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Reciprocal pathways connecting the cerebellum to the prefrontal cortex provide a biological and functional substrate to modulate cognitive functions. Dysfunction of both medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and cerebellum underlie the phenotypes of several neumpsychiatric disorders that exhibit comorbidity with substance use disorder (SUD). In people with SUD, cue-action-reward associations appears to be particularly strong and salient, acting as powerful motivational triggers for craving and relapse. Studies of cue reactivity in human with SUD have shown cerebellar activations when drug-related cues are presented. Our preclinical research showed that cocaine-induced conditioned preference increases neural activity and upregulates perineuronal nets (PNNs) around Golgi interneurons in the posterior cerebellar cortex. In the present investigation, we aimed at evaluating cerebellar signatures of conditioned preference for cocaine when drug learning is established under mPFC impairment. We used lidocaine to temporarily inactivate in male rats either the Prelimbic (PL) or the Infralimbic (IL) cortices during cocaine-induced conditioning. The inactivation of the IL, but not the PL, encouraged the acquisition of preference for cocaine-related cues, increased posterior cerebellar cortex activity, and upregulated the expression of PNNs around Golgi interneurons. Moreover, IL impairment not only increased vGluT2- and vGAT-related activity around Golgi cells but also regulated PNNs differently on subpopulations of Golgi cells, increasing the number of neurogranin+ PNN-expressing Golgi cells. Our findings suggest that IL dysfunction may facilitate the acquisition of cocaine-induced memory and cerebellar drug-related learning hallmarks. Overall, IL perturbation during cocaine-induced Pavlovian learning increased cerebellar activity and drug effects. Importantly, cerebellum involvement requires a contingent experience with the drug, and it is not the effect of a mere inactivation of IL cortex.

From the end of the nineteenth century to the first three decades of the twentieth century, the will to modernize Catalan literature favoured the translation of contemporary Spanish drama from Galdós to Casona into Catalan, and its performance. In the same period, some Catalan authors such as Àngel Guimerà, Santiago Rusiñol, and Josep M. de Sagarra were translated into Spanish and also performed on stages in Madrid. However, the exchange that took place between both Iberian dramas received a heavy blow with the establishment of Franco’s dictatorship in 1939. While emphasizing the importance of cultural promoters, playwrights, translators, and critics for contact between Catalan and Spanish drama, this chapter studies the presence of the latter in literary and dramatic collections translated into Catalan and, in turn, that of Catalan drama in the same type of collection translated into Spanish during a time marked by an unusually fruitful ‘complicity’ between both theatrical scenes.

International audience; Dans la société romaine, les esclaves, qui comptent entre 30 et 40 % de la population 1 toutefois, comme les prisonniers de guerre 2 et les victimes d'enlèvements 3 , sont passés de l'état d'homme libre à la servitude. Il existe également une autre forme d'esclavage, si particulière que certains historiens comme Moses I. Finley 4 hésitent à lui en donner même le nom, lui préférant parfois celui de « servitude » : l'esclavage pour dettes. Cette forme tire sa singularité de son statut juridique, puisque l'esclave pour dettes, contrairement aux personnes nées dans l'esclavage ou aux captifs, demeure un citoyen nexum, qui renvoie à une réalité économique propre à la Rome archaïque : l'existence, dans les tout premiers siècles de l'histoire romaine, de citoyens insolvables obligés de rembourser leurs créanciers-probablement des propriétaires fonciers, les locupletes-par le produit de leur travail. Cette obligation, contractée à la suite d'un contrat de nature économique, était probablement

It is now increasingly clear that the cerebellum may modulate brain functions altered in drug addiction. We previously demonstrated that cocaine-induced conditioned preference increased activity at the dorsal posterior cerebellar vermis. Unexpectedly, a neurotoxic lesion at this region increased the probability of cocaine-induced conditioned preference acquisition. The present research aimed at providing an explanatory model for such as facilitative effect of the cerebellar lesion. First, we addressed a tracing study in which we found a direct projection from the lateral (dentate) nucleus to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that also receives Purkinje axons from lobule VIII in the vermis. This pathway might control the activity and plasticity of the cortico-striatal circuitry. Then we evaluated cFos expression in different regions of the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum after a lesion in lobule VIII before conditioning. Additionally, perineuronal net (PNN) expression was assessed to explore whether the cerebellar lesion might affect synaptic stabilization mechanisms in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Damage in this region of the vermis induced general disinhibition of the mPFC and striatal subdivisions that receive dopaminergic projections, mainly from the VTA. Moreover, cerebellar impairment induced an upregulation of PNN expression in the mPFC. The major finding of this research was to provide an explanatory model for the function of the posterior cerebellar vermis on drug-related memory. In this model, damage of the posterior vermis would release striatum-cortical networks from the inhibitory tonic control exerted by the cerebellar cortex over VTA, thereby promoting drug effects.

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