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Percutaneous drainage is a first-line therapy for abscesses and other fluid collections. However, experimental data on the viscosity of body fluids are scarce. This study analyses the apparent viscosity of serous, purulent and biliary fluids to provide reference data for the evaluation of drainage catheters. Serous, purulent and biliary fluid samples were collected during routine drainage procedures. In a first setup, the apparent kinematic viscosity of 50 fluid samples was measured using an Ubbelohde viscometer. In a second setup, the apparent dynamic viscosity of 20 fluid samples obtained during CT-guided percutaneous drainage was measured using an in-house designed capillary extrusion experiment. The median apparent kinematic viscosity was 0.96 mm 2 /s (IQR 0.90-1.15 mm 2 /s) for serous samples, 0.98 mm 2 /s (IQR 0.97-0.99 mm 2 /s) for purulent samples and 2.77 mm 2 /s (IQR 1.75-3.70 mm 2 /s) for biliary samples. The median apparent dynamic viscosity was 1.63 mPa*s (IQR 1.27-2.09 mPa*s) for serous samples, 2.45 mPa*s (IQR 1.69-3.22 mPa*s) for purulent samples and 3.50 mPa*s (IQR 2.81-3.90 mPa*s) for biliary samples (all differences p < 0.01). Relative to water, dynamic viscosities were increased by a factor of 1.36 for serous fluids, 2.26 for purulent fluids, and 4.03 for biliary fluids. Serous fluids have apparent viscosities similar to water, but biliary and purulent fluids are more viscous. These data can be used as a reference when selecting the drainage catheter size, with 8F catheters being appropriate for most percutaneous drainage cases., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Exercise cannot reverse the physiologic and structural deficits of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but it can reduce disability by improving endurance, breathing efficiency, and dyspnea tolerance, especially in severely impaired patients. An exercise prescription should begin with an assessment of cardiac risk and exercise capacity. Initial workloads should be light, increases gradual, and follow-up consistent. Patients need encouragement, and may also need supplemental oxygen and treatment with bronchodilators, mucolytics, and/or corticosteroids. Patients who follow an individualized program can often increase their work capacity 70% to 80% within 6 weeks.

Exercise is a vital part of your treatment for lung disease. By following a regular training program, you will increase your endurance and become stronger and better able to perform the activities of daily life. Shopping, cleaning, and just moving about will become easier and more comfortable. You will be less troubled by shortness of breath, your spirits will lift, and you'll sleep better. In short, you'll enjoy life more. Exercise also has general health benefits, such as protection against heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and excess weight gain.

When writing an exercise prescription, the contributions of the pulmonary system are commonly forgotten. The lung has a tremendous potential to improve its work output, and its contributions are only realized when pulmonary disease or environmental stresses of altitude limit pulmonary performance. At altitudes of 5000 feet above sea level, hypoxia is significant in limiting aerobic capacity, and the exercise prescription should follow relative percentages of VO2max guided by the training heart rate rather than actual work output. Training at altitude will improve performance at altitude, but training at altitude does not always improve sea level performance. Suggestions of using longer recovery intervals, sojourns back and forth from sea level to altitude, and shorter-duration, high-intensity exercise sessions may help improve sea level performance, but more research is needed. The limitations of reactive airway disease and exercise-induced asthma can be minimized with proper attention to training techniques, environmental modifications, and pharmacologic treatment. In the 1984 Olympics, 41 medals were won by athletes with the diagnosis of reactive airway disease. Finally, the crippling limitations of chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease can be improved by a proper exercise rehabilitation program that uses an accurate and thorough assessment procedure prior to beginning an exercise program. Also, careful follow-up and continual monitoring of cardiac rhythm, oximetry, and exercise intensity of the pulmonary impaired patient will result in optimal improvement in the patient's sense of well-being, tolerance to dyspnea, and increased ability to do aerobic work, as well as an enhanced quality of life.

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