of an unknown species of Curimatidae for the Bermejo river basin. The morphometric and meristic analyses of these specimens allow us to identify them as Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández-Yépez, 1948), which is here reported for the first time in Argentina. Fil: Aguilera, Gaston. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Teran, Guillermo Enrique. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Alonso, Felipe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Heptapterus mandimbusu, sp. n. Fig. 1, Table 1 Holotype. CI-FML 7238, 134.2 mm SL, Argentina, Misiones, Uruguay River basin, Melo stream, 27°25'2.67"S, 54°42'7.93"W, November 13, 2016. G. Aguilera, J. M. Mirande, G. Terán, M. Benitez, D. Baldo, J. M. Ferro and F. Alonso. Paratypes. All material collected with Holotype. CI-FML 7239, 6 ex. (2 ex. C&S), 54.6 – 175.6 mm SL; LGEP 529, 1 ex., 107.4 mm SL; LGEP 530, 5 ex., 58.3–113.4 mm SL; LGEP 538, 1 ex. C&S, 70.5 mm SL; IBIGEO-I 446, 3 ex., 65.1–89.7 mm SL. Diagnosis. Heptapterus mandimbusu is distinguished by its unique coloration pattern, with aggregated melanophores scattered on dorsal and lateral surfaces of body, forming conspicuous blotches of variable size (Fig. 1 and 2) vs. absence of this pattern in the remaining species of the genus. Heptapterus bleekeri, H. fissipinnis, H. multiradiatus, H. mustelinus, H. qenqo, H. stewarti, H. sympterigium and H. tapanahoniensis present a rather uniform earth-brown coloration pattern (with some irregular markings on head and sometimes indistinct on back in H. bleekeri); while H. mbya and H. ornaticeps have a uniform coloration pattern (greyish and blackish respectively). There are three species of Heptapterus inhabiting Argentinean basins, the type species of the genus Heptapterus mustelinus, and the recently described, H. qenqo and H. mbya. Heptapterus mandimbusu n. sp., has a longer interdorsal distance (13.8–18.9 % SL), which distinguishes it from H. mustelinus (3.1–5.0 % SL), H. qenqo (9.5–13.2 % SL), and H. mbya (5.8–8.3 % SL). Heptapterus mandimbusu can be further distinguished from H. mustelinus by a shorter distance between the anal-fin origin and hypural plate (32.9–39.1 % SL vs. 39.6–45.7 % SL), a longer distance between the origins of pelvic and pectoral fins (24.5–28.1 % SL vs. 20.4–24.2 % SL), a shorter adipose-fin base (33.8–41.5 % SL vs. 51.5–59.6 % SL), a shorter anal-fin base (15.7–20.9 % SL vs. 20.9– 28.0 % SL), a smaller orbital diameter (10.3–14.1 % HL vs. 15.0–19.9 % HL), and a lower number of anal-fin rays (14–18 vs 18–22). The number of free vertebrae in Heptapterus mandimbusu (47) is lower than in H. qenqo (51– 52) and H. mbya (51–53), the caudal peduncle depth is shallowest than in H. qenqo (13.8–19.3 % SL vs. 19.8–25.4 % SL), and the adipose-fin base is shorter than in H. mbya (33.8–41.5 % SL vs. 47.4–58.55 % SL). From the remaining species of the genus, Heptapterus mandimbusu can be distinguished from H. stewarti Haseman and H. sympterygium Buckup by the dorsal fin never reaching the adipose fin; from H. bleekeri Boeseman, H. fissipinnis Miranda Ribeiro, H. multiradiatus Ihering, H. ornaticeps Ahl, H. stewarti and H. sympterygium by the lower number of anal-fin rays (14–18 vs. 20–22; 23; 38–46; 19; 30 and 22–29 respectively); from H. bleekeri, H. fissipinnis, H. multiradiatus, H. stewarti, H. sympterigium, and H. ornaticeps by the shorter maxillary barbel length that never reaches the pectoral fin, even in small juveniles; and from H. tapanahoniensis Mees by the higher number of vertebrae (47 vs. 43) and branchiostegal rays (8–9 vs. 7) and the adipose fin confluent with the caudal fin (vs. separated). The monospecific genera Acentronichthys Eigenmann & Eigenmann, probably allied to Heptapterus due to the share of an elongated body and the adipose fin confluent to caudal fin, can be distinguished from Heptapterus mandimbusu by the caudal fin deeply forked (vs. distal profile of caudal fin slanted). Description. Morphometric data of holotype and 16 paratypes presented in Table 1. Body and fins covered by small sharp papillae, more evident on dorsum. Papillae on first rays of dorsal, pectoral, and pelvic fins and upper caudal-fin lobe prolonged into small filament that can carry inside minute dark-brown soft structures, very thin and spiniform (see Figure 3 in Azpelicueta et al. 2011). Dorsal profile of body slightly convex, from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin, almost straight through dorsal-fin base, concave along dorsal profile of peduncle. Ventral profile slanting ventrally from snout tip to vertical through middle opercle, slightly concave or straight to pelvic-fin origin, almost straight to anal-fin origin, and concave or almost straight to caudal fin. Maximum body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Maximum body width at level of pectoral fins, where body has circular section; posterior half of body increasingly laterally compressed to caudal peduncle. Head depressed and broad, covered by thick skin. Anterior nostrils with tubular rim, located closer to snout tip than to eye. Posterior nostrils surrounded by a membrane, largest on anterior margin, and closer to eye than to snout tip. Snout rounded in dorsal view, moderated in size (2.4 to 2.9 times in HL). Small eyes (7.7 to 9.7 times in HL) covered by skin. Interorbital width containing 1.3 to 2.0 times orbital diameter. Mouth subterminal, wide and opening anteriorly. Premaxilla without backward projections, anterior margin convex and posterior one slightly slanted, with a single broad band carrying the teeth. Premaxillary teeth conical and fine placed in 8–10 irregular rows. One tooth band on each dentary; bands anteriorly broad and slender posteriorly; distal end of band following curvature of inner wall of dentary. Dentary teeth conical, placed in 6–8 irregular rows. Cranial fontanel long and slender, with its anterior margin at line through half length of lateral ethmoid and reaching posteriorly end of supraoccipital. Anterior fontanel slightly wider than posterior fontanel. Epiphyseal bar situated at line through posterior eye margin. Maxillary barbel base at same level that anterior nostril, with its basal third resting in deep sulcus. Maxillary barbel short (1.3 to 1.9 times in HL) not reaching pectoral-fin origin, even in small juveniles. Outer mental barbel base at vertical through posterior nostril, its tip reaching near vertical through tip of maxillary barbel. Inner mental barbel base at same level than outer mental barbel, its tip slightly surpassing vertical through posterior orbital margin. Dorsal-fin origin a little anterior to vertical line trough pelvic-fin insertion, with one short unbranched ray (1.1–1.5 times in first branched dorsal-fin ray) and six branched rays. Dorsal fin not reaching adipose fin, separated from it by distance 1.1–1.8 of HL. Adipose-fin origin slightly anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin. Adiposefin base length short (2.4 to 3.0 times in SL) and confluent with caudal fin. Caudal-fin distal profile slanted, with i,6 + 6–7,i rays. Upper caudal-fin lobe longer and broader than lower lobe. Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 9(3), ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 12(1), 15(1), or 16(1). Anal-fin origin located on posterior half of body, with 14(1) 15(5), 16(6), 17(4*), or 18(1) rays. Anal-fin rays in two C&S specimens vi,10–11 (total anal-fin rays 16 and 17 respectively). Pectoral fin with i,7–8 (one specimen with 7 and 16* with 8). Tip of pectoral fin reaching halflength or less between pectoral- and pelvic-fin origins. Pelvic fin with i,5 rays. Pelvic, pectoral, anal, and dorsal fins with their distal margins rounded. Cephalic sensory canal bearing five pores on supraorbital canal, five pores on infraorbital canal, and 11 on preoperculomandibular canal. Lateral line almost straight, complete, and uninterrupted, reaching compound caudal complex. Pores on anterior portion of lateral line well developed and almost inconspicuous on posterior portion. Counts on C&S material: vertebrae 47(3), precaudal vertebrae 11(2)–12(1), caudal vertebrae 35(1)–36(2). Twelve to fourteen gill rakers of first gill arch (10–12 on ceratobranchial; one on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, and one on epibranchial). Branchiostegal rays 8(2) to 9(1). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore between neural spine of sixth and seventh vertebrae (3), first anal-fin pterygiophore between hemal spine of vertebrae 22– 23(1), 23–24(1) or 24–25(1). Pleural ribs 8(2)–9(1). Color in alcohol. Coloration pattern represented by aggregated melanophores scattered on dorsal and lateral surfaces of body, forming conspicuous size-variable blotches. Body background pale yellow, dorsum dark-brown with melanophores densely aggregated, especially over head, loosely aggregated on lateral surface of body, and ventral surface almost without melanophores, especially on prepelvic area. Five darker transverse bands, first one over supraoccipital region, second one at level of pectoral fins, third one just anterior to dorsal-fin origin and separated from fourth band by lighter area occupying dorsal-fin origin. Fourth dark band at insertion of third or fourth dorsal-fin rays and fifth band at interdorsal area. Second band is prolonged on lateral surface of body to pectoral-fin base. A very slender stripe from that band to end of caudal peduncle. Base of dorsal and anal fins with a dark band, not evident in all specimens, occupying one third of fin length. Caudal-fin base with dark band on distal margin of skin covering caudal-fin rays, more evident in small specimens. Pectoral and pelvic-fin base darker than distal end. Adipose fin with chromatophores scattered over entire fin and aggregated forming a diffuse dark band on distal margin of fin. All fins with minute chromatophores following each ray. Distribution. Currently known only from its type locality at Melo stream (Fig. 3), Uruguay River basin, Northeastern Argentina. Habitat and ecological notes. At type locality, the stream is characterized by clear water and low current velocity. The structure of the stream presents sequences of pools of 1 to 1.5 meters and shallow riffles, surrounded by native vegetation (Fig. 4). Etymology. The specific name “ mandimbusu ” is the combination of two words from the Guaraní language, mandí=catfish and mbusu=eel, in allusion to its body form and the vernacular name used in Argentina to refer to Heptapterus (bagre anguila). The specific name is the apposition of two nouns.

Heptapterus mandimbusu, sp. n. Fig. 1, Table 1 Holotype. CI-FML 7238, 134.2 mm SL, Argentina, Misiones, Uruguay River basin, Melo stream, 27��25'2.67"S, 54��42'7.93"W, November 13, 2016. G. Aguilera, J. M. Mirande, G. Ter��n, M. Benitez, D. Baldo, J. M. Ferro and F. Alonso. Paratypes. All material collected with Holotype. CI-FML 7239, 6 ex. (2 ex. C&S), 54.6 ��� 175.6 mm SL; LGEP 529, 1 ex., 107.4 mm SL; LGEP 530, 5 ex., 58.3���113.4 mm SL; LGEP 538, 1 ex. C&S, 70.5 mm SL; IBIGEO-I 446, 3 ex., 65.1���89.7 mm SL. Diagnosis. Heptapterus mandimbusu is distinguished by its unique coloration pattern, with aggregated melanophores scattered on dorsal and lateral surfaces of body, forming conspicuous blotches of variable size (Fig. 1 and 2) vs. absence of this pattern in the remaining species of the genus. Heptapterus bleekeri, H. fissipinnis, H. multiradiatus, H. mustelinus, H. qenqo, H. stewarti, H. sympterigium and H. tapanahoniensis present a rather uniform earth-brown coloration pattern (with some irregular markings on head and sometimes indistinct on back in H. bleekeri); while H. mbya and H. ornaticeps have a uniform coloration pattern (greyish and blackish respectively). There are three species of Heptapterus inhabiting Argentinean basins, the type species of the genus Heptapterus mustelinus, and the recently described, H. qenqo and H. mbya. Heptapterus mandimbusu n. sp., has a longer interdorsal distance (13.8���18.9 % SL), which distinguishes it from H. mustelinus (3.1���5.0 % SL), H. qenqo (9.5���13.2 % SL), and H. mbya (5.8���8.3 % SL). Heptapterus mandimbusu can be further distinguished from H. mustelinus by a shorter distance between the anal-fin origin and hypural plate (32.9���39.1 % SL vs. 39.6���45.7 % SL), a longer distance between the origins of pelvic and pectoral fins (24.5���28.1 % SL vs. 20.4���24.2 % SL), a shorter adipose-fin base (33.8���41.5 % SL vs. 51.5���59.6 % SL), a shorter anal-fin base (15.7���20.9 % SL vs. 20.9��� 28.0 % SL), a smaller orbital diameter (10.3���14.1 % HL vs. 15.0���19.9 % HL), and a lower number of anal-fin rays (14���18 vs 18���22). The number of free vertebrae in Heptapterus mandimbusu (47) is lower than in H. qenqo (51��� 52) and H. mbya (51���53), the caudal peduncle depth is shallowest than in H. qenqo (13.8���19.3 % SL vs. 19.8���25.4 % SL), and the adipose-fin base is shorter than in H. mbya (33.8���41.5 % SL vs. 47.4���58.55 % SL). From the remaining species of the genus, Heptapterus mandimbusu can be distinguished from H. stewarti Haseman and H. sympterygium Buckup by the dorsal fin never reaching the adipose fin; from H. bleekeri Boeseman, H. fissipinnis Miranda Ribeiro, H. multiradiatus Ihering, H. ornaticeps Ahl, H. stewarti and H. sympterygium by the lower number of anal-fin rays (14���18 vs. 20���22; 23; 38���46; 19; 30 and 22���29 respectively); from H. bleekeri, H. fissipinnis, H. multiradiatus, H. stewarti, H. sympterigium, and H. ornaticeps by the shorter maxillary barbel length that never reaches the pectoral fin, even in small juveniles; and from H. tapanahoniensis Mees by the higher number of vertebrae (47 vs. 43) and branchiostegal rays (8���9 vs. 7) and the adipose fin confluent with the caudal fin (vs. separated). The monospecific genera Acentronichthys Eigenmann & Eigenmann, probably allied to Heptapterus due to the share of an elongated body and the adipose fin confluent to caudal fin, can be distinguished from Heptapterus mandimbusu by the caudal fin deeply forked (vs. distal profile of caudal fin slanted). Description. Morphometric data of holotype and 16 paratypes presented in Table 1. Body and fins covered by small sharp papillae, more evident on dorsum. Papillae on first rays of dorsal, pectoral, and pelvic fins and upper caudal-fin lobe prolonged into small filament that can carry inside minute dark-brown soft structures, very thin and spiniform (see Figure 3 in Azpelicueta et al. 2011). Dorsal profile of body slightly convex, from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin, almost straight through dorsal-fin base, concave along dorsal profile of peduncle. Ventral profile slanting ventrally from snout tip to vertical through middle opercle, slightly concave or straight to pelvic-fin origin, almost straight to anal-fin origin, and concave or almost straight to caudal fin. Maximum body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Maximum body width at level of pectoral fins, where body has circular section; posterior half of body increasingly laterally compressed to caudal peduncle. Head depressed and broad, covered by thick skin. Anterior nostrils with tubular rim, located closer to snout tip than to eye. Posterior nostrils surrounded by a membrane, largest on anterior margin, and closer to eye than to snout tip. Snout rounded in dorsal view, moderated in size (2.4 to 2.9 times in HL). Small eyes (7.7 to 9.7 times in HL) covered by skin. Interorbital width containing 1.3 to 2.0 times orbital diameter. Mouth subterminal, wide and opening anteriorly. Premaxilla without backward projections, anterior margin convex and posterior one slightly slanted, with a single broad band carrying the teeth. Premaxillary teeth conical and fine placed in 8���10 irregular rows. One tooth band on each dentary; bands anteriorly broad and slender posteriorly; distal end of band following curvature of inner wall of dentary. Dentary teeth conical, placed in 6���8 irregular rows. Cranial fontanel long and slender, with its anterior margin at line through half length of lateral ethmoid and reaching posteriorly end of supraoccipital. Anterior fontanel slightly wider than posterior fontanel. Epiphyseal bar situated at line through posterior eye margin. Maxillary barbel base at same level that anterior nostril, with its basal third resting in deep sulcus. Maxillary barbel short (1.3 to 1.9 times in HL) not reaching pectoral-fin origin, even in small juveniles. Outer mental barbel base at vertical through posterior nostril, its tip reaching near vertical through tip of maxillary barbel. Inner mental barbel base at same level than outer mental barbel, its tip slightly surpassing vertical through posterior orbital margin. Dorsal-fin origin a little anterior to vertical line trough pelvic-fin insertion, with one short unbranched ray (1.1���1.5 times in first branched dorsal-fin ray) and six branched rays. Dorsal fin not reaching adipose fin, separated from it by distance 1.1���1.8 of HL. Adipose-fin origin slightly anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin. Adiposefin base length short (2.4 to 3.0 times in SL) and confluent with caudal fin. Caudal-fin distal profile slanted, with i,6 + 6���7,i rays. Upper caudal-fin lobe longer and broader than lower lobe. Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 9(3), ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 12(1), 15(1), or 16(1). Anal-fin origin located on posterior half of body, with 14(1) 15(5), 16(6), 17(4*), or 18(1) rays. Anal-fin rays in two C&S specimens vi,10���11 (total anal-fin rays 16 and 17 respectively). Pectoral fin with i,7���8 (one specimen with 7 and 16* with 8). Tip of pectoral fin reaching halflength or less between pectoral- and pelvic-fin origins. Pelvic fin with i,5 rays. Pelvic, pectoral, anal, and dorsal fins with their distal margins rounded. Cephalic sensory canal bearing five pores on supraorbital canal, five pores on infraorbital canal, and 11 on preoperculomandibular canal. Lateral line almost straight, complete, and uninterrupted, reaching compound caudal complex. Pores on anterior portion of lateral line well developed and almost inconspicuous on posterior portion. Counts on C&S material: vertebrae 47(3), precaudal vertebrae 11(2)���12(1), caudal vertebrae 35(1)���36(2). Twelve to fourteen gill rakers of first gill arch (10���12 on ceratobranchial; one on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, and one on epibranchial). Branchiostegal rays 8(2) to 9(1). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore between neural spine of sixth and seventh vertebrae (3), first anal-fin pterygiophore between hemal spine of vertebrae 22��� 23(1), 23���24(1) or 24���25(1). Pleural ribs 8(2)���9(1). Color in alcohol. Coloration pattern represented by aggregated melanophores scattered on dorsal and lateral surfaces of body, forming conspicuous size-variable blotches. Body background pale yellow, dorsum dark-brown with melanophores densely aggregated, especially over head, loosely aggregated on lateral surface of body, and ventral surface almost without melanophores, especially on prepelvic area. Five darker transverse bands, first one over supraoccipital region, second one at level of pectoral fins, third one just anterior to dorsal-fin origin and separated from fourth band by lighter area occupying dorsal-fin origin. Fourth dark band at insertion of third or fourth dorsal-fin rays and fifth band at interdorsal area. Second band is prolonged on lateral surface of body to pectoral-fin base. A very slender stripe from that band to end of caudal peduncle. Base of dorsal and anal fins with a dark band, not evident in all specimens, occupying one third of fin length. Caudal-fin base with dark band on distal margin of skin covering caudal-fin rays, more evident in small specimens. Pectoral and pelvic-fin base darker than distal end. Adipose fin with chromatophores scattered over entire fin and aggregated forming a diffuse dark band on distal margin of fin. All fins with minute chromatophores following each ray. Distribution. Currently known only from its type locality at Melo stream (Fig. 3), Uruguay River basin, Northeastern Argentina. Habitat and ecological notes. At type locality, the stream is characterized by clear water and low current velocity. The structure of the stream presents sequences of pools of 1 to 1.5 meters and shallow riffles, surrounded by native vegetation (Fig. 4). Etymology. The specific name ��� mandimbusu ��� is the combination of two words from the Guaran�� language, mand��=catfish and mbusu=eel, in allusion to its body form and the vernacular name used in Argentina to refer to Heptapterus (bagre anguila). The specific name is the apposition of two nouns., Published as part of Aguilera, Gast��n, Benitez, Mauricio, Ter��n, Guillermo Enrique, Alonso, Felipe & Mirande, Juan Marcos, 2017, A new species of Heptapterus Bleeker 1858 (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) from the Uruguay River Basin in Misiones, Northeastern Argentina, pp. 572-580 in Zootaxa 4299 (4) on pages 573-579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4299.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/837101

In May 2016 we have published the second update to CLOFFAR and in these few months a total of 22 changes have summed up. The total number of fishes known from the freshwaters of Argentina has increased to 538, caused by one new Hoplias and 13 first records. Four new combinations and four synonymizations do not have influence on the total count. The paper of most importance in quantity without doubt is the one of Casciotta et al. on their findings in the Iguazú National Park, unfortunately also including two first records of exotic introduced species, Clarias gariepinus and Geophagus brasiliensis. Clarias gariepinus was included in this update against our standard to only recognize records which have been published based on voucher material. In this case the determination could undoubtfully be done based on a photo and this invasive species has been reported before from the lower Iguazú river in Brazil in 2012 already. The confirmation of Crenicichla iguassuensis has undergone some see-saw development in the past and the respective remarks can be found when following the link. Also another publication needs to be commented on: The synonymyzations of four rivulids by Calviño has been published as an isolated statement beyond any systematical context. Nevertheless, it has been formally published and in some of these cases the probability of being synonyms had been stated previously by other authors. Future will show the resilience and acceptance of those synonymizations. The paper of Ortí et al. dates from 2008 and was simply not known to us before and thus, the new combination of Myloplus tiete from Myleus is only included now, eigth years later. Fil: Koerber, Stefan. Gesellschaft für Ichthyolgie; Alemania Fil: Litz, Thomas O.. Gesellschaft für Ichthyolgie; Alemania Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina

Microglanis nigrolineatus, new species, is described from streams of Bermejo River basin, northwestern Argentina. It is distinguished from all congeners by a combination of characters including a unique coloration pattern: a thin dark line that runs along middle body from vertical line through dorsal-fin origin to end of adipose fin, delimiting two dark-brown areas ending in a dark blotch crossing entire body depth just anterior to caudal-fin origin and dorsal region of head uniformly dark, lacking a paler area on nuchal region. Also, thorn serrae on anterior margin of pectoral-fin spine are short. This is the first species of Microglanis described from Argentina. Fil: Teran, Guillermo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Ribeirao Jarduli, Lucas. Universidad Estadual de Londrina; Brasil Fil: Alonso, Felipe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentina Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Akio Shibatta, Oscar. Universidad Estadual de Londrina; Brasil

Hypostomus boulengeri (Eigenmann and Kennedy, 1903) is a poorly known species recorded from the Paraguay and Paraná River basins. In this work we report the occurrence of this species in the Bermejo River basin for the first time, representing a distribution range extension of more than 600 km. Hypostomus boulengeri (Eigenmann y Kennedy 1903) es una especie poco conocida, registrada en las cuencas de los ríos Paraguay y Paraná. En este trabajo reportamos por primera vez la presencia de esta especie en la cuenca del río Bermejo, que representa una ampliación en la distribución de más de 600 km. Fil: Alonso, Felipe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Teran, Guillermo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo. San Miguel de Tucumán; Argentina Fil: Aguilera, Gaston. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo. San Miguel de Tucumán; Argentina Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo. San Miguel de Tucumán; Argentina

Aphyocharax anisitsi es registrado por primera vez en la Cuenca alta del Río Bermejo, Argentina, en las provincias de Salta y Jujuy. Esto representa una extensión de la distribución conocida de aproximadamente 600 km. Además, se cita material de colección de A. dentatus para el área por primera vez. Aphyocharax anisitsi is recorded for the first time from the upper Bermejo River, Argentina, in the provinces of Salta and Jujuy. This represents a range extension of the known distribution of approximately 600 km. Also, collection specimens of A. dentatus from this area are cited for first time. Fil: Teran, Guillermo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo. San Miguel de Tucumán; Argentina Fil: Alonso, Felipe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentina Fil: Aguilera, Gaston. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo. San Miguel de Tucumán; Argentina Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo. San Miguel de Tucumán; Argentina

Several species of Astyanax have been reported from Argentina which currently are considered not to be distributed so far South or whose identity as Astyanax is doubtful. These records have been copied during decades based on historic accounts or erroneous determination. We conclude that Astyanax bimaculatus, A. fasciatus, A. paranahybae, A. scabripinnis, and A. taeniatus shall be excluded from the faunal lists of Argentina and, at least in the case of A. fasciatus, also of Uruguay. Varias especies de Astyanax han sido reportadas para Argentina, de las que actualmente no se considera que estén distribuidas tan al sur o cuya identidad en Astyanax es dudosa. Estos registros han sido repetidos durante décadas basándose en cuestiones históricas o identificaciones erróneas. Nosotros concluimos que Astyanax bimaculatus, A. fasciatus, A. paranahybae, A. scabripinnis y A. taeniatus deberían ser excluidas de las listas de fauna de Argentina y, al menos en el caso de A. fasciatus, también de Uruguay. Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina Fil: Koerber, Stefan.

Despite the fact that this first update of CLOFFAR contains 15 changes, the number of species has increased by only 4. The main driver for the recent changes is the paper of Thomaz et al., proposing 8 new combinations for stevardiine characiforms. In addition, 2 new Crenicichla and first records for a tachuela, a pejerrey, and a heptapterid have been published. The latter also resulted in the negative account for another heptapterid, erroneously determined before, increasing the number of freshwater fish species known from Argentina to 519. Fil: Koerber, Stefan. Fil: Litz, Thomas O.. Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina

The purpose of this paper is to present an updated list of freshwater fishes found in Argentina based on the available literature. Since the last list was published in 2003, most systematical and distributional changes were presented on www.pecescriollos.de and updates have been published frequently. In only 12 years the number of species reported from Argentina has increased from 379 to 515 and the mentioned accumulative updates at the end had reached 15 pages, becoming a little bit complex and cluttered when used as supplements to the list published by López et al. (2003). After receiving several incitements we finally decided to review the available data and elaborate the present contribution. As usual in the past years already, we will continue to frequently publish updates, offering the possibility to keep updated on the species of freshwater fishes from Argentina. Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina Fil: Koerber, Stefan.

Jenynsia luxata, una nueva especie del noroeste de Argentina, es descripta. Esta especie es diagnosticable por presentar los procesos mediales de los huesos pélvicos izquierdo y derecho relativamente reducidos y separados. La nueva especie se parece a J. multidentata, pero se distingue de ésta por la ausencia de un abultamiento entre la abertura urogenital y la base de la aleta anal en hembras y por detalles en el patrón de coloración. Los análisis filogenéticos, tanto bajo pesos implicados como iguales, recuperan los subgéneros Plesiojenynsia y Jenynsia como unidades monofiléticas. Se aporta nueva información sobre caracteres de J. maculata previamente codificados como entradas faltantes. Esos datos y los caracteres filogenéticos codificados para la nueva especie aquí descripta contribuyen a una mayor resolución de las relaciones filogenéticas dentro del subgénero Jenynsia, que está aquí soportado por sinapomorfías adicionales en relación a las filogenias previas. Jenynsia luxata, a new species from northwestern Argentina, is described. This species is diagnosable from all other Jenynsia by the medial processes of left and right pelvic bones relatively reduced and separated from each other. The new species resembles J. multidentata, but it is further distinguished from this species by the absence of a swelling between the urogenital opening and the anterior base of the anal fin in females and details of coloration. Phylogenetic analyses, both under implied and equal weighting, recover the subgenera Plesiojenynsia and Jenynsia as monophyletic units. New information on previously missing characters of Jenynsia maculata is added. These data and phylogenetic characters coded for the new species herein described contribute to a better resolution of the phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus Jenynsia, which is herein supported by additional synapomorphies relative to previous phylogenies. Fil: Aguilera, Gastón. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Vertebrados. Sección Ictiología; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET - Tucumán; Argentina; Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET - Tucumán; Argentina; Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Vertebrados. Sección Ictiología; Argentina; Fil: Calviño, Pablo A.. Grupo de Estudio del Killi Club Argentino; Argentina; Fil: Lobo, Luis Fernando. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Vertebrados. Sección Ictiología; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET - Tucumán; Argentina

Oligosarcus platensis n. comb. (Fig. 12) Astyanacinus platensis, Messner, 1962 Although the single-known specimen of Astyanacinus platensis Messner was not included in this phylogeny, a close examination by one of the authors (MMA) revealed that it has a row of, at least, two tricuspidate ectopterygoid teeth. A row of ectopterygoid teeth is present only in Oligosarcus and Xenagoniates, among the analyzed characids lacking a supraorbital bone. According to Mirande (2010), Xenagoniates is deeply nested into the Aphyocharacinae. Astyanacinus platensis shares with Oligosarcus, in addition to the row of tricuspidate ectopterygoid teeth (ch. 159, state 1; synapomorphy 4 of Oligosarcus), a somewhat posteroventrally angled articulation between the second and third infraorbitals (ch. 62, state 2; synapomorphy 3 of Oligosarcus), although this articulation in A. platensis is less angled that in the species of Oligosarcus. The articulation between the second and third infraorbitals in Xenagoniates and, indeed, in all the species of the clade composed of the Aphyocharacinae, Aphyoditeinae, and Cheirodontinae analyzed by Mirande (2010) is anteroventrally angled, in an opposite condition to that of A. platensis. Thus, this species is herein proposed to be transferred to the genus Oligosarcus., Published as part of Mirande, Juan Marcos, Aguilera, Gast��n & Azpelicueta, Mar��a De Las Mercedes, 2011, A threatened new species of Oligosarcus and its phylogenetic relationships, with comments on Astyanacinus (Teleostei: Characidae), pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2994 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201381, {"references":["Messner, E. (1962) Lista de los peces Tetragonopterinae (fam. Characidae) del Uruguay. Boletin de la Asociacion Latinoamericana de Ictiologos y Herpetologos, 2, 4 - 5.","Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568."]}

Oligosarcus itau, new species (Figs. 1���2, Table 1) ��� Astyanacinus ��� sp., Mirande, 2008 Characidae n. gen., n. sp., Mirande, 2009 Oligosarcus sp., Mirande, 2010 Holotype. CI-FML 3856, male, 62.1 mm SL, Argentina, Salta, General San Mart��n, R��o Bermejo basin, small tributary to R��o Itau, near Campo Largo, 22 �� 01' 34 '' S, 63 �� 56 ' 06'' W, 690 m a.s.l. coll. J. M. Mirande, G. Aguilera & C. Aguirre. November 2005. Paratypes. CI-FML 3857, 1 ex., female, 66.2 mm SL, collected with holotype. CI-FML 3858, 1 ex., male, C&S, 61.4 mm SL, collected with holotype. Diagnosis. Distinguished from remaining species of Oligosarcus by presence of two well distinct rows of premaxillary teeth (vs. one row composed by both large and small teeth) (Fig. 3). One C&S specimen of Oligosarcus itau has four unbranched dorsal-fin rays, a feature not found in other characids; however, presence or absence of very small anteriormost dorsal-fin ray could not be evaluated in alcohol-preserved specimens. The new species further distinguishes from all remaining species of genus excepting O. pintoi by presence of pentacuspidate dentary teeth (vs. conical to tricuspidate). Oligosarcus itau further distinguishes from O. pintoi by presence of 8���13 maxillary teeth (vs. 15���23) (Fig. 3), 21���23 branched anal-fin rays (vs. 24���28), 18���19 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 13��� 16), 41���42 lateral-line scales (vs. 36���40), presence of two pairs of uroneurals (vs. one), presence of a well-developed temporal fossa (Fig. 4)(vs. absent; Fig. 5), and possession of a distally expanded sphenotic spine (Fig. 4)(vs. distally notched; Fig. 5). Further distinguished from Oligosarcus bolivianus, also inhabiting R��o Bermejo basin, by shorter maxilla, not reaching middle length of eye (vs. reaching, or almost reaching vertical through posterior margin of eye), lower number of ectopterygoid teeth (3���4 vs. 9���11), lower number of lateral-line scales (41���43 vs. 49���55), transverse (9 / 5���7 vs. 11 / 8), and circumpeduncular scales (18���19 vs. 21���23), and fewer number of maxillary teeth (8���13 vs. 15��� 24). Oligosarcus itau distinguishes from O. platensis n. comb. (see Discussion) by fewer anal-fin rays (21���23 vs. 27) and maxillary teeth (8���13 vs. 16) and by dentary teeth gradually decreasing in size (vs. two anterior dentary teeth conspicuously longer than posterior ones). Description. Morphometrics of holotype and two paratypes are presented in Table 1. Body moderately deep (36.3���37.5 % SL), with maximum depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of snout slightly convex and straight to tip of supraoccipital process; slightly convex to dorsal-fin origin; almost straight from this point to caudal peduncle; gently concave along caudal peduncle to base of caudal-fin rays. Ventral profile of body gently convex from lower-jaw tip to pelvic-fin origin; straight to anal-fin origin; straight along base of anal fin, and gently concave under caudal peduncle. Ventral portion of body between pectoral and pelvic fin origins transversely rounded; ventral portion of body between origins of pelvic and anal fins more compressed laterally. Dorsal-fin origin slightly posterior to middle standard length (predorsal distance 54.7 ���57.0 % SL). Pelvic-fin origin situated anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Anal-fin origin situated at vertical through base of posteriormost dorsal-fin rays. Tip of pectoral fin reaching pelvic-fin origin when adpressed against body; tip of pelvic fin not reaching anal-fin origin. Mouth terminal, situated at level of inferior third of eye; maxilla following a rather continuous line with premaxilla, extended posteriorly to anterior third of orbit. Premaxilla bearing two series of teeth. Outer row with 4 (3 *) tricuspidate teeth, with very small lateral cusps. Inner row with 5 narrow teeth with a central cusp well developed, and lateral cusps smaller; symphysial tooth very slender and long, with 4 cusps; second and third teeth slightly wider with 5 cusps; fourth and fifth teeth with 3���4 cusps; medial three teeth on inner premaxillary row separated from each other by visible spaces. Laminar process of maxilla rather long, with 8���13 conical or tricuspidate teeth, reaching 3 / 4 of its length (Fig. 3); ligamentum primordiale attached on horizontal line through first maxillary tooth base. Dentary with maximum depth approximately at posterior fourth of its length, bearing 4 pentacuspidate teeth followed by 10 smaller tricuspidate or conical teeth (Fig. 6). Lateral cusps of dentary teeth much smaller than medial one. Ectopterygoid with 3���4 teeth (Fig. 6). Eye moderately large, longer than snout. Third infraorbital not contacting laterosensory canal of preopercle. Dorsal fin with iv, 9 rays; first ray visible only in C&S specimen; distal margin of dorsal fin straight, with last unbranched and first branched dorsal-fin rays longest. Anal fin with v-vi, 21 (1 *), 23 (2) rays. Caudal fin with principal rays i, 17,i. Pectoral fin with i, 12, i, 13 (*), or i, 14 rays. Pelvic fin with i, 7 rays. Scales cycloid, without circuli on posterior field. Lateral line complete with 41 (1 *) or 42 (2) perforated scales. Scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 9 (3 *); scales between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 5 (1 *), 6 (1), or 7 (1). Scales around caudal peduncle 18 (2 *) or 19 (1). Predorsal scales 16���17. One row of 10���14 scales forming a sheath covering base of anterior anal-fin rays. Few scales covering only proximal region of caudal-fin lobes. First branchial arch with 22���23 gill rakers: 8���9 on epibranchial, 1 on cartilage, 10���11 on ceratobranchial, and 2 on hypobranchial; posterior edge of first epibranchial with a second row of 3���5 gill rakers. Gill rakers on first ceratobranchial with broad denticles especially on anterior and posterior edges. Thirty-six vertebrae (18 precaudal and 18 caudal). Five supraneurals, 12 pairs of ribs. Caudal fin with 12 dorsal and 10 ventral procurrent rays. Sexual dimorphism. S mall anal-fin lobe formed by last unbranched and first 1���2 branched rays in both sexes, pointed in female and rounded in males. Males with hooks on last unbranched anal-fin ray and posterior branch of first 9���11 branched anal-fin rays; one pair of hooks per segment. Males bearing hooks on pelvic-fin rays 2���5, one pair of hooks per segment. One small hook at tip of caudal fin of one C&S male specimen. No gill-derived gland observed in males or females. Colour in life. Body silvery, darker dorsally. Lateral band faint. Two vertically elongated humeral spots, anterior one well defined and narrow and posterior one faint. Caudal spot extended to end of median caudal-fin rays. Dorsum of head and snout dark. Cheek and opercle silvery and finely dotted with melanophores; grey maxilla. Dorsal region of eye red or brown. Fins yellow proximally and red distally (Fig. 1). Colour in alcohol. Body yellowish, darker dorsally. Dorsum of head dark with evident chromatophores scattered on cheek and opercle. Scales from upper half of flank more densely pigmented, especially in their distal margin, giving a reticulated aspect. First humeral spot vertically elongated, anteriorly situated on flank, with its ventral end almost contacting posterior margin of opercular flap. A rather thin lateral band on flank extended from anterior humeral spot, through a diffuse posterior humeral spot and caudal peduncle to end of middle caudal-fin rays. A dark, rhomboidal spot present at caudal peduncle (Fig. 2). Distribution. Oligosarcus itau is only known from an unnamed stream in the road to Campo Largo, General San Mart��n, Salta, Argentina; this stream is an affluent of the R��o Itau, R��o Bermejo basin (Fig. 7). Conservation notes. Specimens were found in a rainforest stream with riffles and pools of one or two meters with bottom ranging from gravel to large rocks (Fig. 8). The stomach of one C&S specimen contained mainly allochthonous insects. The stream in which this species was collected flows through the piedmont rainforest of north-western Argentina; these environments are highly endangered and are disappearing due to human activities. The particular area where this species inhabits is concessioned to a hydrocarbon exploitation company and it is subjected to permanent modifications of their water courses; this and the apparently natural scarcity of specimens of this species in its only known locality make it highly vulnerable. Despite the relatively high collection efforts in the basin, this species was found only in this stream, and probably it constitutes a microendemism. Etymology. The specific name itau refers to the R��o Itau. This word probably derives from the guaran�� words ��� it�� ���, meaning stone, and ���y��� (pronounced as the German �� in Guaran�� language), meaning water. A noun in apposition. Phylogenetic results. The phylogenetic hypothesis proposed herein is the strict consensus of the most parsimonious trees obtained between the 8 th and 14 th values of k (9.00��� 16.44) in the analyses under implied weighting. This phylogeny is much similar to that proposed by Mirande (2010), and the discussion is principally focused on the relationships of Oligosarcus and Astyanacinus (Fig. 9). Characters and states listed correspond to that described by Mirande (2010), excepting for character 366 (see below). The resolution of the internal relationships of Oligosarcus was not a primary objective of this paper; however, it is noticeable that O. itau n. sp. is the sister taxon of the remaining analyzed species of the genus in all the analyses performed. The monophyly of Oligosarcus is well supported and stable across all the analyses, both under implied weighting and self-weighted optimization (Fig. 9)., Published as part of Mirande, Juan Marcos, Aguilera, Gast��n & Azpelicueta, Mar��a De Las Mercedes, 2011, A threatened new species of Oligosarcus and its phylogenetic relationships, with comments on Astyanacinus (Teleostei: Characidae), pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2994 on pages 4-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201381, {"references":["Mirande, J. M. (2008) Filogenia de la familia Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). PhD Thesis, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Tucuman, 520 pp.","Mirande, J. M. (2009) Weighted parsimony phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). Cladistics, 25, 574 - 613.","Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568."]}

Autapomorphy of Oligosarcus itau Oligosarcus itau has only one autapomorphy in the present analysis: 1. The presence of a posterior branch of the posttemporal laterosensory canal (ch. 88, state 0) (Mirande, 2010: figure 47). This character-state is present in some characids with a bony supraorbital, but it was found only in Oligosarcus itau among the species lacking the supraorbital (node 170). Synapomorphy of node 236 (Bramocharax clade) 1. The dorsoventral depression of the epioccipital bridge (ch. 5, state 1). This character state is unique to this node and unreversed. Oligosarcus is the sister group of Bramocharax bransfordii under all the analytical conditions explored, constituting the Bramocharax clade of Mirande (2009, 2010). Relationships of the Bramocharax clade are variable across the different analyses. In the three lowest concavities under implied weighting, these genera are included in a large clade composed of the species of the Astyanax clade of Mirande (2010). In the remaining concavities under both implied weighting and self-weigthed optimization, the Bramocharax clade is not included in the Astyanax clade and it is instead related to the Rhoadsiinae and the Pseudochalceus clade (Mirande, 2010). In the final hypothesis, herein proposed, the Bramocharax clade forms a trichotomy with a clade composed of the Rhoadsiinae and Pseudochalceus clade and a large clade composed of most characids (Fig. 9). Synapomorphies of node 311 (Oligosarcus) 1. The well developed temporal fossa (ch. 13, state 0) (Fig. 4). The temporal fossa was described by Weitzman (1962) for Brycon meeki Eigenmann & Hildebrand, and it was observed herein occurring as parallelisms with this node in Bryconamericus emperador, Bryconexodon juruenae G��ry, and Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier). This synapomorphy is reversed in Oligosarcus pintoi, in which the temporal fossa is absent (Fig. 5). 2. The absence of a dorsal expansion of the rhinosphenoid (ch. 48, state 0) (Fig. 4). This character-state occurs as parallelisms in node 196 and in Agoniates anchovia Eigenmann. In Bramocharax bransfordii, as in many other characids, the rhinosphenoid instead have a dorsal expansion projected between the olfactory nerves (Mirande, 2010: figure 24). 3. The posteroventrally angled articulation between the second and third infraorbitals (ch. 62, state 2) (Mirande, 2010: figure 39). This character-state is paralleled in the Characinae (node 169), in Bryconops melanurus (Bloch), and Hollandichthys multifasciatus (Eigenmann). Usually, this character-state is associated with the elongation of the maxilla and predatory habits. However, Bramocharax bransfordii, which shares these features, has the state 0 of this character. This character is unreversed in the analyzed species of Oligosarcus and is shared by O. perdido (Ribeiro et al., 2007: figure 2 A). 4. The presence of a row of ectopterygoid teeth (ch. 159, state 1) (Fig. 6). The ectopterygoid teeth are present, among the characids lacking a supraorbital bone, only in Oligosarcus and Xenagoniates, among the taxa herein analyzed. This character was considered as potentially supporting the monophyly of Oligosarcus by Ribeiro et al. (2007), fact that is corroborated in this paper. 5. The laterally displaced position of the cartilage situated dorsal to the ectopterygoid (ch. 161, state 1) (Fig. 10). Paralleled in a clade composed of the genera Acestrocephalus, Charax, Cynopotamus, Galeocharax, and Roeboides and in Exodon paradoxus M��ller & Troschel. Reversed in Oligosarcus pintoi in which this cartilage, as usual in the Characidae, is parallel and close to the lateral margin of the mesopterygoid (Fig. 11). 6. The presence of paired bony lamellae bordering the laterosensory canal of the suprapreopercle (ch. 176, state 1) (Mirande, 2010: figure 34). This character-state is only paralleled in Markiana nigripinnis (Perugia), among the examined taxa, and it is unreversed among the analyzed species of Oligosarcus. However, such bony lamellae are apparently absent in O. perdido (Ribeiro et al., 2007: figure 2 C), not analyzed herein, and it would constitute the single known reversal of this character within Oligosarcus. 7. The presence of two pairs of uroneurals (ch. 306, state 1). This is a relatively highly homoplastic character within the Characidae. Paralleled in the Bryconamericus scleroparius clade (node 244), in the node composed of Bryconexodon juruenae and Exodon paradoxus (node 276 of Mirande, 2010), in Galeocharax humeralis (Valenciennes), and in Markiana nigripinnis. Reversed in Oligosarcus pintoi. Synapomorphies of node 310 (Oligosarcus excepting O. itau) 1. The posterior expansion of the fourth infraorbital (ch. 68, state 1) (Mirande, 2010: figure 34). Paralleled in the clades composed of Acestrocephalus, Cynopotamus, and Galeocharax (node 210 of Mirande, 2010) and Acestrorhynchus and Rhaphiodon (node 174 of Mirande, 2010). This character-state is shared with Oligosarcus perdido (Ribeiro et al., 2007: figure 2 A), which would be included in this node. 2. The presence of seven or more pores in the laterosensory canal of the dentary (ch. 80, state 1). Paralleled in a clade including most members of the Characinae (node 167) and in Rhaphiodon vulpinus Agassiz. This character-state is apparently shared with O. perdido (Ribeiro et al., 2007: figure 2 C). 3. The presence of a pair of large conical premaxillary teeth (ch. 121, state 1) (Mirande, 2010: figure 51). Paralleled in the clade composed of Acestrorhynchus and Rhaphiodon (node 174 of Mirande, 2010). Also shared with Oligosarcus perdido (Ribeiro et al., 2007: figure 2 B). 4. The aligned cusps in the teeth of the inner premaxillary series, when present (ch. 128, state 1) (Mirande, 2010: figure 67). This is a highly homoplastic character. The acquisition of this state is paralleled in the clade composed of the subfamilies Aphyocharacinae, Aphyoditeinae, and Cheirodontinae (node 208), in the clade composed of Attonitus and Aulixidens (node 245 of Mirande, 2010), in the Rhoadsiinae (node 249), in the clade composed of Coptobrycon, Grundulus, and Gymnocharacinus (node 280 of Mirande, 2010), in Hemigrammus bleheri G��ry & Mahnert, and in Odontostoechus lethostigmus Gomes. This character is optimized in this node with the state present in Oligosarcus menezesi and O. pintoi because the remaining species in this clade lack teeth unambiguously attributable to those of the second row. In Oligosarcus menezesi and O. pintoi the premaxillary teeth of both rows are condensed in a single row, but some of them were observed to have extraosseous development and slightly posterior implantation than the remaining teeth. These teeth are, therefore, attributed to the posterior premaxillary row. 5. The presence of four or fewer teeth in the inner premaxillary series, when present (ch. 129, state 0). Paralleled in the clade composed of the Bryconamericus scleroparius clade and the subfamilies Aphyocharacinae, Aphyoditeinae, Cheirodontinae, Gymnocharacinae, and Stevardiinae (node 193), in the clade composed of Mimagoniates and Pseudocorynopoma (node 235 of Mirande, 2010), in Markiana nigripinnis, and in Probolodus heterostomus Eigenmann. This character is coded in the members of this clade only in Oligosarcus menezesi, with three teeth in a presumably posterior row, and in O. pintoi, with four. The remaining species in this clade have a single row of differently sized and shaped premaxillary teeth which are not easily attributable to neither premaxillary tooth rows, and this character was coded as inapplicable to them. 6. The abrupt decrease in size of the dentary teeth (ch. 148, state 1). Paralleled in the Bryconops clade (node 278 of Mirande, 2010), a clade including most species in the Tetragonopterinae (node 223 of Mirande, 2010), in Hemibrycon (node 255 of Mirande, 2010), and in Astyanax latens, A. paris Azpelicueta, Almir��n & Casciotta, Bryconamericus emperador, and Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi G��ry. 7. The anterodorsal portion of the quadrate equal or longer than its ventral region (ch. 150, state 1) (Mirande, 2010: figure 73). This character-state is present in several species with predatory habits and elongated jaws, being acquired as parallelisms among the Characidae in a clade including most members of the Characinae (node 211 of Mirande, 2010), in the Pseudochalceus clade (node 289), in the clade composed of Acestrorhynchus, Agoniates, and Rhaphiodon (node 175 of Mirande, 2010), and in Exodon paradoxus. 8. The absent or reduced in size bony lamellae associated with the supraneurals (ch. 282, state 0). Paralleled in the clade composed of Bario steindachneri (Eigenmann) and Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (Steindachner) (node 272 of Mirande, 2010) and independently in Acestrocephalus sardina (Fowler), Astyanacinus moorii, and Nematocharax venustus Weitzman, Menezes & Britski. 9. The notched distal tip of the sphenotic spine (ch. 366, state 1) (Fig. 5). Paralleled in Roeboexodon geryi. This character is herein added relative to the phylogeny by Mirande (2010) and defined as: ���Form of distal tip of sphenotic spine: (0) slender or somewhat expanded; (1) notched, limiting levator arcus palatini anterior and posterodorsally���. In most characids the sphenotic has a lateroventral projection, the sphenotic spine, limiting anteriorly and/or laterally the levator arcus palatini muscle. In those species the sphenotic spine is slender or somewhat expanded from lateral view, limiting the levator arcus palatini anteriorly and, in some species, also laterally (state 0; Fig. 4). In most examined species of Oligosarcus and apparently also in O. perdido (Ribeiro et al., 2007: figure 1), the sphenotic spine is distally notched in lateral view (state 1; Fig. 5). In this state an anterior projection of the sphenotic spine limits anteriorly the levator arcus palatini, whereas the posterior section limits it posterodorsally. In Oligosarcus itau n. sp. the sphenotic spine is expanded from lateral view, and it limits the adductor mandibulae anterior and laterally, but lacks a posterior projection limiting that muscle posterodorsally. A distally notched sphenotic spine was only observed among the characids in the remaining species of Oligosarcus and in Roeboexodon geryi Myers; all the remaining species in the dataset are coded with state 0 of this character. Character 12 refers to the relative position of the sphenotic spine relative to the orbit (see Mirande, 2010). Differing from Mirande (2010), it was herein coded as inapplicable to the species of Oligosarcus excepting O. itau, because in those species the anterior branch is aligned with the anterior margin of the infraorbitals but the posterior one is clearly displaced posteriorly. Relationships of Astyanacinus moorii. In all the performed analyses Astyanacinus moorii is deeply nested into the Astyanax clade (Mirande, 2010). In the proposed hypothesis A. moorii is the sister group of a clade composed of Astyanax abramis (Jenyns), A. asuncionensis G��ry, A. lineatus (Perugia), A. pelegrini Eigenmann, Markiana nigripinnis, and Psellogrammus kennedyi (Eigenmann) (node 216). According to the present results, Astyanacinus should be synonymized with Astyanax. However, this issue have to be addressed in a more comprehensive phylogeny of the Astyanax clade. The synapomorphies relating Astyanacinus moorii with node 216 are: The relatively short frontal fontanel (ch. 23, state 0), the squared or longer than deeper fourth infraorbital (ch. 67, state 0), the presence of a posteriorly oriented branch of the laterosensory system of the fourth or fifth infraorbital (ch. 74, state 1), the presence of only three cusps in the outer premaxillary teeth (ch. 125, state 0), the presence of a single developed autogenous block of cartilage in front of the basihyal (ch. 188, state 0), and the presence of circuli extended to the posterior field of the scales (ch. 319, state 0). Most of those features are rather highly homoplastic within the Characidae lacking a supraorbital, excepting character 319. The circuli on the posterior field of scales are absent in most species in the clade of characids lacking a supraorbital bone. The presence of those circuli occurs as parallelisms in this node and in Exodon paradoxus, Phenagoniates macrolepis (Meek & Hildebrand), and Roeboides microlepis (Reinhardt), while it is reversed within the node including Astyanacinus moorii only in Markiana nigripinnis., Published as part of Mirande, Juan Marcos, Aguilera, Gast��n & Azpelicueta, Mar��a De Las Mercedes, 2011, A threatened new species of Oligosarcus and its phylogenetic relationships, with comments on Astyanacinus (Teleostei: Characidae), pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2994 on pages 9-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201381, {"references":["Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568.","Mirande, J. M. (2009) Weighted parsimony phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). Cladistics, 25, 574 - 613.","Weitzman, S. H. (1962) The osteology of Brycon meeki, a generalized characid fish, with an osteological definition of the family. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin, 8, 1 - 77.","Ribeiro, A. C., Cavallaro, M. R. & Froehlich, O. (2007) Oligosarcus perdido (Characiformes, Characidae), a new species of freshwater fish from Serra da Bodoquena, upper Rio Paraguai basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1560, 43 - 53."]}

Astyanax endy: CI-FML 3834, holotype, 55.8 mm, Argentina, Salta, Or��n, Rio Bermejo basin, tributary of Rio Bermejo in its intersection with Ruta Provincial 19, near Estancia Santa Rosa., Published as part of Juan Marcos Mirande, Gast��n Aguilera & Mar��a de las Mercedes Azpelicueta, 2007, A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from the endorheic R��o Sal�� basin, Tucum��n, northwestern Argentina., pp. 31-39 in Zootaxa 1646 on page 32

Astyanax abramis: MLP 9427, 2 ex., 102.0-113.0 mm, Argentina, Misiones, Rio Parana., Published as part of Juan Marcos Mirande, Gast��n Aguilera & Mar��a de las Mercedes Azpelicueta, 2007, A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from the endorheic R��o Sal�� basin, Tucum��n, northwestern Argentina., pp. 31-39 in Zootaxa 1646 on page 32

Astyanax pynandi: MACN-Ict 8543, holotype, 56.0 mm, Argentina, Corrientes, Laguna Ibera., Published as part of Juan Marcos Mirande, Gast��n Aguilera & Mar��a de las Mercedes Azpelicueta, 2007, A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from the endorheic R��o Sal�� basin, Tucum��n, northwestern Argentina., pp. 31-39 in Zootaxa 1646 on page 32

Astyanax ita: MLP 9599, holotype, 64.0 mm, Argentina, Misiones, Rio Iguazu basin, Arroyo Tateto., Published as part of Juan Marcos Mirande, Gast��n Aguilera & Mar��a de las Mercedes Azpelicueta, 2007, A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from the endorheic R��o Sal�� basin, Tucum��n, northwestern Argentina., pp. 31-39 in Zootaxa 1646 on page 32

Astyanax tumbayaensis: CI-FML 3845, 15 ex., 57.1-75.8 mm, Argentina, Jujuy, Arroyo de los Sauces, Quebrada de Humahuaca, R��o Grande basin., Published as part of Juan Marcos Mirande, Gast��n Aguilera & Mar��a de las Mercedes Azpelicueta, 2007, A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from the endorheic R��o Sal�� basin, Tucum��n, northwestern Argentina., pp. 31-39 in Zootaxa 1646 on page 33

Mirande, Juan Marcos, Aguilera, Gast Ỏ N, Azpelicueta, Mar A De Las Mercedes (2007): A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from the endorheic R o Sal basin, Tucumán, northwestern Argentina. Zootaxa 1646: 31-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179754