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It is well understood that antigen-presenting cells (APC) within tumors typically do not maintain cytotoxic T cell (CTL) function, despite engaging them. Across multiple mouse tumor models and human biopsies, we have delineated the intratumoral and lymph node trafficking dendritic-cell (DC) populations as distinct from macrophage subsets. Within these, CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) are extremely sparse and yet remarkably capable CTL stimulators. These are uniquely dependent upon Irf8, Zbtb46, and Batf3 transcription factors and generated by GM-CSF and Flt3L cytokines. Regressing tumors have higher proportions of these cells, T cell-dependent immune clearance relies upon them, and abundance of their transcripts in human tumors predict clinical outcome. Even further, this population of stimulatory CD103+ DCs is required for the trafficking of tumoral antigen to the lymph node and the generation of anti-tumor T cell responses. As tumoral load of these DCs is predictive of immunotherapeutic clinical benefit, this cell type presents many opportunities for novel prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches across multiple cancer types.Current cancer immunotherapies are predicated on enhancing the ability of host or introduced T cells to reject tumors. However, efficient CTL function requires frequent re-priming and abundant tumor macrophages, which capture CTL at the tumor margin, either fail to achieve this and/or actively inhibit T cell responses. Here, we show that the abundant macrophages in tumors have a functional opposite, in the form of antigen-presenting CD103+ DC. These cells efficiently cross-present tumor antigens locally and in the lymph node and are differentially distributed within the tumor microenvironment compared to tolerizing APC. We describe how intratumoral CD103+ DC are uniquely targetable, how their abundance is required for T cell therapy in mice, and how their transcript abundance predicts outcome in human cancers.

This paper provides evidence on the degree and patterns of intergenerational income and educational mobility in urban Chile. We find intergenerational income elasticity’s for Greater Santiago in Chile in the range of 0.52 to 0.54. This is lower than recent nation-wide elasticities for Chile of about 0.6-0.7, but still stands as fairly high in comparison with the comparable international evidence. We also find that intergenerational educational mobility is lower for the younger cohorts, which however does not necessarily imply an increase of intergenerational educational mobility in the last decades, as life-cycle effects may be at work. Finally, we find evidence of a higher degree of intergenerational persistence of income at the two extremes of the income distribution, which is more accentuated at the top centiles of the distribution. We suggest that this may mirror the unusually high concentration of income at the top of the income distribution in Chile, a hypothesis that requires further research. Este paper proporciona evidencia sobre el grado y los patrones de movilidad intergeneracional del ingreso y la educación en zonas urbanas de Chile. Encontramos elasticidades intergeneracionales del ingreso en el Gran Santiago del orden de 0.52-0.54, las que son menores que valores reportados para Chile en el rango de 0.6-0.7, pero son aún elevadas en relación a la evidencia internacional. También encontramos mayor movilidad en los cohortes más jóvenes, lo que no debe interpretarse necesariamente como aumentos en la movilidad del ingreso, pues efectos de ciclo de vida pueden estar presentes. Finalmente, encontramos evidencia de mayor persistencia intergeneracional del ingreso en los dos extremos de la distribución, la cual es particularmente acentuada en los centiles de ingreso más altos de la población. Sugerimos que este hallazgo puede reflejar la gran concentración de ingresos en los centiles altos que caracteriza a la distribución del ingreso en Chile, hipótesis que amerita investigación a futuro.