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Academicians with a pro-environmental attitude can play a pivotal role in developing curricula and new programs aimed at education for sustainable development. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to identify the factors that influence academicians’ positive attitude toward the environment. This study attempts to investigate the effects of environmental consciousness, environmental knowledge, and biospheric values, as well as the moderating effects of social influence, on the attitude toward the environment among the faculty members of higher education institutions (HIEs) in Southern Pakistan. The data were collected from six universities in the district of Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan. After checking for reliability and validity, the study used the structural equation modeling technique to examine the aforementioned association. The results reveal that environmental consciousness and biospheric values significantly influence the attitude of faculty members toward the environment. Furthermore, social influence positively moderates the relationship only between biospheric values and attitudes toward the environment. Overall, this study contributes original insights into the factors influencing pro-environmental attitudes among faculty in a specific cultural and educational context. Its findings can inform targeted strategies to enhance environmental education and engagement in higher education, making it a valuable addition to the literature on education for sustainable development. The findings could guide policymakers of higher education institutions in promoting a pro-environmental attitude among faculty members by implementing awareness programs that increase environmental consciousness and integrate biospheric values into their core mission. Furthermore, HEIs should also establish “green teams” to induce a positive environmental attitude through social influence.

AbstractIslam stipulates its adherents to abide by religious principles in their economic transactions. The aim of this study is twofold. First, it accounts for the adherence of Shariah board members of Islamic banks with the Fit and Proper Criteria (FAPC) promulgated by State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). Second, it explores the current state of provision of Islamic finance education in the universities and madaris (i.e., Islamic seminaries) in Pakistan. This is the unique study in a sense because it draws attention of the stakeholders concerned (i.e., SBP, Higher Education Commission, Ittehad-e-Tanzimat Madaris-e-Deeniya & Ministry of Education) to revisit and make strategic milestones in congruent with the demand-supply gap of Islamic professional experts. Total sample consists of 21 banks, out of which the first five are full-fledged Islamic and remaining 16 are the commercial banks with Islamic banking branches. Descriptive research design has been employed to examine the supply of Shariah experts from madaris and universities in Pakistan. Our findings reveal the following: (1) Profiles of all the Shariah board members fully comply with the FAPC of SBP, and more than 50% of members represent multiple boards of Islamic banks. (2) With 26,000 madaris across Pakistan, 75% of the Shariah experts received their education from one Madrisa named Jamia-dar-ul-uloom, Karachi. Notably, province-wise stats highlight Punjab atop in terms of madaris (45% to 56%) in the country, though it produces less than 10% scholars for the Islamic banks’ Shariah boards. A similar situation persists in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa that has 1354 to 3136 madaris and only one Shariah scholar received education from this province. Karachi, the capital of Sindh province and hub of Islamic seminaries, solely contributed more than 85% SB members to the Islamic banks. (3) Among the top fifteen business schools of Pakistan, only four are offering a degree in Islamic finance. Moreover, these four schools have only eight full-time faculty members with a core degree in Islamic finance. This study suggests the practitioners to increase the supply of Shariah scholars and also strengthen the capabilities and skills of human capital regarding Islamic finance education through education, training, social awareness and capacity building.

The present study aims to examine the relationship between dividend policy and earnings management by explicitly considering the role of the agency problem and financing constraints. The sample comprises 3250 non-financial Chinese listed firms from 2009 to 2018. This study uses fixed- and random effect models as econometric techniques. Dividend policy is measured with dividend yield, payout ratio, large and small dividend payment status. Earnings management is measured with discretionary accruals, which are used as a proxy of accrual-based earnings management. The salient findings of the study are as follows: (1) overall, dividend payments restrict managers' involvement in earnings management practices; (2) compared with small dividend-paying firms, larger dividend-paying firms have less involvement in earnings management practices; (3) the agency problem does not affect the nature of the proposed relationship; (4) the dividend payments of non-financially constrained firms dampen managers’ opportunistic behavior toward earnings management practices and vice versa.

Environmental conditions are rapidly changing with every passing day worldwide. Degradation of ecological conditions hurts human health. Carbon emission severely destroys greenhouse gases, CO2 is generated from different sectors, but the major portion of CO2 is generated from the transport sector. This environmental deterioration stimulates academicians and practitioners to study ecological consumption behaviour. Protecting the environment by reducing carbon emissions is a shared responsibility. In the current era, the world is shifting from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles to control carbon emissions. This study examines the factors in predicting consumers’ purchase intention toward hybrid cars through the S-O-R model and theory of consumption values (functional and non-functional values). This will help academics and policymakers to expand the penetration of this new and favourable green technology in terms of protecting the environment. For our study, we collected data from the three big cities of Punjab, i.e., (Multan, Sahiwal, and Lahore). In this study, 500 questionnaires were distributed, from which 245 were returned. In the first step, we provide detailed information about demographic variables. The structural equation model (SEM) is used for evaluating the impact of identified constructs. The study results conclude that functional values (except conditional value) and non-functional values (except social value responsibility) positively influence the consumer’s attitude toward the intention to adopt hybrid electric vehicles. The reasons behind the results and implications for the practitioners and policymakers are discussed. Furthermore, directions for future research have also been suggested.

Purpose: This research paper explores the degree to which employability skills are embedded across educational programs in higher education (HE) institutions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and to establish how successfully the required graduate attributes are being promoted, particularly those relating to employability. Design/methodology/approach: An employability self-assessment matrix, adapted from one originally developed by the UK Centre for Bioscience for a similar purpose, was utilised as the research framework in this study to generate data relevant to the UAE. The tool used was a self-administered questionnaire completed by curriculum managers on the target campuses. Findings: The findings reveal that employability skills are increasingly being integrated into curricula and that the use of a self-assessment matrix proves to be an effective tool in gauging and further improving institutional effectiveness in this area. Supporting Higher Education institutions in promoting and developing employability skills through raising awareness and targeting resources more effectively. Originality/value: In the context of a shifting labour market landscape, this study contributes to the ongoing discussions on the importance of employability skills and how they can be effectively integrated into HE programs to enhance career prospects and economic prosperity.

Counterfeiting has become a prevalent business worldwide, resulting in high losses for many businesses. Considerable attention has been paid to research an individual attitude toward purchasing luxury counterfeit products in the offline context. However, there is currently lesser-known literature on the given phenomenon in the context of social commerce. Moreover, researchers observed that counterfeiting consumption is associated with consumer ethical values or beliefs. Practitioners and researchers are keen to find those factors that affect consumers’ ethical consumption behavior to reduce pirated products’ demand. However, the role of religion in shaping ethical behavior is less documented in the counterfeiting context. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of religiosity on the counterfeiting of luxury products in Pakistan. A five-dimensional Islamic religiosity model was adopted to understand the consumption phenomena. For quantitative research, cross-sectional data were collected from the generation M of Pakistan through self-administrative questionnaires. A total of 394 valid responses from active online users were collected to empirically examine the conceptual model by employing the partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM). The results reveal that all five dimensions of religiosity negatively affect the attitude of generation M. Moreover, it is found that knowledge has the highest negative effect on attitude, followed by orthopraxis, experience, central duties, and basic duties. The study also explains the theoretical and practical implications of the research. Finally, limitations and future research were also discussed.

During the COVID-19 epidemic, personal safety has received increasing attention, leading to behavioral changes. Mobile-wallet (m-wallet) makes it easier for people to keep social distance, which helps stop the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Evolving Internet technology has brought about changes in consumer lifestyle. The current situation of COVID-19 has created a business environment to shift from traditional ways and adopt e-commerce solutions worldwide. Grounded in technology acceptance model (TAM) theory, this study’s objective is two-fold: First, this study intends to examine perceived susceptibility to COVID-19, perceived severity of COVID-19, insecurity and discomfort as the predictors of perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU). Second, the current research intends to test the moderating effect of electronic words-of-mouth (eWOM) on the relationship between attitude and usage intention. Using survey methods, 226 usable responses were collected through a mall intercept survey in Pakistan. Data were analyzed using partial least square (PLS). The results revealed that PEOU and PU positively influence attitude toward M-wallet. This study has found that attitude positively influences the usage intention in adopting M-wallet. The results also support the moderating role of eWOM. These findings contribute to the marketing literature in several ways, particularly in Pakistan. This is the first study to use eWOM as a moderating variable in the TAM theory. In addition, this study adds to the current body of knowledge by considering eWOM as a multi-dimensional construct novel in m-wallet literature.

Heart failure (HF) patients frequently exhibit iron deficiency, which is associated with a poor prognosis. Although various trials have been conducted, it is uncertain if intravenous (IV) iron replenishment improves clinical outcomes in HF patients with iron deficiency. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception till 15 September 2023 to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared IV iron therapy with placebo or standard of care in patients with HF and iron deficiency. Clinical outcomes were assessed by generating forest plots using the random-effects model and pooling odds ratios (ORs) or weighted mean differences (WMDs). Fourteen RCTs with 6651 patients were included. IV iron therapy showed a significantly reduced incidence of the composite of first heart failure hospitalization (HHF) or cardiovascular (CV) mortality as compared with the control group (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58 to 0.92). The IV iron therapy resulted in a trend towards lower CV mortality (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.76 to 1.01), 1-year all-cause mortality (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.71 to 1.02), and first HHF (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.51 to 1.05), and an improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (MD = 4.54, 95% CI: -0.13 to 9.21). Meta-regression showed a significant inverse moderating effect of baseline LVEF on the first HHF or CV death. In patients with HF and iron deficiency, IV iron therapy reduced the incidence of composite of first HHF or CV mortality. There was a trend of lower overall CV and 1-year all-cause mortality, first HHF, and improved LVEF with IV iron therapy.

The conceptualization of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning [SoTL] has evolved over its 30-year history. This study sought to understand how faculty, staff, and students at a research-intensive institution in Ontario, Canada label and describe SoTL. We performed an environmental scan that consisted of: 1) mining academic journal titles to identify names commonly used to describe systematic inquiry into teaching and learning; 2) a campus-wide survey of faculty, staff, and students; and 3) interviews with select faculty members who perform SoTL work. We identified several dichotomies between the findings from these three methods and discuss the meanings of these findings in relation to the 4M, micro-meso-macro-mega levels, framework.

INTRODUCTION: Vasectomy is a widely used, safe, effective method of permanent contraception and contributes to healthy sexuality. AIMS: We have conducted a 3-step observational clinical study to develop a vasectomy regret risk score and guide patients and clinicians when discussing a vasectomy. METHODS: A 3-step approach has been followed. First, experts involved in male health have proposed risk factors for regret (remorse) after vasectomy, defined by a vasectomy reversal surgery or medically assisted reproduction. The selected factors were evaluated in 1200 patients vasectomized in the last 15 years. Finally, the expert panel has constructed a score for predicting regret after vasectomy. RESULTS: Fifty-two international experts identified 17 risk factors for vasectomy regret. Five of the risk factors were significant: an age

BackgroundIndividuals with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD); yet, some 20 percent do not develop any signs of dementia until after 65 years or in their lifetime. Mosaicism could contribute to this phenotypic variation, where some disomic cells could lead to lower levels of gene products from chromosome 21.MethodsWe examined longitudinal neuropsychological and biomarker data from two large studies of DS: the Alzheimer Biomarker Consortium-Down syndrome study (ABC-DS) (n = 357); and a legacy study (n = 468). We assessed mosaicism using karyotyping or GWAS data. Participants had data on plasma AD biomarkers (Aβ40, Aβ42, tau, and NfL) and longitudinal cognitive measures. A subset had cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (Aβ40, Aβ42, tau, ptau181, and NfL) and amyloid and tau PET data.FindingsFor both cohorts, the prevalence of mosaicism was

Increasing interest in sustainability performance (environmental, social, and governance pillar performance [ESGP]) and corporate financial performance (CFP) is noteworthy. However, we do not find any all-inclusive study that employs both individual components of environmental, social, and governance pillars (ESG) as well as the cumulative ESG score on both the accounting and market performance of firms. Furthermore, we do not find any study that puts forth “best practices” in the ESGP-CFP nexus. Therefore, our study intends to provide additional empirical evidence in this debate by including all three pillars of ESG as well as the overall ESG score by employing a unique sample of “100 best corporate citizens” in the United States declared by 3BL Media during 2009 to 2018. For this purpose, we employ panel vector auto regression (PVAR) that allows us to overcome the methodological challenges faced by some earlier empirical studies. The core findings are: (a) for market-based financial performance (market-to-book ratio [MTB] and Tobin’s Q ), our results only confirm ESGP–CFP relationship and suggest that sustained higher commitment to the environmental pillar, consistent socially responsible conduct, and rationalized governance mechanism of the sampled firms are perceived value additive by the market players. (b) For accounting-based financial performance (return on equity [ROE] and return on assets [ROA]), we find a mix of ESGP–CFP and CFP–ESGP relationship for ROE only. Furthermore, factor error variance decomposition (FEVD) analysis reveals that environmental, social, and overall ESG performances of the sampled firms are quite good predictors of future CFP in the market. These findings assert that actively pursuing ESG endeavors can assist firms in achieving superior financial performance.

This research investigates the impact of working capital management (WCM) on the profitability and market performance of firms that constitute an Islamic market index (Karachi Meezan Index [KMI-30]) in Pakistan during 2002–2013. The data have been divided into three parts, that is, preglobal (2002–2007), during (2007–2008), and postglobal financial crisis period (2008–2013), to examine the proposed relationship in different macroeconomic settings. Net trade cycle (NTC) and its components are used to measure the WCM efficiency, while NTC square is used to proxy the impact of excessive holdings of working capital on corporate performance. The econometric models are calculated in a generalized method of moments (GMMs)-based regression environment to ensure the robustness of empirical outcome. The results reveal that, as opposed to conventional businesses, KMI-30 firms are more ethical in their short-term financial management. Besides, such firms adopted a conservative WCM policy during the global financial crisis of 2007–2008. Furthermore, we confirm the presence of a concave relationship between working capital levels and firm performance as NTC is positively, whereas NTC square is negatively, related to firm performance. This article makes a significant contribution to the extant literature as it evaluates the impact of WCM on the profitability and market performance of Islamic market indexed firms under varying macroeconomic conditions.

This study examines the influence of financial distress on corporate restructuring decisions and whether this restructuring varies across the Firm Life Cycle (FLC) stages of Pakistani non-financial listed firms for the 12 years from 2005 to 2016 inclusive. FLC stages and financial distress are measured using the Dickinson model and Altman Z-score, respectively. Corporate restructuring is segregated into equity and debt restructuring. The data are analyzed using a panel logistic regression model. The results reveal that financial distress is negatively associated with corporate debt restructuring decisions and positively associated with corporate equity restructuring decisions. Further analysis shows that new, growing and mature firms have positive associations with equity restructuring decisions and negative associations with debt restructuring decisions, while declining firms prefer debt restructuring. This study has important implications for corporate managers and policy makers.

Using the assumptions of Sternberg (2003) Duplex Theory of Hate, the present study reveals the combined effects of similar competitor offer and narcissistic personality on brand equity through the underlying mechanism of brand hate. Specifically, we hypothesize that brand hate mediates the relationship between similar competitor offer and brand equity. Moreover, we propose that similar competitor offer and brand hate relationship are stronger for narcissistic individuals. By employing a multi-wave time-lagged research design, we collected data from a sample of (N = 338) dairy product consumers in Pakistan. The findings of moderated-mediation regression analyses indicate that (a) Brand hate mediates the relationship between similar competitor offer and brand equity; and (b) Narcissistic personality moderates a similar competitor offer and brand hate relationship such that a high similar competitor offer led to greater brand hate when narcissism was high. Furthermore, conditional indirect effects reveal that brand hate mediates the relationship between similar competitor offer and brand equity only with individuals exhibiting narcissistic personality traits. The current study offers great insights to managers that by managing similar competitor offer, they can manage the development of brand hate, which can subsequently effect brand equity. Moreover, by profiling customers on the basis of their personalities, marketing managers can effectively invest only in customers with positive tendencies. The current study is unique in that it highlights new avenues in existing research by extending the nascent domain of brand hate in consumer–brand relationships.

Organizations are formed to gain long-term benefits. However, sometimes myopic management for feigned value enhancement led to the early demise of the firm. Further, to the best of our knowledge empirical role of financing constraints has not yet been explored between the relationship of leverage and earnings management practices. Therefore, the present study aims to empirically examine the impact of leverage on Real Earnings Management (REM) practices and how financing constraints influence this association. Employs a panel dataset of 3250 non-financial Chinese listed firms for a time period spanning from 2009 to 2018. Leverage is categorized into short-term, long-term, and total leverage to check the individual effects of each leverage category on REM practices. The data were analyzed through panel data fixed-effects and random-effects techniques as an econometric approach. First, consistent with positive accounting theory, the impact of total leverage on REM is positive. Second, compared to the long-term leverage, short-term leverage has more pronounced effects on managers’ opportunistic behavior towards using REM. Third, the influence of total leverage is higher (lower) on REM practices in financially unconstrained (constrained) firms. Fourth, the influence of short-term leverage on REM practices compared to long-term leverage is also weak in the financially constrained firms. These findings imply that, to avoid the consequences of managerial myopia, investors should abstain to invest in the firms that use higher amount of short-term debt and are financially unconstrained. This study is the first research to examine the impact of different leverage categories on REM practices in an emerging market, i.e., China, where the legal and financial structure is much poor.

Recently, the need for user data rate traffic has increased for running high-bandwidth applications. Therefore, the way forward lies in 5G heterogeneous cellular networks. The 5G network is comprised of two network hierarchies. As the first hierarchy, there are MBSs with large macro cells for macro users. As the second hierarchy, there are FBSs referred to as small cells for femto users. The 5G networks encourage the use of large macro and small cells for efficient utilisation and distribution of channel resources. In this study, the authors have proposed an efficient RF channel distribution mechanism on the basis of the current SINR levels of FUEs and MUEs. On the basis of the users’ present SINR levels, the channels will be allocated by the central MBS to MUEs and FUEs via FBSs. The major obstacle in RF channel allocation to FUEs and MUEs is cross-tier interference at the downlink channel at the MUEs and FUEs from the transmitted signals of MBSs and FBSs. In this study, an efficient RF channel allocation scheme is proposed on the basis of channel modelling constraints, which will minimise the cross-tier interference at the downlink channel at the MUEs and FUEs during RF channel allocation to FUEs and MUEs present in the same coverage area

This research aims to examine the mediating role of the use of the e-commerce and moderating influence of entrepreneurial competencies on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study data were collected via a structured questionnaire comprised of a seven-point Likert scale from practitioners serving at the top and middle-level positions in Pakistani SMEs. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was applied on 250 useable returned questionnaires. The results showed that the association between the use of e-commerce and firm performance is positively significant. Moreover, the use of e-commerce mediates the positive association between technological readiness, adoption cost, and firm performance. However, the moderating role of entrepreneurial competencies does not appear as significant between the use of e-commerce and manufacturing SMEs’ performance. The present study is the first to explore entrepreneurial competencies as a moderator between e-commerce adoption and firm performance. The empirical outcomes of this research provide useful theoretical and practical implications for the managers and practitioners to understand the underlying factors for the successful implementation of e-commerce in the SME sector to enhance firm performance.

By age 40 years, over 90% of adults with Down syndrome have Alzheimer's disease pathology and most progress to dementia. Despite having few systemic vascular risk factors, individuals with Down syndrome have elevated cerebrovascular disease markers that track with the clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease, suggesting a role of cerebrovascular disease that is hypothesized to be mediated by inflammatory factors. This study examined the pathways through which small vessel cerebrovascular disease contributes to Alzheimer's disease-related pathophysiology and neurodegeneration in adults with Down syndrome. One hundred eighty-five participants from the Alzheimer's Biomarkers Consortium-Down Syndrome [mean (SD) age = 45.2 (9.3) years] with available MRI and plasma biomarker data were included in this study. White matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes were derived from T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI scans, and plasma biomarker concentrations of amyloid beta 42/40, phosphorylated tau 217, astrocytosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and neurodegeneration (neurofilament light chain) were measured with ultrasensitive immunoassays. We examined the bivariate relationships of WMH, amyloid beta 42/40, phosphorylated tau 217 and glial fibrillary acidic protein with age-residualized neurofilament light chain across Alzheimer's disease diagnostic groups. A series of mediation and path analyses examined statistical pathways linking WMH and Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology to promote neurodegeneration in the total sample and groups stratified by clinical diagnosis. There was a direct and indirect bidirectional effect through the glial fibrillary acidic protein of WMH on phosphorylated tau 217 concentration, which was associated with neurofilament light chain concentration in the entire sample. Amongst cognitively stable participants, WMH was directly and indirectly, through glial fibrillary acidic protein, associated with phosphorylated tau 217 concentration, and in those with mild cognitive impairment, there was a direct effect of WMH on phosphorylated tau 217 and neurofilament light chain concentrations. There were no associations of WMH with biomarker concentrations among those diagnosed with dementia. The findings from this cross-sectional study suggest that among individuals with Down syndrome, cerebrovascular disease promotes neurodegeneration by increasing astrocytosis and tau pathophysiology in the presymptomatic phases of Alzheimer's disease, but future studies will need to confirm these associations with longitudinal data. This work joins an emerging literature that implicates cerebrovascular disease and its interface with neuroinflammation as a core pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome.

Extant empirical studies have predominantly focused on the nexus between working capital management (WCM) and corporate profitability. While there is a dearth of literature on the nexus between WCM and a firm’s risk, the present study examines Pakistani-listed firms coming from 12 diverse industrial segments to observe this association for a time span of ten years (2005–2014). To ensure robustness, we employed a System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) regression estimation to investigate the influence of WCM on the operational and market risk for firms. Empirical testing revealed that higher working capital levels were associated with lower volatility in firms’ stock price, which shows that shareholders prefer a conservative working capital policy. Moreover, firms with better cash positions were subject to lesser stock market volatility. In contrast, excess working capital and a larger net trade cycle were associated with increased volatility in the operating income. Besides, firms with lower working capital levels relative to their respective industry experienced fewer fluctuations in their operating profits. Our findings assert that short-term financial management has important ramifications for firms’ operating and market fundamentals. Practical implications are discussed for corporate managers and relevant stakeholders.

The influence of market sentiments on the bankruptcy risk propensity of firms has been extensively explored in the literature. However, less attention has been paid to whether the corporate life cycle plays any role in this nexus. The purpose of this research is to unveil how the corporate bankruptcy risk propensity responds to market sentiments, and whether this sentiments–risk relationship varies over different stages of the corporate life cycle. Using a sample of 301 Pakistani non-financial listed firms for 2005–2014, we employ two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) regression estimation to address the issue of endogeneity. Empirical evidence reveals that managers tend to escalate a firm’s bankruptcy risk during high market sentiments. Further analysis indicates that during the period of positive market sentiments, introduction stage firms prefer to assume the highest bankruptcy risk followed by decline and growth firms, while mature firms continue to be risk-averse. This research contributes to the corporate finance literature by suggesting that managerial risk-taking is influenced by market sentiments and corporate managers show a different attitude towards risk at different stages of the corporate life cycle. Therefore, to ensure enterprise sustainability, capital market regulators should have a robust risk management framework in place to discipline the excessive risk-taking by firm managers over different stages of the corporate life cycle. Moreover, investors and creditors shall take into consideration the respective life cycle stage of the firm to minimize the risk exposure of their investment portfolios. Our results are robust to alternate econometric specifications and alternate variable specifications.