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1. Summary for Policymakers

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., Mintenbeck, K., Löschke, S, Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., Mintenbeck, K., and Löschke, S

Abstract

This Summary for Policymakers (SPM) presents key findings of the Working Group II (WGII) contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the IPCC. The report builds on the WGII contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the IPCC, three Special Reports, and the Working Group I (WGI) contribution to the AR6 cycle. This report recognizes the interdependence of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity3, and human societies (Figure SPM.1) and integrates knowledge more strongly across the natural, ecological, social and economic sciences than earlier IPCC assessments. The assessment of climate change impacts and risks as well as adaptation is set against concurrently unfolding non-climatic global trends e.g., biodiversity loss, overall unsustainable consumption of natural resources, land and ecosystem degradation, rapid urbanisation, human demographic shifts, social and economic inequalities and a pandemic.

Published
2022

2. Central and South America

Author

Pörtner, H-O, Roberts, D C, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, E S, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Craig, M, Langsdorf, S, Löschke, S, Möller, V, Okem, A, Rama, B, Pörtner, H ( H-O ), Roberts, D C ( D C ), Tignor, M ( M ), Poloczanska, E S ( E S ), Mintenbeck, K ( K ), Alegría, A ( A ), Craig, M ( M ), Langsdorf, S ( S ), Löschke, S ( S ), Möller, V ( V ), Okem, A ( A ), Rama, B ( B ), Castellanos, Edwin J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-0518, Lemos, Maria Fernanda, Astigarraga, Laura, Chacón, Noemí; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8825-9743, Cuvi, Nicolás, Huggel, Christian, Miranda, Liliana, Moncassim Vale, Mariana, Ometto, Jean Pierre, Peri, Pablo L, Postigo, Julio C; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0272-8348, Ramajo, Laura; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6707-685X, Roco, Lisandro, Rusticucci, Matilde, Pörtner, H-O, Roberts, D C, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, E S, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Craig, M, Langsdorf, S, Löschke, S, Möller, V, Okem, A, Rama, B, Pörtner, H ( H-O ), Roberts, D C ( D C ), Tignor, M ( M ), Poloczanska, E S ( E S ), Mintenbeck, K ( K ), Alegría, A ( A ), Craig, M ( M ), Langsdorf, S ( S ), Löschke, S ( S ), Möller, V ( V ), Okem, A ( A ), Rama, B ( B ), Castellanos, Edwin J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-0518, Lemos, Maria Fernanda, Astigarraga, Laura, Chacón, Noemí; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8825-9743, Cuvi, Nicolás, Huggel, Christian, Miranda, Liliana, Moncassim Vale, Mariana, Ometto, Jean Pierre, Peri, Pablo L, Postigo, Julio C; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0272-8348, Ramajo, Laura; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6707-685X, Roco, Lisandro, and Rusticucci, Matilde

Published
2022

3. Cross-Chapter Paper 5: Mountains

Author

Pörtner, H-O, Roberts, D C, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, E S, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Craig, M, Langsdorf, S, Löschke, S, Möller, V, Okem, A, Rama, B, Pörtner, H ( H-O ), Roberts, D C ( D C ), Tignor, M ( M ), Poloczanska, E S ( E S ), Mintenbeck, K ( K ), Alegría, A ( A ), Craig, M ( M ), Langsdorf, S ( S ), Löschke, S ( S ), Möller, V ( V ), Okem, A ( A ), Rama, B ( B ), Adler, Carolina, Wester, Philippus, Bhatt, Indra D, Huggel, Christian, Insarov, Gregory, Morecroft, Michael, Muccione, Veruska, Prakash, Anjal, Pörtner, H-O, Roberts, D C, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, E S, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Craig, M, Langsdorf, S, Löschke, S, Möller, V, Okem, A, Rama, B, Pörtner, H ( H-O ), Roberts, D C ( D C ), Tignor, M ( M ), Poloczanska, E S ( E S ), Mintenbeck, K ( K ), Alegría, A ( A ), Craig, M ( M ), Langsdorf, S ( S ), Löschke, S ( S ), Möller, V ( V ), Okem, A ( A ), Rama, B ( B ), Adler, Carolina, Wester, Philippus, Bhatt, Indra D, Huggel, Christian, Insarov, Gregory, Morecroft, Michael, Muccione, Veruska, and Prakash, Anjal

Abstract

Mountains are highly significant regions in the context of climate change and sustainable development. They lie at the intersection of accelerated warming and large populations that depend directly or indirectly on them. They are regions of high biological and cultural diversity and provide vital goods and services to people living in and around mountain regions and in downstream areas. Building on the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), Chapter 2, ‘High Mountain Areas’, of the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) (Hock et al., 2019), and the IPCC Working Group I contribution to AR6 (IPCC, 2021), this Cross-Chapter Paper (CCP) assesses new evidence on observed and projected climate change impacts in mountain regions, their associated key risks and adaptation measures.

Published
2022

5. Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services (Chapter 2)

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., Parmesan, C., Morecroft, M.D., Trisurat, Y., Adrian, R., Anshari, G.Z., Arneth, A., Gao, Q., Gonzalez, P., Harris, R., Price, J., Stevens, N., Talukdarr, G.H., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., Parmesan, C., Morecroft, M.D., Trisurat, Y., Adrian, R., Anshari, G.Z., Arneth, A., Gao, Q., Gonzalez, P., Harris, R., Price, J., Stevens, N., and Talukdarr, G.H.

Abstract

Chapter 2, building on prior assessments1, provides a global assessment of the observed impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, including their component species and the services they provide to people. Where possible, differences among regions, taxonomic groups and ecosystem types are presented. Adaptation options to reduce risks to ecosystems and people are assessed.

Published
2022

6. Point of Departure and Key Concepts (Chapter 1)

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., Ara Begum, R., Lempert, E., Ali, E., Benjaminsen, T.A., Bernauer, T., Cramer, W., Cui, X., Mach, K., Nagy, G., Stenseth, N.C., Sukumar, R., Wester, P., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., Ara Begum, R., Lempert, E., Ali, E., Benjaminsen, T.A., Bernauer, T., Cramer, W., Cui, X., Mach, K., Nagy, G., Stenseth, N.C., Sukumar, R., and Wester, P.

Abstract

The IPCC Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report addresses the challenges of climate action in the context of sustainable development with a particular focus on climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. This chapter frames the point of departure and key concepts building on the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2014a, b), the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (IPCC, 2018b), the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) (IPCC, 2019b), and the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL) (IPCC, 2019a); as well as the WGI contributions to the Sixth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2021a) and complements the contribution of the WGIII Sixth Assessment Report, which will be published after this report (IPCC, 2022).

Published
2022

7. Europe (Chapter 13)

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., Bednar-Friedl, B., Biesbroek, R., Schmidt, D.N., Alexander, P., Børsheim, K.Y., Carnicer, J, Georgopoulou, E., Haasnoot, M., Le Cozzanet, G., Lionello, P., Lipka, O., Möllmann, C., Muccione, V., Mustonen, T., Piepenburg, D., Whitmarsh, L., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., Bednar-Friedl, B., Biesbroek, R., Schmidt, D.N., Alexander, P., Børsheim, K.Y., Carnicer, J, Georgopoulou, E., Haasnoot, M., Le Cozzanet, G., Lionello, P., Lipka, O., Möllmann, C., Muccione, V., Mustonen, T., Piepenburg, D., and Whitmarsh, L.

Abstract

Our current 1.1°C warmer world is already affecting natural and human systems in Europe (very high confidence1). Since AR5, there has been a substantial increase in detected or attributed impacts of climate change in Europe, including extreme events (high confidence). Impacts of compound hazards of warming and precipitation have become more frequent (medium confidence). Climate change has resulted in losses of, and damages to, people, ecosystems, food systems, infrastructure, energy and water availability, public health and the economy (very high confidence).

Published
2022

8. Decision Making Options for Managing Risk

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegria, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., New, M., Reckien, D., Viner, D., Adler, C., Cheong, S.-M., Conde, C., Constable, A., de Perez, E., Lammel, A., Mechler, R., Orlove, B., Solecki, W., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegria, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., New, M., Reckien, D., Viner, D., Adler, C., Cheong, S.-M., Conde, C., Constable, A., de Perez, E., Lammel, A., Mechler, R., Orlove, B., and Solecki, W.

Published
2022

9. Decision-Making Options for Managing Risk

Author

New, Mark, Reckien, D., Viner, David, Adler, Carolina, Cheong, So-Min, Conde, Cecilia, Constable, Andrew, Coughlan de Perez, Erin, Lammel, Annamaria, Mechler, Reinhard, Orlove, Ben, Solecki, William, Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., Digital Society Institute, UT-I-ITC-PLUS, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management

Subjects
ITC-GOLD
Published
2022

10. Key Risks across Sectors and Regions

Author

O'Neill, B., van Aalst, M.K., Zaiton Ibrahim, Z., Berrang Ford, L., Bhadwal, S., Buhaug, H., Diaz, D., Frieler, F., Garschagen, M., Magnan, A., Midgley, G., Mirzabaev, A., Thomas, A., Warren, R., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Rama, B., Department of Applied Earth Sciences, UT-I-ITC-4DEarth, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and Digital Society Institute

Published
2022

11. High mountain areas

Author

Pörtner, H O, Roberts, D C, Masson-Delmotte, V, Zhai, P, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, E, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Nicolai, M, Okem, A, Petzold, J, Rama, B, Weyer, N M, Pörtner, H O ( H O ), Roberts, D C ( D C ), Masson-Delmotte, V ( V ), Zhai, P ( P ), Tignor, M ( M ), Poloczanska, E ( E ), Mintenbeck, K ( K ), Alegría, A ( A ), Nicolai, M ( M ), Okem, A ( A ), Petzold, J ( J ), Rama, B ( B ), Weyer, N M ( N M ), Hock, Regine, Rasul, Golam, Adler, Carolina, Cáceres, Bolívar, Gruber, Stephan, Hirabayashi, Yukiko, Jackson, Miriam, Kääb, Andreas, Kang, Shichang, Kutuzov, Stanislav, Milner, Alexander, Molau, Ulf, Morin, Samuel, Orlove, Ben, Steltzer, Heidi, Viviroli, Daniel, et al, Pörtner, H O, Roberts, D C, Masson-Delmotte, V, Zhai, P, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, E, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Nicolai, M, Okem, A, Petzold, J, Rama, B, Weyer, N M, Pörtner, H O ( H O ), Roberts, D C ( D C ), Masson-Delmotte, V ( V ), Zhai, P ( P ), Tignor, M ( M ), Poloczanska, E ( E ), Mintenbeck, K ( K ), Alegría, A ( A ), Nicolai, M ( M ), Okem, A ( A ), Petzold, J ( J ), Rama, B ( B ), Weyer, N M ( N M ), Hock, Regine, Rasul, Golam, Adler, Carolina, Cáceres, Bolívar, Gruber, Stephan, Hirabayashi, Yukiko, Jackson, Miriam, Kääb, Andreas, Kang, Shichang, Kutuzov, Stanislav, Milner, Alexander, Molau, Ulf, Morin, Samuel, Orlove, Ben, Steltzer, Heidi, Viviroli, Daniel, and et al

Abstract

The cryosphere (including, snow, glaciers, permafrost, lake and river ice) is an integral element of high mountain regions, which are home to roughly 10% of the global population. Widespread cryosphere changes affect physical, biological and human systems in the mountains and surrounding lowlands, with impacts evident even in the ocean. Building on the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report (AR5), this chapter assesses new evidence on observed recent and projected changes in the mountain cryosphere as well as associated impacts, risks and adaptation measures related to natural and human systems. Impacts in response to climate changes independently of changes in the cryosphere are not assessed in this chapter. Polar mountains are included in Chapter 3, except those in Alaska and adjacent Yukon, Iceland and Scandinavia, which are included in this chapter.

Published
2019

14. Depth-dependence in stable isotope ratio [delta].sup.15N of benthic POM consumers: The role of particle dynamics and organism trophic guild

Author

Mintenbeck, K., Jacob, U., Knust, R., Arntz, W.E., and Brey, T.

Subjects
Earth sciences
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.03.005 Byline: K. Mintenbeck (a), U. Jacob (b)(c), R. Knust (a), W.E. Arntz (a), T. Brey (a) Keywords: [delta].sup.15N variability; Suspension feeders; Water depth; Particulate organic matter; POM dynamics; Particle settling; Antarctica; Weddell Sea Abstract: The stable nitrogen isotope ratio ([delta].sup.15N) is an established indicator of trophic hierarchy in marine food-web studies. Most of these studies presume that spatial variation in the primary food source is negligible, although a water-depth-related increase in [delta].sup.15N of particulate organic matter (POM) has been found in many systems. We used the high-Antarctic Weddell Sea shelf and slope ecosystem to test whether such a depth-related change in [delta].sup.15N is reflected at higher trophic levels, i.e., benthic consumers of POM. In suspension feeders (SF) we found a significant increase in [delta].sup.15N with water depth of up to 9.8a[degrees], whereas in deposit feeders (DF) a depth effect was barely detectable. Particle-size preferences of the two feeding guilds combined with particle-size-dependent sinking velocities and biogeochemical reworking of POM are discussed as the major causes of these differences. It is essential to marine food-web studies to take into account the general depth effect on POM [delta].sup.15N as well as potential feeding-guild-specific differences in the response of POM consumer tissue [delta].sup.15N to avoid serious bias and misinterpretation of stable-isotope-based trophic information. Author Affiliation: (a) Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, P.O. Box 120161, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany (b) Department of Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science, Distillery Fields, University College Cork, Ireland (c) Environmental Research Institute, Lee Road, University College Cork, Ireland Article History: Received 28 July 2006; Revised 13 February 2007; Accepted 7 March 2007

Published
2007

17. Governance of the Ocean, Coasts and the Cryosphere under Climate Change

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D C, Masson-Delmotte, V, Zhai, P, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, E, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Nicola, M, Okem, A, Petzold, J, Rama, B, Weyer, N M, Prakash, Anjal, Cassotta, Sandra, Glavovic, Bruce, Hinkel, Jochen, Holland, Elisabeth, Karim, Md Saiful, Orlove, Ben, Ratter, Beate, Rice, Jake, Rivera-Arriaga, Evelia, Sutherland, Catherine, Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D C, Masson-Delmotte, V, Zhai, P, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, E, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Nicola, M, Okem, A, Petzold, J, Rama, B, Weyer, N M, Prakash, Anjal, Cassotta, Sandra, Glavovic, Bruce, Hinkel, Jochen, Holland, Elisabeth, Karim, Md Saiful, Orlove, Ben, Ratter, Beate, Rice, Jake, Rivera-Arriaga, Evelia, and Sutherland, Catherine

Abstract

This Cross-Chapter Box outlines governance and associated institutional challenges and emerging solutions relevant to the ocean, coasts and cryosphere in a changing climate. It illustrates these through three cases: (Case 1) multi-level interactions in Ocean and Arctic governance; (Case 2) mountain governance; and (Case 3) coastal risk governance.

Published
2019

18. Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., Weyer, N.M., Bindoff, Nathaniel L., Cheung, William W.L, Kairo, James Gitundu, Arístegui, Javier, Guinder, Valeria Ana, Hallberg, Robert, Hilmi, Nathalie Jeanne Marie, Jiao, Nianzhi, Karim, Md Saiful, Levin, Lisa, O’Donoghue, Sean, Purca Cuicapusa, Sara Regina, Rinkevich, Baruch, Suga, Toshio, Tagliabue, Alessandro, Williamson, Phillip, Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., Weyer, N.M., Bindoff, Nathaniel L., Cheung, William W.L, Kairo, James Gitundu, Arístegui, Javier, Guinder, Valeria Ana, Hallberg, Robert, Hilmi, Nathalie Jeanne Marie, Jiao, Nianzhi, Karim, Md Saiful, Levin, Lisa, O’Donoghue, Sean, Purca Cuicapusa, Sara Regina, Rinkevich, Baruch, Suga, Toshio, Tagliabue, Alessandro, and Williamson, Phillip

Published
2019

19. Chapter 3: Polar Regions

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., Weyer, N.M., Meredith, Michael, Sommerkorn, M., Cassotta, S., Derksen, C., Ekaykin, A., Hollowed, A., Kofinas, G., Mackintosh, A., Melbourn-Thomas, J., Muelbert, M.M.C., Ottersen, G., Pritchard, Hamish, Schuur, E.A.G., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., Weyer, N.M., Meredith, Michael, Sommerkorn, M., Cassotta, S., Derksen, C., Ekaykin, A., Hollowed, A., Kofinas, G., Mackintosh, A., Melbourn-Thomas, J., Muelbert, M.M.C., Ottersen, G., Pritchard, Hamish, and Schuur, E.A.G.

Published
2019

20. Chapter 1: Framing and Context of the Report

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., Weyer, N.M., Abram, N., Gattuso, J.-P., Prakash, A., Cheng, L., Chidichimo, M.P., Crate, S., Enomoto, H., Gaschagen, M., Gruber, N., Harper, S., Holland, E., Kudela, R.M., Rice, J., Steffen, K., von Schuckmann, K., Bindoff, N., Collins, S., Colvin, R., Farinotti, D., Hilmi, N., Hinkel, J., Hock, R., Magnan, A., Meredith, Michael P., Pandey, A., Shrestha, M.S., Sinisalo, A., Sutherland, C., Williamson, P., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., Weyer, N.M., Abram, N., Gattuso, J.-P., Prakash, A., Cheng, L., Chidichimo, M.P., Crate, S., Enomoto, H., Gaschagen, M., Gruber, N., Harper, S., Holland, E., Kudela, R.M., Rice, J., Steffen, K., von Schuckmann, K., Bindoff, N., Collins, S., Colvin, R., Farinotti, D., Hilmi, N., Hinkel, J., Hock, R., Magnan, A., Meredith, Michael P., Pandey, A., Shrestha, M.S., Sinisalo, A., Sutherland, C., and Williamson, P.

Published
2019

21. Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5ºC global warming on natural and human systems

Author

Hoegh - Guldberg, O., Jacob, D., Taylor, M., Bindi, M., Brown, S., Camilloni, I., Diedhiou, A., Djalante, R., Ebi, K., Engelbrecht, F., Guiot, K., Hijioka, Y., Mehrotra, S., Payne, A., Seneviratne, S., Thomas, A., Warren, R., Zhou, G., Halim, S., Achlatis, M., Alexander, L., Allen, M., Berry, P., Boyer, C., Brilli, L., Buckeridge, M., Cheung, W., Craig, M., Ellis, N., Evans, J., Fisher, H., Fraedrich, K., Fuss, S., Ganase, A., Gattuso, J., Greve, P., Guillen, T., Hanasaki, N., Hasegawa, T., Hayes, K., Hirsch, A., Jones, C., Jung, T., Kanninen, M., Krinner, G., Lawrence, D., Lenton, T., Ley, D., Liveman, D., Mahowald, N., McInnes, K., Meissner, K., Millar, R., Mintenbeck, K., Mitchell, D., Mix, A., Notz, D., Nurse, L., Okem, A., Olsson, L., Oppenheimer, M., Paz, S., Peterson, J., Petzold, J., Preuschmann, S., Rahman, M., Rogelj, J., Scheuffele, H., Schleussner, C.-F., Scott, D., Seferian, R., Sillmann, J., Singh, C., Slade, R., Stephenson, K., Stephenson, T., Sylla, M., Tebboth, M., Tschakert, P., Vautard, R., Wartenburger, R., Wehner, M., Weyer, N., Whyte, F., Yohe, G., Zhang, X., Zougmore, R., Hoegh - Guldberg, O., Jacob, D., Taylor, M., Bindi, M., Brown, S., Camilloni, I., Diedhiou, A., Djalante, R., Ebi, K., Engelbrecht, F., Guiot, K., Hijioka, Y., Mehrotra, S., Payne, A., Seneviratne, S., Thomas, A., Warren, R., Zhou, G., Halim, S., Achlatis, M., Alexander, L., Allen, M., Berry, P., Boyer, C., Brilli, L., Buckeridge, M., Cheung, W., Craig, M., Ellis, N., Evans, J., Fisher, H., Fraedrich, K., Fuss, S., Ganase, A., Gattuso, J., Greve, P., Guillen, T., Hanasaki, N., Hasegawa, T., Hayes, K., Hirsch, A., Jones, C., Jung, T., Kanninen, M., Krinner, G., Lawrence, D., Lenton, T., Ley, D., Liveman, D., Mahowald, N., McInnes, K., Meissner, K., Millar, R., Mintenbeck, K., Mitchell, D., Mix, A., Notz, D., Nurse, L., Okem, A., Olsson, L., Oppenheimer, M., Paz, S., Peterson, J., Petzold, J., Preuschmann, S., Rahman, M., Rogelj, J., Scheuffele, H., Schleussner, C.-F., Scott, D., Seferian, R., Sillmann, J., Singh, C., Slade, R., Stephenson, K., Stephenson, T., Sylla, M., Tebboth, M., Tschakert, P., Vautard, R., Wartenburger, R., Wehner, M., Weyer, N., Whyte, F., Yohe, G., Zhang, X., and Zougmore, R.

Published
2018

22. Vulnerability of Southern Ocean biota to climate change

Author

Gutt, Julian, Constable, A., Cummings, V., Hosie, G., McIntyre, T., Mintenbeck, K., Murray, A., Peck, L., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Saba, G.K., Schofield, O., Stefels, J., Takahashi, K., Gutt, Julian, Constable, A., Cummings, V., Hosie, G., McIntyre, T., Mintenbeck, K., Murray, A., Peck, L., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Saba, G.K., Schofield, O., Stefels, J., and Takahashi, K.

Published
2016

23. Scientific background document in support of the development of a CCAMLR MPA in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) – Version 2016 -Part A: General context of the establishment of MPAs and background information on the Weddell Sea MPA planning area

Author

Teschke, K., Beaver, D., Bester, M.N., Bombosch, A., Bornemann, H., Brandt, A., Brtnik, P., De Broyer, C., Burkhardt, E., Danis, B., Dieckmann, G., Douglass, L., Flores, H., Gerdes, D., Griffiths, H.J., Gutt, J., Hain, S., Hauck, J., Hellmer, H., Herata, H., Hoppema, M., Isla, E., Jerosch, K., Kaiser, S., Koubbi, P., Kock, K.-H., Krause, R., Kuhn, G., Lemke, P., Liebschner, A., Linse, K., Miller, H., Mintenbeck, K., Nixdorf, U., Pehlke, H., Post, A., Schröder, M., Shust, K.V., Schwegmann, S., Siegel, V., Strass, V, Thomisch, K., Timmermann, R., Trathan, P.N., van de Putte, A., van Franeker, J., van Opzeeland, I.C., von Nordheim, H., Brey, T., Teschke, K., Beaver, D., Bester, M.N., Bombosch, A., Bornemann, H., Brandt, A., Brtnik, P., De Broyer, C., Burkhardt, E., Danis, B., Dieckmann, G., Douglass, L., Flores, H., Gerdes, D., Griffiths, H.J., Gutt, J., Hain, S., Hauck, J., Hellmer, H., Herata, H., Hoppema, M., Isla, E., Jerosch, K., Kaiser, S., Koubbi, P., Kock, K.-H., Krause, R., Kuhn, G., Lemke, P., Liebschner, A., Linse, K., Miller, H., Mintenbeck, K., Nixdorf, U., Pehlke, H., Post, A., Schröder, M., Shust, K.V., Schwegmann, S., Siegel, V., Strass, V, Thomisch, K., Timmermann, R., Trathan, P.N., van de Putte, A., van Franeker, J., van Opzeeland, I.C., von Nordheim, H., and Brey, T.

Abstract

The authors present to the Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management (WG EMM) the scientific background and justification for the development of a marine protected area (MPA) in the Weddell Sea planning area. In accordance with the recommendations by WG-EMM-14 (SC-CAMLR-XXIII, Annex 6), this was done in three separate documents (Part A-C). WG-EMM-16/01 (Part A) sets out the general context of the establishment of CCAMLR-MPAs and provides the background information on the Weddell Sea MPA (WSMPA) planning area; WG-EMM-16/02 (Part B) informs on the data retrieval process and WG-EMM-16/03 (Part C) describes the methods and the results of the scientific analyses as well as the development of the objectives and finally of the borders for the WSMPA. Earlier versions of Parts A-C were already presented at the meetings of EMM and SC-CAMLR in 2015. The Scientific Committee did recognise that the body of science of the background documents (SC-CAMLR-XXXIV/BG/15, BG/16, BG/17) provides the necessary foundation for developing a WSMPA proposal (SC-CAMLR-XXXIV, § 5.11). Here, the authors present the final version of Part A to WG EMM. Part A has undergone final editorial corrections in the 2015/16 intersessional period and contains (i) a synopsis in terms of the establishment of MPAs (chapter 1); (ii) a description of the boundaries of the WSMPA planning area (chapter 2); (iii) a comprehensive, yet succinct, general description of the Weddell Sea ecosystem (chapter 3); (iv) and finally a guidance regarding the future work beyond the development of the scientific basis for the evaluation of a WSMPA (chapter 4).

Published
2016

24. The role of body size in complex food webs: a cold case

Author

Belgrano, A., Reiss, J., Jacob, U., Thierry, A., Brose, U., Arntz, W.E., Berg, S., Brey, T., Fetzer, Ingo, Jonsson, T., Mintenbeck, K., Möllmann, C., Petchey, O.L., Riede, J.O., Dunne, J.A., Belgrano, A., Reiss, J., Jacob, U., Thierry, A., Brose, U., Arntz, W.E., Berg, S., Brey, T., Fetzer, Ingo, Jonsson, T., Mintenbeck, K., Möllmann, C., Petchey, O.L., Riede, J.O., and Dunne, J.A.

Abstract

Human-induced habitat destruction, overexploitation, introduction of alien species and climate change are causing species to go extinct at unprecedented rates, from local to global scales. There are growing concerns that these kinds of disturbances alter important functions of ecosystems. Our current understanding is that key parameters of a community (e.g. its functional diversity, species composition, and presence/absence of vulnerable species) reflect an ecological network's ability to resist or rebound from change in response to pressures and disturbances, such as species loss. If the food web structure is relatively simple, we can analyse the roles of different species interactions in determining how environmental impacts translate into species loss. However, when ecosystems harbour species-rich communities, as is the case in most natural systems, then the complex network of ecological interactions makes it a far more challenging task to perceive how species’ functional roles influence the consequences of species loss. One approach to deal with such complexity is to focus on the functional traits of species in order to identify their respective roles: for instance, large species seem to be more susceptible to extinction than smaller species. Here, we introduce and analyse the marine food web from the high Antarctic Weddell Sea Shelf to illustrate the role of species traits in relation to network robustness of this complex food web. Our approach was threefold: firstly, we applied a new classification system to all species, grouping them by traits other than body size; secondly, we tested the relationship between body size and food web parameters within and across these groups and finally, we calculated food web robustness. We addressed questions regarding (i) patterns of species functional/trophic roles, (ii) relationships between species functional roles and body size and (iii) the role of species body size in terms of network robustness. Our results

Published
2011

25. Response of Antarctic benthic communities to disturbance: first results from the artificial Benthic Disturbance Experiment on the eastern Weddell Sea Shelf, Antarctica

Author

Gerdes, Dieter, Isla, Enrique, Rossi, Sergio, Knust, R., Mintenbeck, K., Gerdes, Dieter, Isla, Enrique, Rossi, Sergio, Knust, R., and Mintenbeck, K.

Abstract

The long-term benthic disturbance experiment (BENDEX) was started on the eastern Weddell Sea shelf off Austasen (Antarctica) during ‘Polarstern’ cruise ANT XXI/2 in December 2003 to simulate the impact of grounding icebergs on the seabed and follow the steps and timescales of recovery of disturbed benthos and demersal fish communities. Here, we report the basic approach and first results for this experimental field study. By means of 11 densely-placed hauls with a modified bottom trawl, a seabed area of approximately 100 × 1000 m was artificially scoured to inflict a similar damage to the benthic habitats as a grounding iceberg. Before the disturbance event and 11 days after it, the seafloor communities were sampled (invertebrate assemblages by multibox corers, the fish fauna by trawl hauls) and comparatively analyzed. Sediment texture and chemistry was not significantly altered by the heavy disturbance inflicted by repeated trawling, whereas the fauna was negatively affected. Invertebrate benthic biomass was drastically reduced by a factor of 10, while mean abundances were only slightly reduced. Demersal fish biomass and abundance were slightly but not significantly smaller after the disturbance. Effects of disturbance became more evident in the composition of the fish fauna, with Trematomus pennelli and T. hansoni being dominant at disturbed sites, whereas Chionodraco myersi was the dominant species in trawl catches from undisturbed stations

Published
2008

29. How to account for the lipid effect on carbon stable-isotope ratio (δ13C): sample treatment effects and model bias.

Author

Mintenbeck, K., Brey, T., Jacob, U., Knust, R., and Struck, U.

Subjects
*LIPIDS, *FISHES, *CARBON isotopes, *BIOCHEMISTRY, *TISSUES, *ACIDIFICATION
Abstract

This study investigated the impact of lipid extraction, CaCO3 removal and of both treatments combined on fish tissue δ13C, δ15N and C:N ratio. Furthermore, the suitability of empirical δ13C lipid normalization and correction models was examined. δ15N was affected by lipid extraction (increase of up to 1·65‰) and by the combination of both treatments, while acidification alone showed no effect. The observed shift in δ15N represents a significant bias in trophic level estimates, i.e. lipid-extracted samples are not suitable for δ15N analysis. C:N and δ13C were significantly affected by lipid extraction, proportional to initial tissue lipid content. For both variables, rates of change with lipid content (ΔC:N and Δδ13C) were species specific. All tested lipid normalization and correction models produced biased estimates of fish tissue δ13C, probably due to a non-representative database and incorrect assumptions and generalizations the models were based on. Improved models need a priori more extensive and detailed studies of the relationships between lipid content, C:N and δ13C, as well as of the underlying biochemical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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30. Depth-dependence in stable isotope ratio δ15N of benthic POM consumers: The role of particle dynamics and organism trophic guild

Author

Mintenbeck, K., Jacob, U., Knust, R., Arntz, W.E., and Brey, T.

Subjects
*STABLE isotopes, *NITROGEN, *FOOD chains, *BIOTIC communities
Abstract

Abstract: The stable nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15N) is an established indicator of trophic hierarchy in marine food-web studies. Most of these studies presume that spatial variation in the primary food source is negligible, although a water-depth-related increase in δ15N of particulate organic matter (POM) has been found in many systems. We used the high-Antarctic Weddell Sea shelf and slope ecosystem to test whether such a depth-related change in δ15N is reflected at higher trophic levels, i.e., benthic consumers of POM. In suspension feeders (SF) we found a significant increase in δ15N with water depth of up to 9.8‰, whereas in deposit feeders (DF) a depth effect was barely detectable. Particle-size preferences of the two feeding guilds combined with particle-size-dependent sinking velocities and biogeochemical reworking of POM are discussed as the major causes of these differences. It is essential to marine food-web studies to take into account the general depth effect on POM δ15N as well as potential feeding-guild-specific differences in the response of POM consumer tissue δ15N to avoid serious bias and misinterpretation of stable-isotope-based trophic information. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2007
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31. Central and South America

Author

Castellanos, Edwin J, Lemos, Maria Fernanda, Astigarraga, Laura, Chacón, Noemí, Cuvi, Nicolás, Huggel, Christian, Miranda, Liliana, Moncassim Vale, Mariana, Ometto, Jean Pierre, Peri, Pablo L, Postigo, Julio C, Ramajo, Laura, Roco, Lisandro, Rusticucci, Matilde, University of Zurich, Pörtner, H-O, Roberts, D C, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, E S, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Craig, M, Langsdorf, S, Löschke, S, Möller, V, Okem, A, Rama, B, Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., V. Möller, A., Okem, A., and Rama, B.

Subjects
Impactos, Mitigation, 2105 Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Adaptación, 2300 General Environmental Science, Central and South America, Deforestation, 910 Geography & travel, Comunidades Indígenas, Governance, Climatic Factors, Ecosystems Services, Biodiversity, Ocean and Coastal Ecosystems, Sostenibilidad, 10122 Institute of Geography, Sustainability, Impacts, Mitigación, Conservación, Resiliencia, Increasing Temperature, Glaciers, Riesgos, Risk, Soil Degradation, Servicios de los Ecosistemas, Climate Change, Vulnerability, Conservation, Riesgo, Biodiversidad, Degradación del Suelo, Glaciares, Adaptation, Factores Climáticos, Región Americana, Indigenous Peoples, Incremento de la Temperatura, Resilience, Hazards, Land Use Change, 2739 Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, América Central y del Sur, American Region, Ecosistemas Oceánicos y Costeros, Deforestación, Cambio Climático, Gobernanza, Cambio de Uso de la Tierra, Vulnerabilidad
Abstract

The chapter is divided into two main sections. The first section follows an integrative approach in which hazards, exposure, vulnerability, impacts and risks are discussed following the eight climatically homogeneous sub-regions described in WGI AR6 (Figure 12.1). The second section assesses the implemented and proposed adaptation practices by sector; in doing so, it connects to the WGII AR6 crosschapter themes. The storyline is then a description of the hazards, exposure, vulnerability and impacts providing as much detail as is available in the literature at the sub-regional level, followed by the identification of risks as a result of the interaction of those aspects. This integrated sub-regional approach ensures a balance in the text, particularly for countries that are usually underrepresented in the literature but that show a high level of vulnerability and impacts, such as those observed in CA. The sectoral assessment of adaptation that follows is useful for policymakers and implementers, usually focused and organised by sectors, government ministries or secretaries that can easily locate the relevant adaptation information for their particular sector. To ensure coherence in the chapter, a summary of the assessed adaptation options by key risks is presented, followed by a feasibility assessment for some relevant adaptation options. The chapter closes with case studies and a discussion of the knowledge gaps evidenced in the process of the assessment. EEA Santa Cruz Fil: Castellanos, Edwin J. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Guatemala. Fil: Lemos, Maria Fernanda. Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Fil: Astigarraga, Laura. Universidad de la República; Uruguay. Fil: Chacón, Noemí. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas; Venezuela. Fil: Cuvi, Nicolás. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO); Ecuador. Fil: Huggel, Christian. University of Zurich; Switzerland. Fil: Miranda Sara, Liliana Raquel. Foro Ciudades para la Vida; Peru. Fil: Moncassim Vale, Mariana. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Fil: Ometto, Jean Pierre. National Institute for Space Research; Brasil. Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina. Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina. Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fil: Postigo, Julio C. Indiana University; Estados Unidos. Fil: Ramajo Gallardo, Laura. Adolfo Ibanez University; Chile. Fil: Roco, Lisandro. Catholic University of The North; Chile. Fil: Rusticucci, Matilde Monica. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina.

Published
2022

32. Australasia

Author

Lawrence, J, Mackey, B, Chiew, F, Costello, MJ, Hennessey, K, Lansbury, N, Nidumolu, UB, Pecl, G, Rickards, L, Tapper, N, Woodward, A, Wreford, Anita, Alexandra, J, Ausseil, A-G, Awatere, S, Bardsley, D, Bell, R, Blackett, P, Boulter, S, Collins, D, Cradock-Henry, N, Creamer, S, Darbyshire, R, Dean, S, Di Luca, A, Dowdy, A, Fountain, Joanna, Grose, M, Hajkowicz, S, Hall, D, Harris, S, Hayman, P, Hodgkinson, J, Hussey, K, Jones, R, King, D, Linnenluecke, M, Livengood, E, Livingston, M, Macinnis-Ng, C, McFadgen, B, McMichael, C, Milfont, T, Moggridge, B, Monks, A, Morrison, S, Mosby, V, Onyango, E, Paddam, S, Pearce, G, Pearce, P, Ranasinghe, R, Schoeman, D, Tomlinson, R, Walker, S, Watt, M, Westra, S, Wise, R, Zammit, C, Pörtner, H-O, Roberts, DC, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, ES, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Craig, M, Langsdorf, S, Löschke, S, Möller, V, Okem, A, Rama, B, Hoegh-Guldberg, O, and Wratt, D

Published
2023
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33. Cross-Chapter Paper 5: Mountains

Author

Adler, Carolina, Wester, Philippus, Bhatt, Indra D, Huggel, Christian, Insarov, Gregory, Morecroft, Michael, Muccione, Veruska, Prakash, Anjal, University of Zurich, Pörtner, H-O, Roberts, D C, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, E S, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Craig, M, Langsdorf, S, Löschke, S, Möller, V, Okem, A, and Rama, B

Subjects
10122 Institute of Geography, 910 Geography & travel
Published
2022

34. High mountain areas

Author

Hock, Regine, Rasul, Golam, Adler, Carolina, Cáceres, Bolívar, Gruber, Stephan, Hirabayashi, Yukiko, Jackson, Miriam, Kääb, Andreas, Kang, Shichang, Kutuzov, Stanislav, Milner, Alexander, Molau, Ulf, Morin, Samuel, Orlove, Ben, Steltzer, Heidi, Viviroli, Daniel, et al, University of Zurich, Pörtner, H O, Roberts, D C, Masson-Delmotte, V, Zhai, P, Tignor, M, Poloczanska, E, Mintenbeck, K, Alegría, A, Nicolai, M, Okem, A, Petzold, J, Rama, B, and Weyer, N M

Subjects
10122 Institute of Geography, 910 Geography & travel
Published
2019

35. Response of Antarctic benthic communities to disturbance: first results from the artificial Benthic Disturbance Experiment on the eastern Weddell Sea Shelf, Antarctica

Author

Dieter Gerdes, Enrique Isla, Rainer Knust, Katja Mintenbeck, Sergio Rossi, Gerdes, D., Isla, E., Knust, R., Mintenbeck, K., and Rossi, S.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, biology, Trawling, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Fauna, Disturbance, biology.organism_classification, Macrobenthos, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Iceberg, Fishery, Demersal fish, Macrobentho, Oceanography, Benthos, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all), Benthic zone, Antarctica, 14. Life underwater, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Seabed
Abstract

12 pages, 4 figures, 5 tables, The long-term benthic disturbance experiment (BENDEX) was started on the eastern Weddell Sea shelf off Austasen (Antarctica) during ‘Polarstern’ cruise ANT XXI/2 in December 2003 to simulate the impact of grounding icebergs on the seabed and follow the steps and timescales of recovery of disturbed benthos and demersal fish communities. Here, we report the basic approach and first results for this experimental field study. By means of 11 densely-placed hauls with a modified bottom trawl, a seabed area of approximately 100 × 1000 m was artificially scoured to inflict a similar damage to the benthic habitats as a grounding iceberg. Before the disturbance event and 11 days after it, the seafloor communities were sampled (invertebrate assemblages by multibox corers, the fish fauna by trawl hauls) and comparatively analyzed. Sediment texture and chemistry was not significantly altered by the heavy disturbance inflicted by repeated trawling, whereas the fauna was negatively affected. Invertebrate benthic biomass was drastically reduced by a factor of 10, while mean abundances were only slightly reduced. Demersal fish biomass and abundance were slightly but not significantly smaller after the disturbance. Effects of disturbance became more evident in the composition of the fish fauna, with Trematomus pennelli and T. hansoni being dominant at disturbed sites, whereas Chionodraco myersi was the dominant species in trawl catches from undisturbed stations

Published
2008

36. MRI and MRS on preserved samples as a tool in fish ecology.

Author

Bock C, Wermter FC, and Mintenbeck K

Subjects
Animals, Formaldehyde, Lipids analysis, Fishes anatomy & histology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy methods, Marine Biology methods
Abstract

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) gain increasing attention and importance as a tool in marine ecology. So far, studies were largely limited to morphological studies, e.g. for the creation of digital libraries. Here, the utility of MRI and MRS for ecologists is tested and exemplified using formalin preserved samples of the Antarctic silverfish, Pleuragramma antarctica. As this species lacks a swim bladder, buoyancy is attained by the deposition of large amounts of lipids that are mainly stored in subcutaneous and intermuscular lipid sacs. In this study MRI and MRS are not only used to study internal morphology, but additionally to investigate functional morphology and to measure parameters of high ecological interest. The data are compared with literature data obtained by means of traditional ecological methods. The results from this study show that MR scans are not only an alternative to histological sections (as shown before), but even allow the visualization of particular features in delicate soft tissues, such as Pleuragramma's lipid sacs. 3D rendering techniques proved to be a useful tool to study organ volumes and lipid content, which usually requires laborious chemical lipid extraction and analysis. Moreover, the application of MRS even allows for an analysis of lipids and fatty acids within lipid sacs, which wouldn't be possible using destructive methods. MRI and MRS, in particular when used in combination, have the capacity to provide useful data on parameters of high ecological relevance and thus have proven to be a highly valuable addition, if not alternative, to the classical methods., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2017
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37. Metabolic shifts in the Antarctic fish Notothenia rossii in response to rising temperature and PCO2.

Author

Strobel A, Bennecke S, Leo E, Mintenbeck K, Pörtner HO, and Mark FC

Abstract

Introduction: Ongoing ocean warming and acidification increasingly affect marine ecosystems, in particular around the Antarctic Peninsula. Yet little is known about the capability of Antarctic notothenioid fish to cope with rising temperature in acidifying seawater. While the whole animal level is expected to be more sensitive towards hypercapnia and temperature, the basis of thermal tolerance is set at the cellular level, with a putative key role for mitochondria. This study therefore investigates the physiological responses of the Antarctic Notothenia rossii after long-term acclimation to increased temperatures (7°C) and elevated PCO2 (0.2 kPa CO2) at different levels of physiological organisation., Results: For an integrated picture, we analysed the acclimation capacities of N. rossii by measuring routine metabolic rate (RMR), mitochondrial capacities (state III respiration) as well as intra- and extracellular acid-base status during acute thermal challenges and after long-term acclimation to changing temperature and hypercapnia. RMR was partially compensated during warm- acclimation (decreased below the rate observed after acute warming), while elevated PCO2 had no effect on cold or warm acclimated RMR. Mitochondrial state III respiration was unaffected by temperature acclimation but depressed in cold and warm hypercapnia-acclimated fish. In both cold- and warm-exposed N. rossii, hypercapnia acclimation resulted in a shift of extracellular pH (pHe) towards more alkaline values. A similar overcompensation was visible in muscle intracellular pH (pHi). pHi in liver displayed a slight acidosis after warm normo- or hypercapnia acclimation, nevertheless, long-term exposure to higher PCO2 was compensated for by intracellular bicarbonate accumulation., Conclusion: The partial warm compensation in whole animal metabolic rate indicates beginning limitations in tissue oxygen supply after warm-acclimation of N. rossii. Compensatory mechanisms of the reduced mitochondrial capacities under chronic hypercapnia may include a new metabolic equilibrium to meet the elevated energy demand for acid-base regulation. New set points of acid-base regulation under hypercapnia, visible at the systemic and intracellular level, indicate that N. rossii can at least in part acclimate to ocean warming and acidification. It remains open whether the reduced capacities of mitochondrial energy metabolism are adaptive or would impair population fitness over longer timescales under chronically elevated temperature and PCO2.

Published
2012
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38. Consumer-resource body-size relationships in natural food webs.

Author

Brose U, Jonsson T, Berlow EL, Warren P, Banasek-Richter C, Bersier LF, Blanchard JL, Brey T, Carpenter SR, Blandenier MF, Cushing L, Dawah HA, Dell T, Edwards F, Harper-Smith S, Jacob U, Ledger ME, Martinez ND, Memmott J, Mintenbeck K, Pinnegar JK, Rall BC, Rayner TS, Reuman DC, Ruess L, Ulrich W, Williams RJ, Woodward G, and Cohen JE

Subjects
Animals, Ecosystem, Fresh Water, Oceans and Seas, Predatory Behavior physiology, Body Size physiology, Food Chain
Abstract

It has been suggested that differences in body size between consumer and resource species may have important implications for interaction strengths, population dynamics, and eventually food web structure, function, and evolution. Still, the general distribution of consumer-'resource body-size ratios in real ecosystems, and whether they vary systematically among habitats or broad taxonomic groups, is poorly understood. Using a unique global database on consumer and resource body sizes, we show that the mean body-size ratios of aquatic herbivorous and detritivorous consumers are several orders of magnitude larger than those of carnivorous predators. Carnivorous predator-prey body-size ratios vary across different habitats and predator and prey types (invertebrates, ectotherm, and endotherm vertebrates). Predator-prey body-size ratios are on average significantly higher (1) in freshwater habitats than in marine or terrestrial habitats, (2) for vertebrate than for invertebrate predators, and (3) for invertebrate than for ectotherm vertebrate prey. If recent studies that relate body-size ratios to interaction strengths are general, our results suggest that mean consumer-resource interaction strengths may vary systematically across different habitat categories and consumer types.

Published
2006
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