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This book includes the proceedings of the 2nd international Conference on Future Challenges in Sustainable Urban Planning & Territorial Management held on January 29-31, 2024. Urban planning is an essential tool in our global society’s journey towards sustainability. This conference aims to be a space to share research work, ideas, experiences, projects, etc. in this field of knowledge. We seek to enhance the concept that planning and management are subjects which include technological and social matters and their own methodologies. Laws, rules, and cultures of different countries around the world are, or can be, very diverse

The occupation of rural land by dwellings, mainly secondaries and in most cases irregulars, has been a widespread practice in Spain, and in particular in the Comunitat Valenciana. The current regulations on spatial and urban planning and landscape want to provide a solution through special procedures to solve many environmental and urban problems posed by houses built on rural land outside of planning. One of the conflicts that arise with the new regulations is how to manage the minimization of the territorial impact of these homes affected by a floodplain area, in which the owners are required to adopt measures to reduce vulnerability and self-protection for existing buildings, considering the urban planning regulations of the Territorial Action Plan on flood risk prevention in the Comunitat Valenciana (PATRICOVA), whose application began in 2003. In this article, the first thing analyzed is the dimension of the problem using geographic information systems to overlay cartographies and the studies of the procedures and standards involved. Then, a reflection on how to articulate both norms to suppress the conflicts that seem to exist is presented.

This book includes the proceedings of the 1st international Conference on Future Challenges in Sustainable Urban Planning & Territorial Management celebrated on January 17-19, 2022. Urban planning is an essential tool in our global society's journey towards sustainability. This tool is as important as the territorial management to execute the plans. Both, planning and management, must be efficient to achieve the goal of sustainability inside the general framework of Sustainable Development Goals of United Nations. It does not exist any B planet so, identify urban & territorial challenges in our territories such reaching sustainable mobility, diagnose natural hazards and control land resource consumption is mandatory for our XXI century generation. Planning land uses compatibles with the ecosystem services of territory and manage them by public-private cooperation systems is a greatly challenge for our global society. Human activities do not have very frequently among their objectives to maintain ecosystem services of territory. Therefore, this field of research must help to guarantee the maintenance of natural resources, also called Natural Capital, necessary for social and economic activities of our global society. This conference aims to be a space to share research works, ideas, experiences, projects, etc. in this field of knowledge. We want to put in value that planning and management are subjects that include technological and social matters and their own methodologies. Laws, rules and cultures of different countries around the world are or can be very diverse. But the planet is only one. Technologies are shared, methodologies to analyze territories are also communal to share experiences about the global goal of sustainability, so these events are a necessary way to build our joint future. We trust that the success of this first edition of the SUPTM conference (which has been attended by more than 200 researchers from the five continents) will be an opening ste

This paper shows the case of Natural Capital management in Valencian Country. The objective is to analyse the efficiency of this management over the last years, and discuss about how we can improve it. Two kinds of aspects have been analysed: some indicators about the evolution of environmental resources; and the urban plans approved by a process of strategic environmental assessment. These analyses allow to know if Valencian Natural Capital improves or not and if the territorial planning processes have been efficient or not. The results allow a discussion about inefficient environmental management and suggest changes to improve it.

[EN] In Europe, especially in the Valencian Community, Spain, the growth of cities in the last few decades has brought with it a major paradigm change, shifting from a compact to a sprawling urban model. Although it is known about its important environmental, social, and economic effects, there is no clear and unequivocal measurement of the impact of urban sprawl on municipal spending. The impact of the sprawling city on public finances and on the cost of local public services is clearly one of the conditioning factors that should be assessed when making urban development decisions. Based on a measurement of the sprawling city, our aim is to calculate the effect of urban sprawl on the local administration's expenditure and particularly on the cost of basic public municipal services. These are obtained through a statistical model with cost functions that can assess the increase in spending prompted by urban sprawl for municipal current expenditure. The proposed model is novel in the field of urban planning and is based on a Bayesian hierarchical model with the ability to include modeling constraints among the expenditures variables and handle missing values accurately. With this paper, we show that urban sprawl has a significant and positive effect on the unit cost of local public services, which results in an inefficient urban growth model from the economic point of view. The effect is not transferred homogeneously to the budget. There are spending items that are more sensitive to urban sprawl like expenditure on security and public transportation and community wellbeing, which primarily covers waste collection, elimination, and treatment; sanitation, and water supply and distribution; road cleaning; and public lighting.

[EN] Last December 2020, the European Commission welcomes the political agreement reached between the European Parliament and the Council on the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) already approved. RRF will be structured around six pillars. Between them, the first pillar is `green transition¿. Green transition includes the goal of balanced CO2 emissions in 2050. Inside this framework, European transport system must to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This objective implies recovery transport system to sustainable modes. One of main ways to make the change is translate passengers and freight transport from road to railways that avoid greenhouse emissions if it uses electric energy with sustainable origins. To planning the change is important to now the mobility of passengers and freight by road. This article analyses the mobilities¿ situation in Spain by road represented such as network of main nodes and trams, passengers and freight, for medium and large distance in 2017.

[EN] The Saler's Devesa is a case of a failed tourist project to urbanize a historical protected forest inside the metropolitan area of València in Spain. In the 1970s, the government started actions to urbanize this area. In fact, all the public works and some buildings were built. However, in the 1980s the new democratic government decided to rewild the area and "deconstruct" the urban development works that had already been built. The case allows knowing the process of rewilding and the difficulties to do it. On the other hand, currently in developed countries, metropolitan areas simultaneously present a stabilized population and a great surface extension. In this situation, the sustainability of these urban areas has focused on managing the city already consolidated by renovation or regeneration processes and rewilding open spaces, developing green infrastructures. Because of this, we focused our attention on researching one of the few cases that exists on rewilding urban areas. The green infrastructure concept has been used in the case of La Devesa to maintain and increase ecosystem services. In addition,these actions allow promotion of ecological tourism inside the area. The research question is "What should be the idea of society's progress when touristic urban development growth is no longer possible or desirable?" The article analyses the historical process of rewilding and rethinking the idea of progress in the current situation.

[EN] The understanding of relationships between ecosystem services and the appropriate spatial scales for their analysis and characterization represent opportunities for sustainable land management. Bundles have appeared as an integrated method to assess and visualize consistent associations among multiple ecosystem services. Most of the bundle assessments focused on a static framework at a specific spatial scale. Here, we addressed the effects of applying two cluster analyses (static and dynamic) for assessing bundles of ecosystem services across four different scales of observation (two administrative boundaries and two sizes of grids) over 13 years (from 2000 to 2013). We used the ecosystem services matrix to model and map the potential supply of seven ecosystem services in a case study system in the central high-Andean Puna of Peru. We developed a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the matrix. The differences between the configuration, spatial patterns, and historical trajectories of bundles were measured and compared. We focused on two hypotheses: first, bundles of ecosystem services are mainly affected by the method applied for assessing them; second, these bundles are influenced by the scale of observation over time. For the first hypothesis, the results suggested that the selection of a method for assessing bundles have inferences on the interactions with land-use change. The diverse implications to management on ecosystem services support that static and dynamic assessments can be complementary to obtain better contributions for decision-making. For the second hypothesis, our study showed that municipality and grid-scales kept similar sensitivity in capturing the aspects of ecosystem service bundles. Then, in favorable research conditions, we recommend the combination of a municipal and a fine-grid scale to assure robustness and successfully land-use planning processes.

[EN] On 12 March 2018, the Valencian official bulletin published the Law of "L'Horta de València". In addition, on 20 December 2018, the same bulletin published approval of the Territorial Action Plan for Planning and Revitalizing "L'Horta de València". Both initiatives establish a framework for maintaining the periurban agricultural area of Valencia and allow actions to promote agricultural activities. In 2019, "L'Horta de València" was declared a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) by Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN). The municipality of Valencia became the world capital for sustainable food, to promote the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact. Therefore, two years after protection, it is time to review if the new law and planning have produced positive changes in agricultural activities and landscape, and assess which are the current challenges now. Specifically, it's time to know the current situation, problems, limitations and opportunities. This article provides the results of a SWOT analysis about the current situation of agricultural activities and landscape of "L'Horta de València", carried out by semi-structured interviews with a panel of experts involved in elaboration of these documents or who are intervening in management of this space.

[EN] Economic growth theories indicate that infrastructures are necessary but not enough for economic growth, providing the cities they serve with new comparative advantages. Today, 25 years after the first high-speed rail (HSR) services opened in Spain and after a complete economic cycle with the longest-running European HSR network, this network can be treated as a territorial laboratory for testing the relationship between new transport infrastructures and population growth. This article compares the population evolution of each HSR city with those of Spain overall, non-HSR municipalities, a random sample of non-HSR cities and similar non-HSR cities. This article also re-evaluates the implications for two small cities served by the first HSR line by means of analyses similar to those undertaken 10¿15 years ago to evaluate both the long-term implications and those that are less permanent and have either changed or disappeared. These analyses show that population growth depends on each city¿s degree of transportation changes, the time elapsed, and the location and size of the city. This article concludes that in the longer term, projects and strategies will be more or less successful depending on their relation to transport.

[EN] Mountain ecosystems around the world are facing rapid land-cover changes, which have received much attention among scientists, managers, and policy-makers. A growing scientific production has been possible by free and open access data and the use of remote sensing and geographic information system tools. In this context, our study quantified the land-use changes across 25 provinces in the central high-Andean moist Puna over the interval of 13 years, using a selection of eleven land-use/cover types included in the standardized nomenclature of the Corine Land Cover for Peru. Thereafter, we determine the importance of social-economic driving factors in two time periods, from 2000 to 2009 and 2009 to 2013. The results described three spatial patterns: (1) a North¿South division, (2) two different trends described by intensification/de-intensification agriculture, and (3) persistent forestland deterioration. Overall, our study reveals that agriculture in densely occupied provinces is the leading land-use change process negatively affecting pasture and forest extent. Moreover, understanding the spatial patterns of changes in the extent and their explanatory variables is important for clarifying land-use change trajectories. We hope our study will support spatial decision-making in complex mountain landscapes.

[EN] In the 1990s a methodology was developed to apply the concept of land aptitude to urban plans. This methodology was based on the concepts of capacity and vulnerability in the face of different urban uses (e.g. residential use, industrial use and strategic facilities). The methodology was implemented thanks to geographical information systems (GIS) mapping of available cartography. In recent years, the available cartography has increased in quantity and in spatial resolution. Also, urban planning and environmental legislation have evolved. In this study, we propose a methodological update to incorporate all these changes. The updated methodology is applied to La Safor (Valencia, Spain), which is a region composed of 31 municipalities. La Safor is a model case study because of its characteristics that makes it representative of both coastal and inner areas. Our results point out the need to incorporate legal constraints to the methodology. Including climate adaptation is also essential for strategic urbanism and to accomplish environmental requirements. The methodology presented can be defined as an integrated assessment tool necessary for sustainable development and minimizing environmental risks.

Assigned to WIT Press all rights under copyright that may exist in and to the Work and any associated written or multimedia components or other enhancements accompanying the Work, [EN] on march 12, 2018, the law of l¿horta de valència was approved. this law is the result of a very long process of technical and social maturity, of more than 20 years. the peri-urban agricultural area of l¿horta de valència has historical, environmental, economic and social values that have been recognized for a long time and currently occupies some 23,000 ha. however, the protection established in territorial planning is a passive protection only for land uses control, but does not include actions or initiatives to maintain agricultural activity which is precisely the object of protection. in the year 2000, a popular legislative initiative collected 118,000 signatures in favour of the approval of a law to protect l¿horta. this law was not approved, but it opened a period of consolidation of public awareness for the protection of this space and analysis of the active measures to be taken to ensure the maintenance of agricultural activity in a manner compatible with the landscape, as well as environmental and historical qualities. all this process, in which a large number of social agents have intervened, has finally culminated in the law approved this year. the present article synthesizes the contributions made on the subject and analyses the actions that the law finally regulates as instruments for the protection and revitalization of this agricultural space. particularly the article analyses its general approach; the elements to protect that includes especially the agricultural economic activity; the legal framework of the territorial plan; the treatment of abandoned lands through measures such as the `land bank¿; zoning and classification of agricultural land including measures for the treatment of urban edges; the creation of a council of l¿horta de valència to manage this area; the definition of the agrarian development plan; and the implementation of the general register of agricultural production.

[EN] It is known that the Spanish Mediterranean coast, and particularly the Valencian coast, has been the subject of an intense process of urban development since the 1960s. This process has been caused by both the increase in economic activities as a basis for the growth of cities and by the development of tourism along almost the entire coastline. Some cases have been studied in detail, such as the case of La Manga del Mar Menor, where massive tourist development took place. In the case of La Devesa de L¿Albufera de València, its beginnings are similar to those of La Manga. In both cases, there is a similar coastal environment with a narrow strip of land between a large lake on one side, the Mar Menor lake and the Albufera lake, and the Mediterranean Sea on the other. However, from a certain point in time, the two areas evolved differently. In the case of La Manga, urban tourist development continued until the collapse of the real estate market due to the reduced attractiveness of the landscape. In contrast, the area of La Devesa del Saler began as a tourist urban development in a similar way, but, in the 1970s, a social movement emerged against its urbanization. This social movement gained strength progressively, until tourism development initiatives were paralyzed and the area protected for its environmental value. The case is the object of a doctoral thesis entitled ¿The mountain of La Devesa del Saler: the paradigm shift in mass tourism¿, and this paper focuses on the results of a part of this research, specifically the identification of the main historical milestones that explain the evolution of the process in the case of La Devesa del Saler.

[EN] The big urban development produced in Spain about last 30 years has produced a paradigm shift in the regional urban model. The traditionally compact city has become a scattered city. This phenomenon is usual in the American model but is relatively new in Spain and in the European context. Many of the contemporary cities present an urban sprawl model. In this situation, the city is not only constituted by its historical nucleus and its extension, but also includes discontinuous urban land. Therefore, new analysis tools are needed. This paper shows a part of PhD research and studies the characterization of the pattern of urban occupation from a morphological perspective. The application of multivariate statistical techniques allows to reduce an initial set of 12 variables in five independent dimensions: density, fragmentation, distance, complexity and extension. It is shown that the urban sprawl is a multidimensional phenomenon. The research conclude that urban sprawl is an urban model of occupation of the territory, characterized by low density settlements spread over large areas, fragmented in several urban units, distant between them and defining a complex structure. The research has been carried out in the Valencian Community at the municipal level. As a result, the five dimensions of the urban model have been calculated to all municipalities. This has allowed to identify processes of urban dispersion in the coastal areas and the metropolitan areas of the most important cities.

[EN] In April 1992 started the first High¿Speed Rail service between Madrid and Seville in Spain. In other countries, usually, the HSR services are introduced when conventional train services accomplish its top capacity. However, Spanish decide explain its HSR network to all the territory. On the other hand, traditional theory of economic growth say that infrastructures are necessary but not sufficient to economic growth. In this sense, investment in infrastructures, especially in transport infrastructures, is justified, in general, for promoting economic growth. Today, 25 years after first HSR services in Spain, a large HSR network connect many Spanish cities with a length of 2,444.1 km in 2013. Really, HSR network is a territorial laboratory to test the theory about relationship between new transport infrastructure and economic growth. In addition, from 1992 to now, economics trends in Spain has three cycles: crisis cycle 1992¿1997, expansive cycle 1998¿2007 and crisis cycle 2008¿2016. According classical theory, new transport infrastructures allows comparative advantage to cities with new services. In consequence, today is a good moment to realize a comparative analyze between Spanish cities with or without HSR services. The population of each city is a good indicator of economic trends. In fact, cities with economic growth increase population while cities with negative economic growth decrease population. However, the analysis is more complicated because of two causes. On the one hand, the most important cities connected by HSR form metropolitan areas with special interior dynamics. For example, maybe city center can decrease while metropolitan area increase. On the other hand, the start of HSR services on each city is different because the network increase progressively. So is it necessary a special progressive comparison. This paper shows the evolution of inhabitants of cities that have HSR services and compare this evolution whit general evolution of Spain in

[EN] The paper analyses the contradictions in the regional planning process for revising the basis and criteria for future intervention and management in metropolitan areas such as Valencia with a new type of progress objective. Valencia, the Mediterranean coastal city, is the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona. In the metropolitan area of Valencia about 1.3 million people live. ¿L¿Horta de València¿ is located in the suburban environment of the Valencian metropolitan area; it has agricultural land with high productivity. These agricultural lands include about 10,000 ha of historical fertile land and another 10,000 ha of fertile land irrigated more recent (about XIXs). In this metropolitan area, there are serious conflicts between different land usages mainly urban sprawl such as expansion of building and infrastructures, replacing fertile agricultural land use. In addition, there is strong competition between different urban uses, e.g. port, beach and tourist zones, high speed rail, industrial estates and new buildings zones. In addition, contradictions between sustainability and development are very intense, especially when the development is only an expectation. In 2000, civil society promoted the legislative initiative, ¿L¿Horta de València¿ Protection Act, while economic development in the period 1997¿2007 was based on speculative urban expansion. The main goal of this initiative is to ensure sustainable development while conserving natural resources needed for future generations. This initiative was refused based on two stated main arguments: i) protection would hinder the economic development and ii) elaborate a protection plan with other approaches. At the end of 2010 works of government about regional planning for ¿Horta de València¿ protection were finished. However, the plan is not approved yet. From the 2007 crisis, speculative urban expansion resulted in the impoverishment of many people; while, large areas of fertile agricultural la

[EN] Specialists have been discussing the best locations for railway stations for a long time; the first railway stations were built in the 21st century, and afterwards cities grew to the point of leaving the stations in central areas. Central stations provide train trips with several advantages over other means of transport. However, high-speed railway (HSR) introduces new variables when considering the best location for new stations. In 2000, the author¿s team started the discussion and assessment of possible locations for the new HSR station in Valencia (Spain) and undertook two studies to analyse this issue. This article provides a theoretical framework for train station location and the analysis of the case in Spain. Furthermore, it synthesizes the results from researches performed in 2002 and 2006 as well as their implementation in Valencia. In addition, this article examines recent experience in relation to new high-speed train station placement, and the case of the 2,400-km-long HSR network in Spain by the end of 2015. Since the HSR network has a different track gauge in relation to the historical railway network, adaptations in the old stations or new locations were required. This situation allowed us to analyse the evolution of HSR in Spain and confirm theories about territorial impacts and optimal rail-network design, particularly in relation to the best location for new HSR stations. This article also looks into the evolution and current trends in modern railway planning, which have progressively changed in Spanish cities such as Madrid and Barcelona.

[EN] Many uses of land, such as for building and all kinds of infrastructure, are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of coastal cities. Often, urban and infrastructure uses are dispersed across the territory, generating situations of urban sprawl. In addition, especially in coastal areas, new urban expansion and new infrastructures are in conflict with other uses, such as for agrological areas, beaches or natural areas. In general, the best agricultural zones on the Mediterranean coast are next to the sea. The more important touristic areas are also next to the sea. Therefore, contradictions between sustainability and development are very intense. All these conditions take place in the metropolitan area of Valencia. Now, regional government wants to develop a metropolitan plan to generate an equilibrium between the different uses and to reserve areas for new urban use and infrastructure. In reality, the area¿s population is now stable but, for economic activities to be competitive, new usage is required as logistic areas or to increase the rail network. A global vision is also needed for urban transport in the metropolitan area. On the other hand, the environmental impacts of current and planned uses can be significant. Moreover, the perception of environmental impacts has changed over time. It is necessary to preserve areas, such as agricultural areas or natural areas, but it is also necessary to produce the quality of landscape perceived by visitors or to generate a green infrastructure network, according to European policy. Finally, we must integrate all these elements with current and new urban and civil infrastructure uses through a public decision-making process. The objective of this paper is to introduce a methodology to integrate the process of public environmental assessment on the works to elaborate a metropolitan plan for a coastal city such as Valencia (Spain) next to the Mediterranean Sea.

During the period 1997-2007, it was produced in the Spanish Mediterranean coast a large urban sprawl. Partly caused by the increase in economic activity and population and partly caused by the increase of tourism on the coast. This expansion produced mass tourism processes at risk of landscape degradation phenomena and end of life cycle of tourism activities, following the guidelines known as the case of La Manga. This expansion also produced many urban develop initiatives, programmed and planned, which have not been implemented. In the case of Valencia, on the ground already developed but not yet consolidated the building, you can build up to 125,000 homes. From 2007, because of the huge excess of houses supply, construction and all the new developments in the Valencian coast are paralyzed. Paradoxically, the security crisis in the Arab Mediterranean countries, has resulted in the growth of tourism in the Spanish Mediterranean coast and particularly in Valencia. But this situation can be temporary. Therefore, at present, a change arises in the model of tourism in order to achieve a quality of landscape and tourism services and to avoid a mass tourism. At present, in 2015, regional government promotes a plan to identify and preserve the green infrastructure of the Valencian coast. It has approved a moratorium on new urban development across the coastal strip to a distance of 500 meters from the sea. This paper explains the approaches, objectives and expected results of this initiative.

The research group UDR F. Eiximenis of Dpt of Urban Planning of Polytechnic University of Valencia, developed in 1992 the Method of Aptitude to Sustainable Urban Development. The method allows the identification of more or less adequate rural zones of Valencia region to transform for urban uses. The Valencia country is a Mediterranean landscape that is characterized by a mosaic of diverse rural and urban uses. The method is based on applying the concept of aptitude as a synthesis of the concepts of capacity and vulnerability of the territory to the residential, industrial and strategic public facilities. The method uses GIS technology as a tool for generating maps of adequate zones for uses with an analysis based on objective reasons that explain the outcome. Explicitly avoiding evaluation based on any types of weighted average of heterogeneous values of variables. The method has been applied in the assessment of environmental impacts caused by urban development in Valencia until today. Now arises the European policy to implement the concept of green infrastructure. The current planning and territorial policy in Valencia establishes the need to identify green infrastructure as a first step in the urban planning processes. The present paper develops a proposal for updating the method to sustainable urban development incorporating the concept of green infrastructure.

[ES] La Manga del Mar Menor in the Region of Murcia every year reaches a population of more than 250,000 people during the summer, with only a few thousand in winter. This crowded environment with an asymmetric behaviour submits annual progressive impoverishment in its economic return. This questionable profitability is the result of a misguided urban development, and its results are analysed through the evolution of the land market and the resulting urbanization in the last 50 years using a GIS methodology., [EN] Urban planning is a lengthy and settled process which results usually emerge after several years or even decades. That is why it is necessary for a proper urban design of cities to use parameters that are able to predict and gauge the potential long-term behaviour of urban development. In the tourist towns of the Mediterranean coast, the long-term design is often at odds with the generation of business profits in the short term. We present here the results of this phenomenon for an interesting case of Spanish Mediterranean coastal city created from scratch in the 60s and turned into a tourist destination today hypertrophied. La Manga del Mar Menor in the Murcia region every year is reaching a population of more than 250,000 people during the summer, which are reduced to a few dozen in winter. This crowded environment with an asymmetric behaviour submits annual progressive impoverishment in its economic return. This questionable profitability is the result of a misguided urban development and the results are analyzed through the evolution of the land market and the resulting urban in the last 50 years with a SIG methodology.

Medellín is the center of a metropolitan area that occupies part of the Aburrá Valley. Between 2012 and 2013, the National University of Colombia, local office of Medellín, conducting the study Proposal for the Development of the Metropolitan Green Belt of Aburrá Valley. The study aims to develop a project of ecological planning in the metropolitan region around Medellín in Colombia. The area includes 10 municipalities comprising the metropolitan conurbation of Medellín. The project designs an intervention strategy to promote meaningful protection for the provision of ecosystem services urban areas. The project designs an intervention strategy to promote protection of meaningful areas for the urban provision of ecosystem services. The set of strategies has been termed Metropolitan Green Belt of Aburrá Valley. It is defined three geographical areas of intervention: The External Belt for water regulation, System of Urban-Rural Transition for dissipation and containing urban expansion and Ecological Connection Structure. Each area has been associated with a key concept and a major ecosystem service. The three areas, spatially integrated, constitute the green belt. Have also been raised seven management strategies for a planning horizon of 17 years (Consistent with the 2030 vision of the metropolitan city). The work shows the conceptual coherence between ecological conservation goals and objectives of spatial planning. It also reveals the social and political acceptance with planning actions that invoke ideas of ecological conservation. This project was develop between 2012 and 2013 by a team from the National University of Colombia (School of Urban-Regional Planning) and funded by the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley, a regional government. The authors was participate in the project as a technical coordination (L.C. Agudelo) and international consultant (J.L. Miralles).

Spain is a country with a large network of high-speed rail (HSR or AVE by its initials in Spanish). The most of this railway network was built between 2000 and 2007. Network deployment involves addressing many issues, particularly station localization. Traditional railway network in Spain has a different track gauge to that in the rest of Europe. So historical stations do not always serve to high-speed network. In 2000, a first proposal for the railway network of Valencia is published. Our research team realized two studies about metropolitan railway network and better station localization in 2002 and 2006. Particularly these studies propose an intermodal station in airport to integration travel flights and travel high-speed train. Between 2008 and 2010 was built a new provisional station to high-speed rail in Valencia: Joaquín Sorolla Station. This paper analyse the initial proposal, actual situation and trends after 2006 on airport-rail station relations in other cities as Madrid or Barcelona.

L Horta de Valencia is a peri-urban agricultural space with recognized values as a heritage: historic, cultural, agricultural, economic, landscape and natural resource. Across Europe, there are only six similar landscapes according DOBRIS report of European Environment Agency (1998). Many studies and authors show their values. This historical zone is irrigated from Medieval Age by seven channels of Túria s river, and irrigation water is managed by specific organization of seven Irrigation Community, one for each channel, with a historical Court of Waters. UNESCO named the Court of Waters as a World Heritage. The surface of historical irrigation zones was very extensive with about 23.000 has. Today there are about 12.000 ha. There have been several attempts to plan and protect this area and landscape, but so far, none has succeeded. Last attempt was in about 2006 by Territorial Action Plan to Protect Horta of Valencia, finalized in 2010 but not approved. Meanwhile, urbanization of agricultural areas have continued. In fact, this situation occurs a result of management problems. Protection of anthropic spaces requires maintenance of existing economic activities, particularly agricultural activities but not only. Stakeholders expect more incomes by urbanization processes. Therefore, the main problem to execute with success any plan is the management agricultural space to maintain economic activities associates to agricultural landscape. This paper analyze the behavior of stakeholders and structural causes that explain failure of Horta planning and propose management systems to generate objective conditions in order to maintain this exceptional landscape

The economic, urban and social development of the territory that makes up the European Mediterranean area is based on many variables of very different fields. The infrastructure policy, urban growth of cities or sustainable use of land and energy resources are decisions that need to be planned in order to establish priorities to optimize these processes. However, it is important to note that all of these fields are influenced by a multitude of interrelated economic, political or social parameters. Now that numerous protocols are appearing worldwide to develop these processes within cities (the so-called "smart cities"), the real challenge for the future is to make the leap from the urban scale to the regional scale and deploy these policies in an integrated manner, in so-called "smart territories". This article presents a model of territorial analysis that consists of more than 50 indicators implemented in territorial information systems. The model is based on research conducted in the Otremed project, a multilateral project funded by ERDF and developed between 2009 and 2013 by various countries and institutions of the Mediterranean area. Through the results and tools developed in this project, the so-called GIS retrospective analysis is proposed. This tool, designed to help in decision-making and to advance future diagnostics in territorial management, will allow the development policies of cities to be optimized, generating synergies in transport infrastructures and planning with sustainable criteria in land and other resources use. All these processes will be integrated at regional level with an innovative methodology based on the analysis of territory evolution through referenced geographic information tools.

[EN] The period between 1997 and 2007 was a period of economic expansion in Europe, and especially in Spain, where it was based on the real estate bubble. Valencian Country, in Mediterranean coast, is a special case inside Spain because its economy specialized in the housing construction sector for non-primary houses. House construction was possible due to the increase in private debt of developers and buyers. The (artificially self-generated) expectation of strong annual increases in housing values maintained an intense construction activity. In 2007, the price of houses peaked and then began a process of impoverishment due to the payment of debts. Today this process is still going on, but extensive data on the complete cycle of expansion and regression of the housing bubble are already available. This paper presents a real description of the complete process of non-sustainable urban development in Valencian Country and analyzes the process in economic, social and environmental terms. Finally, a general scheme of the process and a system of sustainability is proposed.

[EN] This paper summarizes the project developed over the course 2012/2013 which the aim of proposing the first phase to design and implement a working protocol to ensure the acquisition of title¿s competences by graduates in the Master's Degree in Transport Planning and Urban Development. The work aims to unify the meaning of each of the skills in the context of the degree, and to establish their relationship both with teaching and assessment methods and with learning outcomes in order to obtain the weight and magnitude of participation of each of the subjects included, to guarantee the achievement of competencies by students., [ES] Este trabajo resume el proyecto de innovación desarrollado a lo largo del curso 2012/2013 que plantea la primera fase para el diseño e implementación de un protocolo de trabajo que permita asegurar que los egresados del Título de Máster de Transportes Territorio y Urbanismo han adquirido las competencias definidas en el título. El trabajo pretende la unificación del significado de cada una de las competencias en el contexto del título, así como su relación con las distintas metodologías docentes, resultados de aprendizaje y métodos de evaluación utilizados. El objetivo es poder ponderar el peso y la magnitud de participación de cada una de las asignaturas y la aseguración de la consecución de las competencias por parte de los de los alumnos.

Assigned to WIT Press all rights under copyright that may exist in and to the Work and any associated written or multimedia components or other enhancements accompanying the Work., The distinctive environment of the lagoon has long been attractive for visitors. A surge in touristic activities has taken place in the area since the early 1960s, characterised by intense urban development along the lagoon s perimeter to accommodate the growing seasonal population. This phenomenon has particularly affected La Manga, a sandy bar which is 20 km in length. La Manga acts as a barrier between the lagoon and the Mediterranean Sea, crossed by five, more or less functional channels called golas . The urbanization process has changed the water flow system between the inside and seawater through the channels. The changes have affected coastal dynamics, the longitudinal profile of the coast and the lagoon s ecosystem. The coastal lagoon is also highly threatened by other pollution variables derived from agricultural lands. The water derived from the Tajo-Segura transfer generated a profound land transformation of the adjacent agricultural areas, which changed from extensive dry crop farming to intensively irrigated crops, disturbing the lagoon dramatically. This paper analyzes both land transformations around the coastal perimeter of the Mar Menor during the last 50 years and shows the environmental impact with its consequences on the ecosystem. Although numerous biological studies have been carried out in the Mar Menor, a better understanding of the consequences of land transformation in the perimeter of the lagoon is still necessary to understand the lagoon s situation. The results of territorial management in the Mar Menor lagoon need to be addressed in order to develop successful strategies in the area to protect this valuable ecosystem and its services.

The urbanization process that shapes the current Mediterranean coast started in Spain with mass tourism, encouraged by the National Law of Tourist Interest Areas in 1963 as a strategic investment. Fifty years after its implementation, it is necessary to conduct a retrospective analysis of the results, for the evaluation of the goals set in the 60s. The evolution of the economic, political and legal parameters show certainly deviations from initial forecasts of many urban plans carried out in coastal places created from scratch. The case of La Manga del Mar Menor is certainly an enlightening example of the results that have been achieved on a mass tourist destination. La Manga, located in the coastal Region of Murcia (south-eastern Spain), is a destination of 250,000 holidaymakers in summer which was a desert dune in the 60's. The study of feedback between tourist model and urban planning reveals the problems of a tourist product to maintain its attractiveness in the long term. The short-term benefit of second homes versus hotels, the cost of maintaining the locations with high seasonality in demand or the target customer in a tourist destination are elements heavily influenced by urban planning in coastal cities. In this paper, all these elements will be distributed to either side of the balance, in order to evaluate the validity of La Manga model.

The period 1997 2007 was a period of economic expansion in Europe, particularly in Spain. The expansion occurred based on easy credit in a globalized economy. In Spain, a large part of the credit was allocated to civil works and construction of housing. So it caused a housing bubble that burst in 2007. Thus, in the period 1997 2007 unsustainable urban development was produced in Spain. Today we know a lot of the historical data of the process and its consequences in the economic recession lasting from 2007 to the present. Nowadays, it is possible to systematize the features of urban development, economic processes and behaviors of different social agents during the unsustainable development and after in Spain. Particularly in Spain, Valencia promoted especially this development model and, consequently, has become one of the paradigmatic cases. In addition, tourist residential demand has played an important role throughout this process. Tourist activity is a very important economic sector in Spain and especially on the Valencian and Mediterranean coast. This paper is a synthesis of the evolution of the main variables that explain in this case the unsustainable urban development process taking into account environmental, economic and social aspects. It also identifies the consequences. The analysis draws conclusions that can be generalized in this type of process. This allows us to generate proposals to identify the objective conditions that must be met in sustainable urban development.

La Manga del Mar Menor is an ancient dune line located in the Murcia Region (Spain). This area had an accelerated urbanization process starting in the 1960s which has had several powerful impacts on the coast, the landscape and the marine ecosystem. Among these impacts, the so-called process of mediterraneanisation of the inland lake is particularly interesting. The Mar Menor is a salty lagoon of more than 170 km2 and uniform drafts about 5 meters deep. This lagoon is a former bay of the Mediterranean Sea closed in a natural way by the sandbar of La Manga with a length of about 20 km. In 1950, this sandbar was a desert land. In around 1960 there was a tourism project to host up to 60,000 people. At present, it receives up to 250,000 people in the summer, mostly of Spanish origin. The urbanization process changed the system water flows between the inside and the seawater through channels called golas . The changes affected the coastal dynamics, the longitudinal profile of the coast and the lagoon ecosystem. Three processes in particular have caused major environmental impacts: land filling of water areas for the construction of infrastructure and building, connecting islands with routes and expanding channels and building ports for use by recreational vessels. Fifty years after the initial process, this paper analyzes the current coastal pathologies and how the urbanization process has caused them.

The urbanization process that shapes the present Mediterranean coast started with the mass tourism that encouraged the Centres and Areas of National Tourist Interest law in 1962, as a strategic national investment. 50 years after its implementation, it is necessary to conduct a retrospective analysis of the results, assessing to what extent have the stated goals in the 1960s been met. The evolution of the macroeconomic, political and legal parameters show certain deviations from initial forecasts of many large urban plans carried out in coastal places created from scratch. The case of La Manga del Mar Menor on the Murcia coast a target for 250,000 holidaymakers which came from a desert dune in the 1960s, is certainly an example; poorly documented while enlightening, of the results that have been achieved. The study of real social and economic performance as a tourism product against territorial and landscape impacts, the problem of governance in the context of urban planning and the ability of private property to develop its own sustainable projects in the long run has been approached with the detail and objectivity that allows a comprehensive case study contrasted by the facts. All these elements will be distributed to either side of the balance, in order to evaluate the validity of a coastal development model, that after five decades we can now begin to postulate with enough research perspective.