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Angiogenesis plays an important role in damaged organ or tissue and cell regeneration and ovarian development and function. Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a prevalent pathology in women under 40. Conventional treatment for POI involves hormone therapy. However, due to its side effects, an alternative approach is desirable. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from various sources restore ovarian function; however, they have many limitations as stem cell sources. Therefore, it is desirable to study the efficacy of placenta-derived MSCs (PD-MSCs), which possess many advantages over other MSCs, in a rat model of ovarian dysfunction. Here, we investigated the restorative effect of PD-MSCs on injured ovaries in ovariectomized (OVX) rats and the ability of intravenous transplantation (Tx) of PD-MSCs (5 × 105) to enhance ovarian vasculature and follicular development. ELISA analysis of serum revealed that compared to the non-transplantation (NTx) group, the Tx group showed significantly increased levels of anti-Müllerian hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and estradiol (E2) (*P, Vascular endothelial growth factor secreted by placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) promotes follicular development and ovarian function after ovariectomy through vascular remodeling. These results provide fundamental data for understanding the therapeutic mechanisms of stem cell therapy based on placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells PD-MSCs and provide a theoretical foundation for their application for obstetrical and gynecological diseases, including infertility and menopause.

Liver diseases, despite the organ’s high regenerative capacity, are caused by several environmental factors and persistent injuries. Their optimal treatment is a liver transplantation. However, this option is limited by donor shortages and immune response issues. Therefore, many researchers have been interested in identifying the therapeutic potential in treating irreversible liver damage based on stem cells and developing suitable therapeutic agents. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are representative multipotent stem cells, are known to be highly potential stem cell therapy compared to other stem cells in the clinical trial worldwide. MSCs have therapeutic potentials for several hepatic diseases such as anti-fibrosis, proliferation of hepatocytes injured, anti-inflammation, autophagic mechanism, and inactivation of hepatic stellate cells. There are much data regarding clinical treatments, however, the data for examining the efficacy of stem cell treatment and the correlation between the stem cell engraftment and the efficacy in liver diseases is limited due to the lack of monitoring system for treatment effectiveness. Therefore, this paper introduces the characteristics of microRNAs (miRNAs) and liver disease-specific miRNA profiles, and the possibility of a biomarker that miRNA can monitor stem cell treatment efficacy by comparing miRNAs changed in liver diseases following stem cell treatment. Additionally, we also discuss the miRNA profiling in liver diseases when treated with stem cell therapy and suggest the candidate miRNAs that can be used as a biomarker that can monitor treatment efficacy in liver diseases based on MSCs therapy.