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In 2004, we started the initial attempt to evaluate the efficacy of SLIT for Japanese cedar pollinosis (JCP) using Japanese cedar (JC) pollen extract solution through a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind comparative study. Based on its success in demonstrating the substantial efficacy of SLIT, we next conducted a larger-scale study by administering JC pollen to all JCP patients recruited. It was because of aiming to ascertain the effectiveness and safety of SLIT and its underlying mechanisms by comparing high- and non-responder patients. Despite limitations posed by liquid medication, significant effectiveness and safety demonstrated by the 2-year treatment served as the foundation for launching the first SLIT medicine for JCP, in 2014. Furthermore, in addition to the clearer Th1/Th2-imbalanced property in the high-responders, the possible involvement of bitter taste receptors in CD4+ T cells, apoptosis pathways in CD4+ T cells and basophils, and inducing a mast cell degranulation inhibitory molecule in the effect of SLIT was demonstrated. To solve the limitations posed by liquid medication, clinical trials evaluating JC pollen sublingual tablets started in 2014. Due to the minimal side effects, ease of administration, and convenient storage, the sublingual tablet medicine was launched in 2018. Giving the ongoing rise in demand for SLIT and considering that more than 1% of JCP patients are currently undergoing SLIT, the practical use of this treatment for multiple allergens is becoming increasingly important.

The Practical Guideline for the Management of Allergic Rhinitis, the fist guideline for allergic rhinitis in Japan, was prepared after a symposium held by the Japanese Society of Allergology in 1993. The current 9th edition was published in 2020 and is widely used today.The most recent collection of evidence from the literature was supplemented to the revised guideline to incorporate evidence-based medicine. The revised guideline includes updated epidemiology of allergic rhinitis in Japan, a figure representing the mechanisms of allergic rhinitis in both the onset and sensitization phases with the introduction of regulatory T cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells, practical assessment for diagnosis, new pharmacotherapy agents such as anti-IgE mAb and a new drug delivery system for antihistamines, sublingual immunotherapy for children, dual sublingual immunotherapy for house dust mites and Japanese cedar pollen extract, new classification for surgery for allergic rhinitis, and treatment and prescriptions for older adults. An evidence-based step-by-step strategy for treatment is also described.

T cells play an essential role in the development of allergen-induced nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR), a pathophysiological response in allergic rhinitis. The effects of histamine H1-receptor antagonists (antihistamines) on murine NHR models were investigated. Intragastric epinastine, fexofenadine, and loratadine administration suppressed allergen-induced immediate nasal response but not NHR in immunized mice. Regardless of the alleviation of stimulation-induced Th2 cytokine expression by loratadine and desloratadine in vitro, allergen-induced NHR and nasal eosinophil infiltration in Th2 cell–transferred mice were unaffected by loratadine in vivo. This influence on T cell–mediated NHR was excluded from the pharmacological effects of antihistamines.

Background: We previously demonstrated the efficacy of Japanese cedar (JC) pollen sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) tablets for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis in a clinical trial (trial no. 206-2-1) that covered 5 pollen dispersal seasons from 2015 to 2019. Objective: Our aim was to perform post hoc analysis of the 206-2-1 trial data to evaluate the efficacy of JC pollen SLIT tablets for patients with rhinitis induced by pollen from Japanese cypress (JCY), a related Cupressaceae species that has a pollen dispersal season overlapping with that of JC. Methods: Data were analyzed for 240 patients who received placebo during the first pollen dispersal season in 2015, were then rerandomized to receive JC SLIT tablets (the PA group) or placebo (the PP group) for 18 months (the 2016 and 2017 dispersal seasons), and were observed untreated for 2 years (the 2018 and 2019 dispersal seasons). The PA and PP groups were assigned to “high” and “low” subgroups if their rhinitis symptoms were exacerbated/did not change or decreased, respectively, during the peak JCY pollen dispersal period in 2015. The mean total nasal symptom and medication scores and other outcomes were compared for the high-PP, high-PA, low-PP, and low-PA groups during the 2016 to 2019 peak JCY pollen dispersal periods. Results: The mean total nasal symptom and medication scores were significantly lower for the high-PA and low-PA groups than for the corresponding PP groups over the 4 years of treatment and observation. JCY pollen–specific IgE levels increased in both PA groups. Conclusion: JC pollen SLIT tablets effectively suppressed JCY pollinosis symptoms, supporting the clinical relevance of immunologic cross-reactivity between JC and JCY allergens.

Background: There have been no studies of dual administration of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) tablets for perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis. This trial (JapicCTI-184014) was conducted to investigate the safety profile and immunological response during dual therapy with SQ house dust mite (HDM) and Japanese cedar pollen (JCP) SLIT tablets. Methods: This was a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial of 109 Japanese patients with coexisting HDM and JCP allergic rhinitis who had positive tests for HDM- and JCP specific IgE (≥0.7 kU/L). Patients were allocated to receive HDM (N = 54) or JCP (N = 55) SLIT tablets alone for 4 weeks followed by 8 weeks of dual therapy with both SLIT tablets administered within 5 min of each other. Adverse events (AEs), adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and serum IgE and IgG4 specific for HDM (Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) and JCP were recorded. Results: The percentage of subjects with AEs and ADRs was similar between the two groups and between the two periods of monotherapy and dual therapy. Most AEs and ADRs were mild in severity, and no serious events were observed. The most common ADRs were local events in the oral cavity. Levels of IgE and IgG4 specific for HDM (D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus) and JCP were increased after treatment with HDM and JCP SLIT tablets, respectively. Conclusions: Dual therapy with both SLIT tablets administered within 5 min after 4 weeks of monotherapy with HDM or JCP tablet was well tolerated and induced the expected immunological responses. Keywords: Allergic rhinitis, Dual therapy, Immunological response, Safety, Sublingual immunotherapy

Background: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial to investigate the optimal dose and long-term efficacy and safety of Japanese cedar (JC) pollen tablets for SLIT (JapicCTI-142579). Here, we report details of the effects of the JC pollen SLIT tablet on rhinitis and conjunctivitis symptoms over three pollen dispersal seasons. Methods: A total of 1042 JC pollinosis patients (aged 5–64 years) were randomized to receive tablets containing placebo (P), 2000, 5000, or 10,000 Japanese allergy units (JAU) of JC pollen for 15 months to identify an optimal dose. Patients receiving P (n = 240) and the optimal dose (5000 JAU; A, n = 236) were then randomized to receive P or A for an additional 18 months (AA, AP, PA, and PP groups, allocation ratio 2:1:1:2). Nasal and ocular symptoms, rescue medication use, and quality of life (QOL) were assessed on quantitative scales. Results: In the second and third seasons, the AA, AP, and PA groups exhibited significantly better improvements in nasal, ocular, and medication scores compared with the PP group in the order AA > AP > PA > PP during the second season and AA > PA > AP > PP during the third season. Rescue medication use and QOL scores were also significantly better in the AA, AP, and PA groups compared with the PP group. Conclusions: The JC pollen SLIT tablet relieved nasal and ocular symptoms and medication use and improved QOL in a treatment duration-dependent manner. Continuous dosing regimens appear to enhance the efficacy of the drug. Keywords: Allergic rhinitis, Allergen immunotherapy, Japanese cedar pollen, Placebo-controlled, Sublingual immunotherapy tablet

Background: Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) can improve the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and modify its natural history; however, its efficacy varies among patients. This study aimed to determine which factors modify the effect of SLIT through post hoc analysis of a previous phase 3 trial of standardized Japanese cedar (JC) pollen extract (CEDARTOLEN®). Methods: The study included 482 patients who had previously completed a phase 3 trial during two seasons. The SLIT and placebo groups each contained 241 subjects. Because pollen dispersal differed in the two seasons, we identified good and poor responders from the SLIT group in the 2nd season. We compared patient baseline characteristics, changes in serum immunoglobulin, and severity of symptoms in the 1st season between good and poor responders, as well as between SLIT and placebo groups. Results: When we compared the baseline characteristics of good and poor responders, a significant difference was observed in body mass index (BMI) such that the patients with BMI ≥25 presented with lower treatment efficacy. No significant difference was observed in correlation with any other factors or treatment-induced alterations of serum immunoglobulin levels. We found that 75.3% of the patients with moderate symptoms and 50.9% of the patients with severe or very severe symptoms in the 1st season met our criteria for good responders in the 2nd season. Conclusions: BMI might modify the effect of SLIT; however, other factors were not related clearly. The severity of symptoms in the 1st season of treatment does not predict that in the 2nd season. Keywords: Allergic rhinitis, Japanese cedar pollen, Phase 3 trial, Post hoc analysis, Sublingual immunotherapy

Background: Bilastine, a novel non-sedating second-generation H1 antihistamine, has been approved in most European countries since 2010. This study aimed to evaluate the superiority of bilastine over placebo in Japanese patients with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR). Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase III study (trial registration number JapicCTI-142600) evaluated the effect of a 2-week treatment period with bilastine (20 mg once daily), fexofenadine (60 mg twice daily), or a matched placebo (double dummy) in patients with PAR. All patients were instructed to record individual nasal and ocular symptoms in diaries daily. The primary endpoint was the mean change in total nasal symptom scores (TNSS) from baseline to Week 2 (Days 10–13). Results: A total of 765 patients were randomly allocated to receive bilastine, fexofenadine, or placebo (256, 254, and 255 patients, respectively). The mean change in TNSS from baseline at Week 2 was significantly decreased by bilastine (−0.98) compared to placebo (−0.63, P = 0.023). Bilastine and fexofenadine showed no significant difference in the primary endpoint. However, the mean change in TNSS from baseline on Day 1 was more significantly decreased by bilastine (−0.99) than by placebo (−0.28, P

Owing to the successful application of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has become one of the leading treatments for allergic diseases. Similar to the case with other AITs, such as subcutaneous and oral immunotherapies, not only the alleviation of allergic symptoms, but also the curing of the diseases can be expected in patients undergoing SLIT. However, how and why such strong efficacy is obtained by SLIT, in which allergens are simply administered under the tongue, is not clearly known. Various potential mechanisms, including the induction of blocking antibodies, T cell tolerance, regulatory B and T cells, CD103-CD11b+ classical dendritic cells, and CD206+ macrophages, and the reduction of innate lymphoid cells, mast cells, and basophils, have been suggested. Recently, through a comparative analysis between high- and non-responder patients of SLIT, we have successfully proposed several novel mechanisms. Here, we introduce our recent findings and summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the strong efficacy of SLIT.

Background: We have recently demonstrated that T cell-mediated nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR) is a representative pathophysiological feature of allergic rhinitis (AR). Although several anti-allergic drugs are used for the treatment of AR, the efficacy of these drugs on T cell-mediated NHR have not been elucidated. In these studies we investigated the effects of dexamethasone (Dex), montelukast (Mk), and chlorpheniramine (Chl) on NHR in antigen-immunized and antigen-specific Th2 cell-transferred mice. Methods: OVA-immunized BALB/c mice were treated with Dex, Mk, or Chl and challenged intranasally with OVA. We then assessed NHR, the number of inflammatory cells in the nasal lavage fluid (NALF), mRNA expression of Th2 cytokines in the nasal tissue, the population of CD3+CD4+ cells in the nasal lymphoid tissue (NALT), and antigen-specific serum IgE and IgG levels. Antigen-induced NHR and changes in antigen-specific T cells in the NALT were investigated in OVA-specific Th2 cell-transferred mice. Results: Dex significantly suppressed antigen-induced NHR, inflammatory cell infiltration, and IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13 expression in immunized mice. Chl was completely ineffective, and only IL-13 expression was suppressed by Mk. None of these drugs affected IgE and IgG production. Antigen-induced NHR and the increase in antigen-specific T cells in the NALT of Th2 cell-transferred mice were inhibited by Dex, but not by Mk or Chl. Conclusions: Steroids are effective for the reduction of NHR in AR by suppressing the accumulation of inflammatory cells, especially antigen-specific T cells. Keywords: Anti-allergic drugs, Allergic rhinitis, CD4+ T cell, Dexamethasone, Th2

Background: Statistically significant results of medical intervention trials are not always clinically meaningful. We sought to estimate the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) (the smallest change in a given endpoint that is meaningful to a patient) during seasonal alteration of Japanese cedar/cypress pollinosis (JCCP). Methods: Results of a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of JCCP patients conducted between 2008 and 2010 were analyzed using an anchor-based method in which a face scale for Japanese rhinoconjunctivitis quality-of-life questionnaire (JRQLQ) was set as an anchor. MICDs were calculated as changes of average scores, including those for naso-ocular symptoms with 5 items in diary cards (T5SS), naso-ocular symptoms with 6 items (T6SS) and QOL with 17 items on the JRQLQ when face scale scores either improved or deteriorated by one point. Results: In 2009 and 2010, 3,698 and 374, respectively, grains/cm2 of pollens were dispersed. The MCIDs for T5SS in 2009 and 2010 were 1.426 (0.285 per item) and 1.441 (0.288), respectively. The MCIDs for T6SS were 4.115 (0.686) and 3.183 (0.531) in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The MCIDs for QOL were 10.469 (0.616) and 6.026 (0.354) in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Conclusions: For T5SS in the diary, T6SS and QOL in JRQLQ, unit differences of 1.5 (0.3 per item), 3.6 (0.6) and 8.2 (0.5), respectively, were considered clinically meaningful by JCCP patients. The MCID for symptoms recorded in the diary was stable irrespective of the dispersed pollen level.

Background: Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are effective for prophylactic treatment of pollinosis based on studies showing that administration of LTRAs prior to or at the start of the pollen season reduces symptoms and QOL disturbance at the peak of pollen dispersal. Two goals of prophylactic treatment of pollinosis are use of fewer types of drugs and delay of onset of symptoms and impairement of QOL. Therefore, this study was performed to determine if pranlukast, a LTRA, met these goals in treatment of pollinosis. Methods: Pranlukast or placebo was administered to patients who visited our hospital immediately before the start of Japanese cedar pollen dispersal. The study was performed for 4 weeks as a double blind randomized trial. Subsequently, all patients were given pranlukast for a further 4 weeks from the peak until the end of pollen dispersal. The incidence of symptoms and use of concomitant drugs were investigated from daily nasal allergy records kept by patients. QOL was evaluated using the JRQLQ questionnaire. Results: In the double blind period of the study, the percentage of patients who used concomitant drugs for nasal symptoms was significantly lower in the pranlukast group compared to the placebo group. Development of nasal symptoms (sneezing, runny nose and nasal congestion) and disturbance of daily activities were significantly delayed in the pranlukast group. No serious adverse reactions occurred in the pranlukast group and no patient withdrew from treatment with pranlukast. Conclusions: Pranlukast is effective for prophylactic treatment of pollinosis.

The prevalence of pollinosis caused by cedar pollen has increased by 10% these ten years of 26.5% in the investigation of 2008 in Japan. The pharmacotherapy is a main treatment tool for pollinosis, and the surgical treatment is not acknowledged to the treatment of pollinosis internationally. Moreover, allergen immunotherapy enters a special treatment method, and is an important therapeutic procedure. The allergen immunotherapy is unique for having possibility of curing allergen specific allergic diseases. However the side effect of allergen subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), such as anaphylaxis is kept at a distance in a medical situation in Japan. Then, a sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) that was safer than it, developed in Europe for pollinosis induced by grass or ragweed, but not in Japan. As a result, the effect of SLIT was proven in the cedar pollinosis in Japan as high level evidence. A whole body immunity induction is thought in the appearance of the effect, and, in addition, it is necessary to be going to be cleared the accurate mechanism of the effect in the future. Moreover, the development of a special SLIT and the import of an overseas product are needed in Japan.

Background: Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) induced by Japanese cedar pollen is a substantial problem in Japan. Sublingual immuno-therapy (SLIT) is safer than conventional antigen-specific immunotherapy, the only treatment modality by which complete cure of the disease can be expected. We investigated the safety and efficacy of SLIT in the treatment of cedar pollinosis patients compared to placebo. Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was conducted in 61 cedar pollinosis patients. Increasing doses of standardized Japanese cedar extract or placebo were administered sublingually in intervals ranging from daily to once a week after six weeks. The primary efficacy variable was the mean of the daily total symptom scores (TSS) during the pollen dispersing period. Secondary efficacy variables included the QOL scores and related variables. Results: Primary efficacy variable scores were significantly lower for some days in the SLIT group than in the placebo group (P < .01 or P < .05). Secondary efficacy for the QOL score in SLIT group was almost of half of placebo group. There was no significant difference in the overall incidence of side effects between the SLIT group and the placebo group. Conclusions: SLIT was effective and safe in the treatment of cedar pollinosis.

Background: Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 strongly stimulates the production of interleukin (IL)-12 (p70) by innate immune cells. Thus, it is expected to ameliorate allergic diseases. We investigated whether the oral administration of heat-killed L. gasseri OLL2809 suppressed eosinophilia in cedar pollen antigen-challenged mice. Methods: BALB/c mice sensitized with Japanese cedar pollen extract were intraperitoneally challenged with the same extract. The mice were orally given heat-killed L. gasseri OLL2809 at doses of 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/day throughout the experimental period (21 d). After 24 hours of the challenge, the eosinophil number and cytokine levels in the peritoneal lavage fluid and the serum antigen-specific IgG levels were determined. Results: On administering varying amounts of heat-killed L. gasseri OLL2809, the number of eosinophils among the total number of cells was significantly reduced in all groups. In addition, the eosinophil number significantly decreased, and the eosinophil-suppression rate significantly increased by 44% in the 2-mg group. Although the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G2a and IgG1 levels were not affected, the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio increased significantly in the 2-mg group compared with that of the control group. Furthermore, the administration of heat- killed L. gasseri OLL2809 resulted in the induction of IL-2 and reduction in granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor levels in peritoneal lavage fluid. Conclusions: We demonstrated that the oral administration of heat-killed L. gasseri OLL2809 suppresses eosinophilia via the modulation of Th1/Th2 balance. These observations suggested that heat-killed L. gasseri OLL2809 might potentially ameliorate the increased number of eosinophils in patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis.

Background: Epinastine hydrochloride and fexofenadine hydrochloride, the second-generation antihistamines, are largely used in the indication of allergic rhinitis in Japan. The purpose of this study was to compare the protective efficacy of epinastine hydrochloride or fexofenadine hydrochloride using a nasal provocation test with Japanese cedar pollen allergen. Methods: A single-dose, placebo-controlled, single-blind crossover clinical study was conducted in patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis. The pollen exposure was done by the antigen provocation by disc method and involved repeated provocation five times per day. Results: Among the active agents studied—epinastine hydrochloride and fexofenadine hydrochloride—epinastine hydrochloride significantly decreased the number of sneezing attacks and the quantity of nasal discharge for 3 hours after drug administration compared with placebo, a finding supported by the quantity of nasal discharge in the nasal findings. In this study, fexofenadine hydrochloride showed no significant difference compared with placebo. Conclusions: This study demonstrates better protection with epinastine hydrochloride than with fexofenadine hydrochloride or placebo in a nasal provocation test with Japanese cedar pollen allergen.

Background: Although subcutaneous immunotherapy may cure allergic diseases, it is not commonly used in Japan because of the pain and risk of anaphylactic shock. Sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT)overcomes these limitations and although it is the most advanced form of local immunotherapy for clinical application, it is not used in Japan nor has it been extensively studied. Methods: After obtaining approval from the Ethics Committee of Nippon Medical School and informed consent from five patients with cedar pollinosis(one man, four women; age range, 38–66 years), administration of a therapeutic extract was started in July 2001 or later(mean treatment period, 13.4 months). The clinical efficacy of SLIT and its influence on the quality of life, as measured by the Japanese Allergic Rhinitis QOL Standard Questionnaire, and the incidence of side effects were evaluated in 2003. Results: Between February and April the mean severity score was 1.44 in the patients undergoing SLIT and 1.86 in the patients undergoing pharmacotherapy, and the respective mean QOL total scores during the season were 3.82 and 10.0. Neither systemic nor local side effects occurred during SLIT. Conclusions: SLIT is safe and effective for Japanese cedar pollinosis.

Background: The aim of the present survey was to investigate the changes associated with fexofenadine administration in the quality of life (QOL) of Japanese cedar pollinosis patients. Methods: After obtaining informed consent, volunteers suffering from Japanese cedar pollinosis were divided into two groups: (i) the fexofenadine group (2 x 60 mg/day); and (ii) the placebo group. Changes in QOL were examined after administration for 14 days (randomized, double-blind comparison study). The study period was from 27 February to 13 March 2003. Subjects were recruited from the Tokyo metropolitan area; 104 were randomized to the fexofenadine group and 103 were randomized to the placebo group. The QOL was evaluated using the Japanese Allergic Rhinitis Standard QOL Questionnaire (JRQLQ no. 1). The JRQLQ is structured to evaluate six domains of usual daily activities, outdoor activities, social functioning, sleep problems, general physical problems and emotional function, as well as the overall QOL. Results: On the 14th day after the start of fexofenadine or placebo administration, the QOL was improved in all domains of the JRQLQ in the fexofenadine group, whereas it had worsened in all domains, except outdoor activities, in the placebo group. The overall evaluation of QOL was significantly more favorable in the fexofenadine group on the 14th day after the start of administration. Conclusions: The present study showed that fexofenadine administration suppressed the deterioration of overall QOL and alleviated the interference with daily life in patients suffering from Japanese cedar pollinosis.

Background: In allergic rhinitis, antigen-antibody reactions occur in the nasal mucosa through antigen exposure. A strong reaction occurs following exposure to a large amount of antigen, whereas no reaction occurs in the absence of antigens. In seasonal allergic rhinitis, nasal hypersensitivity increases during the pollen-dispersing season, which is known as the 'priming effect'. The purpose of the present study was to clarify whether repeated nasal challenges bring about increased nasal hypersensitivity in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Methods: Fourteen patients with perennial allergic rhinitis to house dust mites were enrolled in the present study. Repeated challenge tests were performed once daily for 8 consecutive days with a fixed amount of antigen. Results: Sneezing and nasal secretion were slightly enhanced by repeated challenges only on the 2nd and 3rd days, whereas nasal resistance remained unchanged. Increased sneezing and nasal secretion was marked in a group of subjects who were not sneezing at the first challenge, whereas changes in nasal reaction following repeated challenge were less obvious in subjects who were sneezing at the first challenge. Conclusions: In contrast with pollinosis, nasal provocation reactions were not clearly enhanced by repeated provocation. To further understand nasal reactions induced by antigen challenge, studies should be performed under specified conditions (i.e. in an experimental room) with a prescribed quantity of antigens administered, as well as within a study environment.

Background: Standardized quality (SQ) house-dust mite (HDM) sublingual immunotherapy tablets (10,000 Japanese allergy units [JAU], equivalent to 6 SQ-HDM in Europe and the United States) are licensed for the treatment of HDMinduced allergic rhinitis (AR) without age restriction, based on 52-week administration clinical trials. There are no large-scale data on the administration of 10,000 JAU for > 1 year in actual clinical practice. Objective: To examine the safety and effectiveness of 10,000 JAU during use for up to 3 years at real-world clinical sites in Japan. Methods: This survey was a multicenter, observational, prospective study. We assessed the safety and effectiveness of the long-term administration of 10,000 JAU as well as effectiveness after its discontinuation in patients with HDM AR with an observation period of 3 years. Results: The safety analysis included 815 patients, and the effectiveness analysis included 768 patients. Adverse reactions that occurred in 144 patients (17.67%) were mainly site-related events that occurred early in the dosing period. Serious adverse reactions were dyspnea and anaphylactic reaction in one patient each, and both patients recovered. With regard to effectiveness, compared with scores before the administration of SQ-HDM, nasal symptom scores decreased, depending on the administration period, from 6 months to 3 years. Overall, 67.34% of the patients had improved quality of life after 6 months, and this improvement continued after 12 months. The proportion of patients with "improved and slightly improved" of overall improvement exceeded 90% after 2 years. Treatment discontinuation because "symptoms disappeared" occurred in 24.42% of the patients at 3 years. Patients who discontinued 10,000 JAU (n = 39) had a sustained improvement in nasal symptom scores compared with baseline, even 1 year after discontinuing treatment. Conclusion: The real-world safety and effectiveness of 10,000 JAU SQ-HDM sublingual immunotherapy tablets were confirmed in Japanese patients with HDM AR. No new safety and effectiveness precautions were required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits on various immune cells suggests their involvement in allergic rhinitis. However, how exactly they contribute to this pathogenesis is not yet confirmed. Our present study examined the therapeutic potential of GTS-21, an a7 nAChR agonist, for treating allergic rhinitis by employing its mouse models. GTS-21 treatment reduced allergen-induced immediate nasal response in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized model. However, nasal hyperresponsiveness or eosinophil infiltration elicited in either the OVAsensitized or T helper 2 cell-transplanted model was not affected by GTS-21. GTS-21 did not alter allergen-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis response in anti-dinitrophenyl IgE-sensitized mice. This evidence implies GTS-21's potential to alleviate allergic rhinitis without perturbing T cells or mast cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]