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Objective: Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is a disease associated with cardiac dysfunction and ventricular remodeling. Among the most recent diagnostic methods available, histologic characterization through cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to identify inflammatory changes. Multiple studies have evaluated autoimmune mechanisms in myocardium damage following COVID-19, begging how feasible it is to differentiate and characterize lesions found in post-COVID-19 inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Method: Retrospective study comparing 29 MRI studies (12 diagnosed with post-COVID-19 inflammatory cardiomyopathy and 17 previously diagnosed with autoimmune cardiomyopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, or systemic lupus erythematosus), comparing the histologic characterization of T1, T2 mapping and extracellular volume (ECV) through cardiac MRI. Results: Post-COVID-19 inflammatory cardiomyopathy histologic characterization did not show significant differences compared to autoimmune myocardial lesions. T1 mapping 1109 ± 76 ms, T2 mapping 58 ± 6 ms, ECV 41 ± 9%. Myocardial lesions occurring from an autoimmune etiology showed: T1 mapping 1132 ± 122 ms, T2 mapping 61 ± 4 ms, and ECV 38 ± 8% (p > 0.05). Conclusion: T1-T2 mapping and ECV are similar among patients with post-COVID-19 inflammatory cardiomyopathy and myocardial damage secondary to autoimmune diseases, as there seem to exist similar pathologic mechanisms presenting in both groups, consistent with current literature regarding myocardial damage in SARS-CoV-2 infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Pediatría de Atención Primaria is the property of LUA Ediciones 3.0 S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Sudden cardiac death is defined as that which occurs unexpectedly within the first hour after the onset of symptoms or if it occurs in the absence of witnesses when the deceased has been seen in good condition in less than 24 hours before of the recess. In this sentence the 3 characteristics are condensed: 1. natural phenomenon, 2. unexpected, 3. fast. The final event is a picture of cardiac electrical instability, which leads to lethal arrhythmia and within its cardiac causes arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia exemplifies it. Case report: We present the case of a healthy school patient who after an adenotonsilectomy and without incidents during surgery, presented a cardiac MS, in her immediate postoperative period. Requesting a legal medical autopsy which concluded a arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Cardiovascular pathology unknown in the preoperative for the surgical team, evidenced as a postmortem finding. Conclusion: Although it is true that arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is an infrequent cardiovascular pathology, it must be considered and discarded before any surgical procedure, due to the outcome that this can cause. Therefore, we always suggest having a targeted cardiovascular anamnesis and requesting an electrocardiogram as part of the Pre-Surgical Protocol and, if it is pathological, refer to a cardiological study. Consider arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia as a diagnosis to rule out against cardiac MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Española de Cardiología (18855857) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of death in developed countries and a small but significant number of cases cannot be explained after a thorough autopsy process. Cases of sudden cardiac death in people under 40years of age are mainly due to structural heart disease or cardiomyopathies and arrhythmogenic diseases or channelopathies. In these cases, the search for associated genetic factors through molecular autopsy may help to find the cause of unexplained sudden cardiac death, through genetic diagnosis of previously undiagnosed channelopathies or cardiomyopathies. The finding of genetic variants classified as pathogenic associated with cardiac pathology would conclude the autopsy result and provide the possibility of genetic screening in other family members., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

BACKGROUND: Metronidazole is an active antibiotic against anaerobic and protozoal germs. It has been associated with gastrointestinal or genitourinary adverse effects, although they have also been described in nervous system, which are infrequent and generally reversible after discontinuation of the drug. CLINICAL CASE: A 70-year-old male patient who presented symptoms compatible with cerebellar involvement after metronidazole administration for one month, with disappearance of symptoms and neuroimaging findings after discontinuation of the drug. On the other hand, transient apical dyskinesia was diagnosed based on the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities triggered by the acute stress caused by the neurological involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Neurotoxicity due to metronidazole is a rare adverse effect that may produce this antibiotic; clinical and radiological relieve when the drug is suspended is characteristic. Our case was associated to takotsubo myocardiopathy due to the stress provoked by the neurological disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objectives: Over the last decade, several studies have suggested that left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy is safer and has a higher diagnostic yield than transvenous right ventricular biopsy. In addition, recent publications indicate that the transradial approach is a feasible and safe alternative to the transfemoral approach for sampling the left ventricle. We report our initial experience with transradial endomyocardial biopsy with regards to feasibility, safety and usefulness. Methods: Single-center registry of consecutive patients undergoing intended transradial left endomyocardial biopsy. Clinical and technical data were collected prospectively, with a particular focus on success rate and complications. Results: Twenty-seven patients were screened for left ventricle biopsy. Twenty (25) were selected for an intended transradial approach (mean age 51±18 years old, 22 male). Success rate was 100% with no crossover to femoral approach. There were no major complications. Two patients experienced mild radial spasm. One of them also had a run of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia.Indication for biopsy was either myocarditis or cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology. The final diagnosis was acute lymphocytic myocarditis in five patients, chronic myocarditis in one patient, amyloid light-chain amyloidosis in four patients and transthyretin amyloidosis in six patients. Myocarditis was ruled out in eight patients and amyloidosis in one patient. Conclusions: Transradial left ventricle endomyocardial biopsy is a very safe and feasible method of sampling the myocardium for histopathological analysis, with a good diagnostic yield and clinically meaningful results in properly selected patients. Resumo: Introdução e objetivos: Durante a última década, vários estudos têm sugerido que a biópsia endomiocárdica ventricular esquerda é mais segura e de superior rentabilidade diagnóstica do que a do ventrículo direito. Adicionalmente, várias publicações recentes têm introduzido a abordagem transradial como uma alternativa exequível e segura à transfemoral, para amostrar o ventrículo esquerdo. O objetivo deste estudo é reportar a experiência inicial de um centro em biópsia endomiocárdica ventricular esquerda transradial, relativamente a exequibilidade, segurança e utilidade. Métodos: Registo unicêntrico de doentes consecutivos submetidos a biópsia endomiocárdica ventricular esquerda, com acesso de primeira intenção radial. Registaram-se os dados clínicos e técnicos, com particular foco na taxa de sucesso e complicações. Resultados: Foram submetidos a biópsia endomiocárdica ventricular esquerda 27 doentes, 25 dos quais pré-selecionados para acesso transradial (idade média 51±18, 22 homens). A taxa de sucesso foi de 100%. Não ocorreram complicações major, apenas espasmo radial em dois doentes, num dos quais se observou uma salva de taquicardia ventricular não mantida. A indicação foi miocardite ou miocardiopatia de etiologia a esclarecer. O diagnóstico final foi de miocardite aguda em cinco doentes, miocardite crónica em um doente, amiloidose AL em quatro doentes e ATTR em seis doentes. Excluiu-se miocardite em oito doentes e amiloidose em um doente. Conclusão: A biópsia endomiocárdica ventricular esquerda transradial demonstrou ser segura, exequível e de boa rentabilidade diagnóstica, com resultados clinicamente relevantes em doentes selecionados.

BACKGROUND: Supraventricular tachycardia is the most frequent arrhythmia in children. We present a clinical case of supraventricular tachycardia in an infant, with whom we want to review the diagnosis and therapeutic management of this entity. CLINICAL CASE: A 35-day-old infant who came to our hospital due to feed rejection, who was diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia and secondary left dilated heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: The supraventricular tachycardia in childhood constitutes a medical emergency, difficult to diagnose due to the nonspecificity clinical manifestations in young infants, before which the pediatrician must act with the utmost haste and efficiency following the current action protocols, reiterating that in no case is it advisable to delay treatment to avoid possible progression to heart failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Takotsubo syndrome, also known as stress cardiomyopathy, is a condition triggered by emotional factors or intense physical stress; postmenopausal women are the predominant population. CLINICAL CASES: A series of cases is presented. In the first clinical case a primary takotsubo syndrome is exposed in a 60-year-old female patient with chest pain, accompanied by exaggerated neurovegetative response related to a previous emotional event. On the second case, a 69-year-old female patient suffered a fall in her own support plane, with direct contusion on the thorax, developing later a secondary takotsubo syndrome. In both cases an electrocardiogram with T-wave reversal and ST segment elevation, cardiac enzyme elevation, and a characteristic imaging study, showing no coronary artery injury, as well as a left ventricle with severe apical hypokinesia giving a characteristic image in the form of a vase of takotsubo. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of takotsubo syndrome is challenging due to the similarity of the clinical picture to an acute coronary syndrome. Definitive diagnosis requires a ventriculography that shows the characteristic pattern in the shape of the vessel that gives to the syndrome its name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and objective: Cardiac amyloidosis is an entity that remains underdiagnostic, despite recent advances in its diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study is to review a series of diagnosed cases of cardiac amyloidosis to describe the main clinical data and the findings in the imaging tests. Materials and methods: Retrospective study of patients with primary or secondary diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis in discharge reports of patients hospitalized in our center from 2006 to 2016. The clinical data of the patients were reviewed, as well as the imaging tests (ECG, echocardiogram, cardiac scintigraphy, cardiac magnetic resonance). Patients were followed until January 2018. Results: We analyze 30 patients (20 men) with an average of 65 years. The main echocardiographic data were biatrial dilatation, diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in 97%. Only 6.7% met criteria for LVH in the electrocardiogram. Up to 33% had systolic dysfunction. Scintigraphy and cardiac magnetic resonance were performed in 33%. Survival at 12 months was 61%. Conclusion: The presence of heart failure, atrial fibrillation or conduction disorders with suggestive echocardiographic data should alert the clinician. Other data such as systolic dysfunction or female sex should not decrease the suspicion. The study should be completed with gammagraphy and cardiac magnetic resonance since early diagnosis has prognostic and therapeutic implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La miocarditis es una enfermedad inflamatoria del músculo cardiaco no asociada a anormalidades valvulares y en ausencia de enfermedad isquémica. Su prevalencia e incidencia se desconocen, ya que se presenta de manera subaguda o con síntomas iniciales inespecíficos. Su fisiopatología consta de tres fases: aguda (< 3 días–daño miocárdico mediado por acción directa del virus), subaguda (4-14 días–el daño miocárdico resulta de una disregulación de la respuesta autoinmune del huésped) y crónica (> 15 días–aclaramiento viral insuficiente y perpetuación del proceso inflamatorio, que conduce a remodelamiento cardiaco y falla cardiaca). Como agente etiológico más frecuente se describe el Parvovirus B19 y el herpes virus humano 6. Entre las manifestaciones clínicas: dolor torácico, arritmias, en lactantes (letargo, taquipnea, dificultad respiratoria leve, etc.), puede iniciar con pródromo viral, disfunción ventricular o muerte súbita. Tiene cuatro posibles presentaciones clínicas: asintomático, miocarditis aguda, fulminante o miocardiopatía crónica dilatada. El electrocardiograma detecta anormalidades entre el 93 al 100%; la resonancia magnética nuclear cardiovascular con gadolinio es de mayor uso, principalmente en la biopsia endomiocárdica. El tratamiento se basa en la monitorización hemodinámica del paciente, la evaluación de la necesidad de diuréticos, inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina, betabloqueadores no selectivos, soporte inotrópico, antiarrítmicos o, en casos severos, el requerimiento de soporte mecánico cardiovascular. Se evalúa el uso de inmunoglobulina y, de manera controversial, el de inmunosupresor y antiviral. El pronóstico es variable y depende de factores inherentes al ambiente y al huésped. Se realizó una revisión actualizada de la literatura.

Objetivo: Identificar drogas de abuso, sustancias químicas o venenos de origen animal asociados a cardiopatía de takotsubo. Método: Revisión estructurada en Pubmed/Medline, para la que se utilizaron los términos: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy, stress cardiomyopathy, transient-left-ventricular ballooning syndrome, ampulla cardiomyopathy, apical ballooning syndrome, OR broken heart syndrome; together with “drugs abuse”, “chemistry substance.” “iatrogenic”, “drug-induced” OR “induced by”. Se seleccionaron artículos publicados entre el 01/01/1990 y 31/10/2015, en inglés, francés o español, con acceso a texto completo. Se incluyeron los artículos con reportes de drogas de abuso, sustancias químicas o venenos de origen animal, como posibles desencadenantes de la miocardiopatía. Adicionalmente, se incluyeron las referencias de los artículos seleccionados, valoradas como relevantes. Resultado: Se recuperaron 852 artículos diferentes y se seleccionaron 23, más 4 referencias relevantes, en las cuales se identificaron 38 casos de miocardiopatía de takotsubo, posiblemente asociados al uso o exposición a drogas de abuso, sustancias químicas o venenos de animales, especialmente, monóxido de carbono (n = 13; 34,2%), cocaína o crack (n = 5, 13,2%), abstinencia al alcohol (n = 5; 13,2%), venenos de origen animal (n = 5; 13,2%) y anfetaminas (n = 4; 10,5%). En total se identificaron 14 sustancias diferentes como posibles desencadenantes de la miocardiopatía en mención. Conclusión: La miocardiopatía de takotsubo podría ser desencadenada por el uso o la exposición a 14 drogas de abuso, sustancias químicas o venenos de origen animal, las cuales, en la mayoría de los casos, generan sobreestimulación simpática. Por ello se recomienda considerar este tipo de situación en pacientes que presenten este tipo de miocardiopatía, especialmente en quienes no se identifique un desencadenante físico o emocional.

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En la última década se ha producido un incremento sustancial en el conocimiento de las bases genéticas de las cardiomiopatías, en consideración a lo cual las Sociedades Americanas y Europea de Cardiología, han propuesto una nueva clasificación con el fin de incluir tales aspectos. Aunque se carece de datos precisos, aproximadamente el 30% de los pacientes con miocardiopatías referidos para pruebas genéticas presentan una variante genética patogénica. En la herencia de la miocardiopatía dilatada familiar, la modalidad predominante es la autosómica dominante, siendo mucho menos frecuentes las ligadas al cromosoma X, la herencia autosómica recesiva y la mitocondrial. A su vez, pruebas provenientes de ensayos clínicos y experimentales indican que la infección, la inflamación y el sistema inmunológico están de alguna manera interrelacionados en los mecanismos patogénicos implicados en la miocardiopatía dilatada. No hay duda que en un futuro próximo las mejoras en la secuenciación de genes y el mayor conocimiento de la patogenia influirán decididamente en el diagnóstico, evaluación y tratamiento de esta entidad.

La displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho es una cardiopatía de origen genético, su importancia radica en la capacidad de generar muerte súbita en pacientes en la tercera y cuarta década de la vida, después de grandes esfuerzos por aumentar la sensibilidad y mejorar la capacidad diagnóstica continúa siendo un importante problema de salud pública. Los desfibriladores implantables han demostrado aumentar la supervivencia de quienes presentan arritmias letales asociadas, sin embargo, debido al carácter progresivo de la enfermedad un interrogante de importancia es cómo tratar a los pacientes con terapias apropiadas y frecuentes de estos dispositivos, la ablación por radiofrecuencia es una respuesta terapéutica seria a este dilema. En la actualidad disponemos de técnicas de ablación que combinan los métodos de la imagen TC cardiaca, la resonancia cardiaca, los mapas electroanatómicos y algunas herramientas de la electrofisiología convencional que permiten realizar ablaciones sin la inducción de arritmias ventriculares de forma sostenida y durante el ritmo sinusal, de modo similar el mejor entendimiento de la patogenia introdujo el uso de técnicas híbridas endo y epicárdica, la suma de cada uno de estos avances ha aumentado la tolerancia durante el procedimiento, ha mejorado los resultados en las etapas agudas postablación y en los seguimientos a mediano plazo, hoy los márgenes de seguridad y eficacia para esta técnica se incrementan, siendo de primera línea en diferentes situaciones de relevancia en esta compleja enfermedad.

La miocardiopatía por estrés, o takotsubo, se da en respuesta a un evento estresante que causa dilatación aguda del ventrículo izquierdo, disfunción ventricular, elevación de biomarcadores de daño miocárdico y cambios electrocardiográficos sin evidencia de lesiones coronarias significativas. Típicamente se presenta en mujeres posmenopáusicas y es de carácter reversible en la mayoría de los casos. Se reporta una serie de doce pacientes de sexo femenino, en la séptima década de la vida, con miocardiopatía por estrés, que se presentaron en un periodo de nueve años. La principal causa de consulta fue dolor torácico y el desencadenante más común fue de tipo emocional. De estas, el 25% tenía antecedentes médicos cardiológicos y los medicamentos más usados antes del evento fueron el ácido acetilsalicílico, los betabloqueadores y los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina. En todos los casos se documentó deterioro inicial de la función ventricular, que se recuperó en un periodo variable.

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La enfermedad de Chagas es una entidad parasitaria ocasionada por el Tripanosoma cruzi muy prevalente en América, especialmente en América Latina. Su fase indeterminada dura entre 10 a 30 años, período en el que los pacientes no presentan síntomas y pueden emigrar a cualquier parte del mundo. La consecuencia más relevante es la cardiopatía chagásica con diferentes manifestaciones. En muchas ocasiones la manifestación inicial de la cardiopatía es la insuficiencia cardiaca sobre un corazón dilatado lo que en ocasiones hace indispensable descartar un componente isquémico. La gammagrafía de perfusión miocárdica es una herramienta muy útil para el estudio de la cardiopatía isquémica, su alta sensibilidad permite observar defectos de perfusión diversos incluso en ausencia de la enfermedad aterosclerótica coronaria. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con dolor torácico y enfermedad de Chagas con diversos defectos de perfusión de origen microvascular en la gammagrafía de perfusión miocárdica con evidencia de las arterias coronarias epicárdicas sanas.

Resumo Introdução A miocardiopatia takotsubo (MT) é uma miocardiopatia induzida pelo estresse. Caracteriza‐se por um início agudo de sintomas e alterações eletrocardiográficas que mimetizam uma síndrome coronária aguda na ausência de doença arterial coronária obstrutiva. Qualquer evento anestésico‐cirúrgico corresponde a uma situação de estresse, pelo que a abordagem anestésica dos doentes com MT exige um cuidado especial em todo o período perioperatório. Descrevemos a abordagem anestésica de uma doente com diagnóstico confirmado de MT submetida a colectomia segmentar. Caso clínico Paciente do sexo feminino, 55 anos, ASA III , com antecedentes de síndrome de takotsubo diagnosticada havia dois anos, encaminhada para colectomia segmentar. A paciente, sem outras alterações na avaliação pré‐operatória, foi submetida a anestesia geral associada a epidural lombar e manteve‐se hemodinamicamente estável durante as duas horas do procedimento cirúrgico. Após uma breve permanência na Unidade de Cuidados Pós‐Anestésicos foi transferida para a Unidade de Cuidados Intermédios (UCIM) com analgesia peridural para o pós‐operatório. Conclusão A MT é uma doença rara, cuja verdadeira fisiopatologia continua por esclarecer, assim como a estratégia anestésico‐cirúrgica mais apropriada. Nesse caso, por causa de uma abordagem preventiva, com monitoração rigorosa e o menor estímulo possível, todo o perioperatório decorreu sem intercorrências. Sendo uma doença rara, o seu relato poderá contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento sobre a MT. Introduction Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is a stress‐induced cardiomyopathy. It is characterized by an acute onset of symptoms and electrocardiographic abnormalities mimicking an acute coronary syndrome in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Any anesthetic‐surgical event corresponds to a stressful situation, so the anesthetic management of patients with TCM requires special care throughout the perioperative period. We describe the anesthetic management of a patient with a confirmed diagnosis of TCM undergoing segmental colectomy. Case report Female patient, 55 years old, ASA III , with history of takotsubo syndrome diagnosed 2 years ago, scheduled for segmental colectomy. The patient, without other changes in preoperative evaluation, underwent general anesthesia associated with lumbar epidural and remained hemodynamically stable during the 2 hours of surgery. After a brief stay in the Post‐Anesthesia Care Unit, she was transferred to the Intermediate Care Unit (IMCU), with epidural analgesia for postoperative period. Conclusion TCM is a rare disease which true pathophysiology remains unclear, as well as the most appropriate anesthetic‐surgical strategy. In this case, through a preventive approach, with close monitoring and the lowest possible stimulus, all the perioperative period was uneventful. Because it is a rare disease, this report could help to raise awareness about TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Light-chain amyloidosis in pediatric patients is exceptional. Pediatric cases in Mexico have not been reported, so far. We present the case of a 9-month-old male infant who debuted with periorbital and lower extremities purpura, heart failure and anasarca. Clinical history, physical findings, laboratory data and diagnostic methods focused on the cardiac and histopathological approach are discussed. A review of the literature regarding the frequency of amyloidosis in the pediatric population as well as the diagnostic approach of this entity is presented. The prognosis of amyloidosis depends on the type of amyloid material, and extent and damage of the involved organs, so diagnosis and typification is crucial for the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Las vasculitis asociadas a anticuerpos citoplasmá-ticos antineutrófilos, clasificadas como vasculitis de pequeños vasos incluyen: granulomatosis con poliangeítis (enfermedad de Wegener), poliangeítis microscópica y la granulomatosis eosinofilica con poliangeítis (GEPA) (Churg Strauss). La enferme-dad de Churg Strauss es una de las vasculitis necro-tizantes sistémicas más raras, pero potencialmente mortal. La incidencia internacional de la enferme-dad es de aproximadamente 2.5 casos por cada 100 000 adultos por año, el rango de supervivencia a 1 año es de 90% y a los 5 años es de 62%. El sín-drome de Churg Strauss (SCS) tiene una fisiopato-logía compleja, en la cual contribuyen factores ge-néticos y agentes extrínsecos; también, diferentes tipos de células, como células T, eosinófilos, célu-las B y células residentes participantes en la reac-ción inflamatoria y la lesión tisular. Se han descrito tres fases de evolución de la enfermedad parcial-mente superpuestas. Una primera fase prodrómica caracterizada por manifestaciones atópicas como asma, rinitis alérgica, sinusitis y pólipos nasales. La segunda fase se caracteriza por eosinofilia perifé-rica, y pueden ocurrir infiltrados eosinofílicos en pulmones y tracto gastrointestinal. Durante la ter-cera fase de la enfermedad ocurren manifestaciones vasculíticas. Además de los síntomas constitucio-nales también hay manifestaciones osteomuscula-res como mialgias, artralgias y artritis. El pronós-tico del SCS ha mejorado dramáticamente desde la introducción de los corticoesteroides, y estos si-guen siendo la primera línea de terapia de la GEPA. Aunque la piedra angular del tratamiento son los corticoesteroides, la enfermedad severa es tratada de manera similar a otras vasculitis asociadas a ANCA, con otros agentes inmunosupresores como ciclofosfamida. Sin embargo el manejo sigue siendo un reto, con estudios clínicos limitados.

La ecocardiografía de estrés con dobutamina es uno de los métodos más usados para evaluar la presencia de isquemia inducible con un buen nivel de seguridad. Existen pocos reportes de miocardiopatía de takutsubo durante la fase de recuperación de esta prueba. Se expone el caso de una paciente de 56 años, quien ingresó para la realización de una ecocardiografía de estrés con dobutamina para evaluación de dolor torácico. En la valoración basal con contractilidad normal, fracción de eyección del 60%, y electrocardiograma normal. A dosis de dobutamina de 30 μg/kg, presentó dolor torácico opresivo asociado a bloqueo completo de rama izquierda, sin alteraciones de la contractilidad asociados. Durante la recuperación desarrolló acinesia de todos los segmentos medios y apicales con incremento de los volúmenes y persistencia del bloqueo de rama izquierda. Se realizó angiografía coronaria que demostró vasos epicárdicos sanos. Seis semanas después se evidenció la recuperación completa de la contractilidad y la desaparición del bloqueo de rama izquierda en el electrocardiograma. La miocardiopatía de takutsubo puede incluirse como una complicación infrecuente de la ecocardiografía de estrés con dobutamina, tanto en el periodo de estrés máximo como durante la recuperación.

La insuficiencia cardiaca es un síndrome asociado con alta morbilidad y mortalidad, principalmente debido a episodios de agudización o descompensación. La cardiopatía hipertensiva es una etiología de la insuficiencia cardiaca con alta prevalencia en el mundo. El hiperaldosteronismo primario es una causa de hipertensión con incidencia creciente, que, independiente de la hipertensión, puede desencadenar miocardiopatía con todas sus consecuencias. En este artículo se presenta el caso de un paciente de cincuenta años con insuficiencia cardiaca agudizada con disfunción sistólica, asociada a hipertensión resistente y como patología de base un estado con hipersecreción de aldosterona (hiperaldosteronismo primario).Heart failure is a syndrome associated with high morbidity and mortality, mainly due to episodes of exacerbation or decompensation. Hypertensive heart disease is a cause of heart failure with a high prevalence in the world. Primary hyperaldosteronism is a cause of hypertension with increasing incidence, which, independent of hypertension, can lead to cardiomyopathy with all its consequences. This article presents the case of a fifty years old male patient with acute heart failure exacerbated with systolic dysfunction, associated with resistant hypertension and having as underlying pathology a condition of aldosterone hypersecretion (primary hyperaldosteronism).

La insuficiencia cardíaca es uno de los problemas de salud de mayor relevancia por su incidencia creciente y sus repercusiones sociales, económicas y sobre todo humanas. El trasplante cardíaco es un abordaje excelente y un tratamiento consolidado para estos pacientes. Sin embargo, la desproporción entre el número de pacientes con una insuficiencia cardíaca terminal y los donantes potenciales restringe el trasplante a aquellos pacientes sin otras posibilidades de tratamiento y ha generado alternativas terapéuticas para mejorar el pronóstico y los síntomas de estos pacientes con alto riesgo. El interés creciente del estudio de la reversibilidad de varias formas de insuficiencia cardíaca terminal y la aplicación de la biología al tratamiento de estos pacientes ha inducido el desarrollo de estrategias terapéuticas, diseñadas para integrar la biología y las nuevas tecnologías médicas, para así intervenir sobre los modelos biomecánicos, moleculares y neurohormonales de la insuficiencia cardíaca. Estos tratamientos incluyen la cardiomioplastia celular, la ingeniería tisular, la cirugía de restauración del ventrículo izquierdo, la inmunoadsorción y la constricción mecánica pasiva ventricular como puente a la recuperación. La integración de estos abordajes puede ofrecer alternativas válidas al trasplante cardíaco.

La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es uno de los problemas de salud de mayor relevancia. El trasplante cardíaco es el abordaje de la IC grado D. Sin embargo la desproporción receptores-donantes restringe el número de trasplantes y ha inducido el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas. El modelo de anatomía y función cardíaca basado en la hipótesis de Torrent Guasp ha conseguido que el estudio de la acción mecánica cardíaca recupere la importancia que le corresponde. Esta hipótesis ha llevado a revisar conceptos clásicos tales como que la banda miocárdica sería generadora de la reducción tridimensional. El objetivo de esta publicación es destacar el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas de la IC, integrando la biología, las nuevas tecnologías médicas y las bases anatómicas de torrent Guasp. Este número quiere ser un recordatorio de Torrent Guasp. Su aportación científica crucial para la cardiología moderna, su calidad científica y humana, nos ha llevado a dedicarle un modesto homenaje póstumo.

Se presentó un paciente con esclerodermia que se diagnosticó a partir de las manifestaciones cardiovasculares de la enfermedad: palpitaciones, disnea de esfuerzo, inflamación de manos y pies e incluso la cara. Clínicamente se manifestó fenómeno de Raynaud y litiasis renal. Eléctricamente, fibrilación auricular de respuesta rápida y por la ecocardiogiografia, patrón de miocardiopatia restrictiva, hipertensión pulmonar y comunicación interauricular tipo fosa oval.A patient was reported with a diagnosis of scleroderma based on the cardiovascular manifestations of the disease: palpitation, exertional dyspnea, swelling of the hands and feet and even the face. Clinical manifestations were Raynaud's phenomenon and renal lithiasis. Electrically, rapid response atrial fibrillation, and ecocardiogiographically, a pattern of restrictive cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension and fossa ovalis atrial septal defect.

The quantity, morphometry, and quality of atrial neurons from the intercaval region in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were evaluated. Dogs with DCM had greater ganglion neurons than control dogs. The histologic evaluation of the ventricular myocardium and ganglion neurons confirmed DCM and showed the degeneration of ganglion neurons. Dogs with chronic DCM had a secondary cardioneuropathy owing to impaired parasympathetic neural control.Avaliaram-se quantitativa, morfométrica e qualitativamente os neurônios atriais da faixa intercaval de cães com cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD). Os neurônios dos gânglios nervosos de cães com CMD eram maiores que os dos cães controle. A histopatologia do miocárdio ventricular e dos neurônios ganglionares confirmou a CMD e demonstrou evidente processo degenerativo neuronal ganglionar. Cães com CMD em fase crônica apresentavam cardioneuropatia secundária, provavelmente pela privação da inervação parassimpática cardíaca.

Fifteen mature crossbred sheep were fed different daily amounts (2.5-35g kg-1 bw) of the fresh green leaves of Ateleia glazioviana for different periods of time (1-24 days). One sheep was not fed the plant and served as a control. All 16 sheep were euthanatized at different stages of the experiment, necropsied, and several organs, including heart and brain were evaluated histologically. Samples of five brain regions from three affected sheep were evaluated by electron microscopy. Clinical signs observed in three sheep included depression, anorexia, general weakness, staggering gait and prolonged recumbency. One sheep had signs of congestive heart failure. Necropsy findings included subcutaneous dependent edema and edema of the body cavities in two sheep and nutmeg liver in one. Histopathological findings included degeneration, necrosis and interstitial fibrosis in the myocardium of four sheep and vacuolation of cerebral white matter (spongy degeneration, status spongiosus) in 10 sheep, although this latter change were marked only in two of those 10. The ultrastructure of the brain lesion was morphologically consistent with that found in diseases grouped as spongiform myelinopathies in which vacuolation of the myelin occurs in the absence of significant myelin breakdown or phagocytosis. The morphology and pathogenesis of the chronic cardiomyopathy and of the cerebral spongy degeneration in affected sheep in this experiment are discussed and compared with other similar conditions in domestic ruminants.Quinze ovinos mestiços adultos receberam quantidades variáveis (2,5-35g kg-1 pv), por via oral, das folhas verdes frescas de Ateleia glazioviana durante períodos de tempo que variaram de 1 a 24 dias. Um ovino não recebeu a planta e serviu como controle. Todos os 16 ovinos foram submetidos à eutanásia em diferentes estágios do experimento, necropsiados, e vários órgãos, incluindo coração e encéfalo, foram avaliados histologicamente. Fragmentos de cinco regiões do encéfalo de três ovinos afetados foram avaliados por microscopia eletrônica. Sinais clínicos observados em três ovinos incluíam depressão, anorexia, fraqueza geral, andar vacilante e decúbito prolongado. Um ovino apresentou sinais de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Achados de necropsia incluíram edema subcutâneo de declive e das cavidades orgânicas em dois ovinos e fígado de noz-moscada em umdeles. Achados histopatológicos incluíram necrose e fibrose intersticial no miocárdio de quatro ovinos e vacuolização da substância branca (degeneração esponjosa, status spongiosus) em 10 ovinos, embora essa última alteração fosse acentuada em apenas dois ovinos. A ultra-estrutura das lesões encefálicas foi morfologicamente consistente com o que é descrito em um grupo de doenças conhecidas como mielinopatias espongiformes nas quais a vacuolização da mielina ocorre na ausência de degradação significativa da mielina ou fagocitose. A morfologia e patogênese da miocardiopatia crônica e da degeneração esponjosa encefálica nos ovinos deste experimento são discutidas e comparadas com outras condições semelhantes em animais domésticos.

La miocardiopatía por estrés o tipo takotsubo es un síndrome de aturdimiento miocárdico intenso, precipitado por situaciones de estrés agudo asociado con liberación suprafisiológica de catecolaminas. La disfunción ventricular izquierda es severa, característicamente reversible y de muy buen pronóstico. La arteriografía coronaria no demuestra lesiones coronarias significativas y la elevación de las enzimas de daño miocárdico es leve. También se conoce como miocardiopatía tipo takotsubo o como abombamiento apical transitorio del ventrículo izquierdo. Afecta con mayor frecuencia a mujeres ancianas y rara vez al hombre. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente con este tipo de miocardiopatía en el que se hace una revisión de la literatura, con énfasis en su forma de presentación clínica, hallazgos del electrocardiograma, enzimas cardiacas, alteraciones características de la contractilidad, fisiopatología, pronóstico y tratamiento.Stress cardiomyopathy -Takotsubo cardiomyopathy- is a syndrome of intense myocardial stunning, resulting from acute stress situations accompanied by high catecholamine release. It is also known as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or as transient apical left ventricular ballooning. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction is severe, reversible and has a good prognosis. Coronary arteriography doesn’t show significant coronary lesions and the serum enzymes elevation is minor. It affects predominantly old women and is very rare in men. A case of an old patient with this type of cardiomyopathy is presented and a review of literature is made, emphasizing its clinical manifestations, electrocardiographic findings, cardiac serum enzymes, characteristic contractility alterations, physiopathology, prognosis and treatment.

Mexico is a country endemic for Chagas disease in which two thirds of the territory can be considered at risk of vector- borne infection. This means that 1.1 million people could be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and 29.5 million at risk of infection. Dwelling characteristics of poverty in these rural areas linked with biological conditions, lifestyle, environmental and sociocultural factors are important in the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Nowadays, the screening for the parasite is mandatory and at least 92% of blood banks are covered. The inadequate knowledge of the disease by the health personnel and the population limits the possibility of the diagnosis. The acute phase of the disease courses undetected. The main affected organ in Chagas disease is the heart, with a slow evolution; the pathogenesis of chronic cardiomyopathy is complex and lesions occur mainly in the autonomic nervous system and myocardium leading to disturbances in the conductivity and contractility of the organ. The main pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of the disease are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Cardiología (18855857) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Little is known about the prevalence of electrical storm, baseline characteristics and mortality implications of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator in primary prevention versus those patients without electrical storm. We sought to assess the prevalence, baseline risk profile and survival significance of electrical storm in patients with implantable defibrillator for primary prevention. Methods: Retrospective multicenter study performed in 15 Spanish hospitals. Consecutives patients referred for desfibrillator implantation, with or without left ventricular lead (at least those performed in 2010 and 2011), were included. Results: Over all 1,174 patients, 34 (2,9%) presented an electrical storm, mainly due to ventricular tachycardia (82.4%). There were no significant baseline differences between groups, with similar punctuation in the mortality risk scores (SHOCKED, MADIT and FADES). A clear trigger was identified in 47% of the events. During the study period (38 ± 21 months), long-term total mortality (58.8% versus 14.4%, p < 0.001) and cardiac mortality (52.9% versus 8.6%, p < 0.001) were both increased among electrical storm patients. Rate of inappropriate desfibrillator intervention was also higher (14.7 versus 8.6%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In the present study of patients with desfibrillator implantation for primary prevention, prevalence of electrical storm was 2.9%. There were no baseline differences in the cardiovascular risk profile versus those without electrical storm. However, all cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality was increased in these patients versus control desfibrillator patients without electrical storm, as was the rate of inappropriate desfibrillator intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

São descritos dois surtos da intoxicação espontânea por Tetrapterys multiglandulosa em bovinos e a reprodução experimental da toxicose em ovinos. Os dois surtos espontâneos ocorreram na mesma fazenda localizada no município de Bataiporã, Mato Grosso do Sul. O primeiro surto ocorreu em julho-outubro de 2004 e envolveu uma população bovina sob risco de 290 vacas prenhes que haviam sido introduzidas em um pasto de 60 hectares onde havia uma área de reserva legal, altamente infestada por T. multiglandulosa. Dessas, 230 vacas (79,3%) abortaram, pariram natimortos ou bezerros fracos que morreram alguns dias após o nascimento. Sete vacas adultas morreram. Uma vaca e um bezerro de 10 dias foram necropsiados. O segundo surto ocorreu em setembro-outubro de 2005, 40 dias após 285 novilhas de dois anos de idade terem sido introduzidas no mesmo pasto infestado por T. multiglandulosa onde ocorrera o primeiro surto no ano anterior. Nove novilhas adoeceram e morreram; três foram necropsiadas. Os sinais clínicos dos bovinos afetados, incluindo um bezerro de 10 dias de idade, consistiam de acentuada letargia, emagrecimento com distensão do abdômen (ascite), edema subcutâneo de declive, ingurgitamento e pulso venoso da jugular, dispnéia e arritmia cardíaca. Os achados de necropsia incluíam corações globosos e com câmaras cardíacas dilatadas, áreas brancas e firmes no miocárdio e alterações relacionadas a insuficiência cardíaca como edemas cavitários, fígado de noz-moscada, edema pulmonar e grande coágulo no ventrículo esquerdo. As alterações histopatológicas incluíam necrose e fibrose do miocárdio, congestão centrolobular passiva crônica do fígado, edema pulmonar e degeneração esponjosa da substância branca do encéfalo. Os ovinos do experimento morreram 29 (Ovino 1) e 35 (Ovino 2) dias após terem recebido as folhas de T. multiglandulosa nas doses médias diárias de 14 g/kg (Ovino 1) e 7,5 g/kg (Ovino 2). O aparecimento dos sinais clínicos ocorreu a partir do 7º dia (Ovino 1) e do 4º dia (Ovino 2) de experimento e incluíam taquicardia e arritmia, letargia e pressão da cabeça contra objetos. Os achados de necropsia e histopatologia em ambos os ovinos experimentais foram estreitamente semelhantes aos observados nos bovinos afetados nos dois surtos espontâneos.

OBJETIVO: Estudar a função do átrio esquerdo em portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada de etiologia chagásica e correlacioná-la à função diastólica e à classe funcional. MÉTODOS: Estudados 75 portadores de miocardiopatia chagásica de julho de 1999 a maio de 2001, submetidos a exame clínico, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma transesofágico. A função do átrio esquerdo foi avaliada por meio das velocidades no apêndice atrial esquerdo e do reverso atrial na veia pulmonar. O grupo controle constou de 20 pacientes normais. RESULTADOS: A idade foi de 48±13 anos e 69% eram homens. A maioria dos pacientes estava em classe funcional I e II (88%), em tratamento convencional para insuficiência cardíaca. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foi de 39±13%. Os indicadores de função diastólica associaram-se aos de função sistólica e à classe funcional. Os portadores de padrão pseudonormal ou restritivo de disfunção diastólica apresentavam maior diâmetro do átrio esquerdo, menores velocidades do fluxo no apêndice atrial esquerdo, e maior duração do reverso atrial. Não houve diferença entre os pacientes com padrão normal e relaxamento diastólico anormal em relação ao grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: A função atrial esquerda constitui um importante parâmetro na avaliação dos pacientes com miocardiopatia chagásica, e relaciona-se às funções sistólica e diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo.OBJECTIVE: To study the function of the left atrium in carriers of dilated cardiomyopathy of chagasic etiology and relate it to the diastolic function and to the functional class. METHODS: We studied 75 chagasic with cardiomyopathy patients from July to 1999 to May to 2001, submitted to clinical exams, electrocardiogram and transesophageal echocardiogram. The left atrium function was assessed by means of the velocities in the left atrial appendix and the atrial reverse in the pulmonary vein. The control group consisted of 20 normal patients. RESULTS: The age was 48±13 years old and 69% were men. Most of patients (88%) were in functional classes I and II, under a conventional treatment for cardiac insufficiency. The fraction of ejection of the left ventricle was 39±13%. The indicators of diastolic function associate to those of systolic function and the functional class. Patients with pseudonormal or restrictive pattern of diastolic dysfunction presented a larger diameter of the left atrium, lower flow velocities in the left atrial appendix and a longer duration of the atrial reverse. There was no difference among the patients with normal pattern and abnormal diastolic relaxation in relation to the control group. CONCLUSION: The left atrial function is an important parameter in the assessment of patients with chagasic myocardiopathy and it is related to the systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle.

La elevación diafragmática es una entidad caracterizada por la alteración en la fuerza contráctil de las fibras musculares del diafragma, que conlleva prolapso de las estructuras abdominales hacia la cavidad torácica. En la mayoría de los casos, los síntomas se presentan por la compresión del parénquima pulmonar subyacente; la compresión de estructuras cardíacas es menos frecuente. Se reporta el caso de una paciente que presentó signos y síntomas compatibles con falla cardíaca derecha y en quien los diferentes estudios demostraron una elevación diafragmática con colapso de la aurícula derecha como causa de su sintomatología.Diaphragmatic elevation is a disorder characterized by impaired contractile force of the muscle fibers of the diaphragm, which results in prolapse of abdominal structures into the chest cavity. In most cases, symptoms occur by the underlying lung parenchyma compression. The compression of cardiac structures is less frequent. We report the case of a female patient who developed signs and symptoms consistent with right heart failure and in whom several studies showed a diaphragmatic elevation with collapse of the right atrium as cause of her symptomatology.