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Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membranes have great potential to promote periodontal tissue regeneration and reestablishment. However, the regeneration potential and microbial infection resistance of current GTR membranes still need to be improved. Here, a bi-layered nanofibrous membrane on the basis of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/gelatin with osteogenic and antibacterial functions was fabricated for periodontal tissue regeneration. The antimicrobial layer (AL) of the bi-layered nanofibrous membrane was composed of nanofibrous PLGA/gelatin nanofibers loaded with nano-silver (nAg), while the osteoconductive layer (OL) of the nanofibrous membrane consisted of PLGA/gelatin nanofibers loaded with nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA). The bi-layered nanofibrous membrane was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The results showed that nHA and nAg particles were well evenly loaded or embedded in PLGA/gelatin nanofibers. The cell culture experiments suggested that the bi-layered nanofibrous membrane possessed good cytocompatibility and the OL of the bi-layered nanofibrous membrane possessed an enhanced osteogenic capacity for human osteoblast-like cells (MG63), which was verified by the good cell viability and the increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, respectively. The results of in vitro antimicrobial study displayed that the AL of the bi-layered nanofibrous membrane possessed an effective antibacterial capability. In conclusion, the prepared bi-layered nanofibrous membrane with osteogenic and antibacterial functions may have great potential for periodontal tissue regeneration and reestablishment. [Formula: see text]

Pursuing painless and flexible blood glucose regulation has been a century-long arduous mission. The current therapeutic systems can only regulate blood glucose unidirectionally (reduce), and the adjustment range is large, which is prone to the risk of hypoglycemia. Herein, inspired by the temperature fluctuation range controlled by the inverter air conditioner, we report a new bi-directional blood glucose-regulating drug delivery system (BDRS) consisting of glucose-loaded pressure-responsive nano-vesicles (Glu@PRNV), insulin-loaded black phosphorus nanosheets (Insulin@BPNs), hydrogel, and a painless blood sugar monitor patch. At first, BDRS could monitor blood glucose in real-time through visible color changes. Afterward, according to different requirements, BDRS could release glucose with the guidance of external pressure, or supplement insulin under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, through which, the blood glucose level of diabetics could be accurately accommodated within a reasonable fluctuation range, thus minifying the likelihood of sudden hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Collectively, the supply-demand balance of blood glucose could be maintained

Introduction Although skin grafts are widely used in reconstruction of large skin defect and complex wounds, many factors lead to suboptimal graft take. Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) reportedly increases the graft take rates when added to skin grafting, but a summary analysis of the data of randomized controlled trials has yet to be performed. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to compare the effectiveness and safety of NPWT and non-NPWT for patients with skin grafts. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CNKI for relevant trials based on predetermined eligibility criteria from database establishment to February 2020. Two reviewers screened citations and extracted data independently. The quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the Cochrane Handbook, whereas statistical heterogeneity was assessed using chi-square tests and I2 statistics. Review Manager 5.3 was used for statistical analysis. Results Ten randomized controlled trials with 488 patients who underwent NPWT or non-NPWT were included. Compared with non-NPWT, NPWT yielded an improved the percentage of graft take, a reduction in days from grafting to discharge, with lower relative risk of re-operation, and no increased relative risk of adverse event. Further, the subgroup analysis showed an improved the percentage of graft take in negative pressure of 80 mmHg, and no improved the percentage of graft take in negative pressure of 125 mmHg. Conclusion NPWT is more effective than non-NPWT for the integration of skin grafts, and the negative pressure of 80 mmHg can be recommended. Data on adverse events and negative pressure are, however, limited. A better understanding of complications after NPWT and the ideal negative pressure for the integration of skin grafts is imperative.

Although keloids and hypertrophic scars are common benign hyperproliferative growths of dermal fibroblasts, the clinical problems including physical and psychological problems are significant and impairing, with few proven treatments. Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) and combination of TAC with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are widely used to treat keloids and hypertrophic scars, but their efficacy and safety remain controversial. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CNKI for relevant trials. The mean scar height and the erythema score in the TAC + 5-FU group were lower than those in the TAC group after treatment (P

Purpose In order to prepare functional Au nanoparticles with low toxicity and high antitumor properties, we have used fruit waste (banana peel) to synthesize a new dendrite-shaped gold nanoparticle and used it for the treatment of tumors. Methods Dendrite-shaped gold nanoparticle (Au-dendrite) was synthesized through a facile hydrothermal process. The banana peel was used as both the reducing agent and the protective agent for reducing chloroauric acid to obtain Au-dendrite. The safety assessment of the Au-dendrite was conducted by H&E staining of the mouse's eyelid skin and CCK-8 assay. The antitumor effects were evaluated through in vitro tumor cytotoxicity experiments and in vivo treatment of animal tumors. Results In this work, a new type of gold nanomaterial (Au-dendrite) was synthesized by using a common agricultural waste (banana peel) through a facile hydrothermal process without any extra chemical reducing agent or protective agent. Subsequent experiments showed that, compared with some classical Au nanomaterials, the as-synthesized gold nanocomposites have superior biocompatibility and impressive characteristics of dual inhibition toward tumor growth and migration. Conclusion We successfully synthesized a dendrite-shaped gold nanocomposite which was derived from a common agricultural waste (banana peel). A facile and environmentally friendly synthetic process was proposed accordingly without regular chemical additives. The as-prepared Au-dendrite nanocomposites not only had better biocompatibility than some classical gold nanoparticles but also exhibited unique advantages in tumor inhibition.

Improving antibacterial performance is one of the prerequisites for the clinical application of bacterial cellulose (BC)-based dressings. In this study, a novel copper (Cu) ion loaded BC-based antibacterial wound dressing was prepared via codeposition of polydopamine (PDA) and copper ion. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that the copper ion/PDA coating was more uniform than the PDA coating, and the 3D nanopore structure of BC was retained in Cu

Smoke inhalation injury is an acute pathological change caused by thermal stimulation or toxic substance absorption through respiratory epithelial cells. This study aims to probe the protective effect and mechanism of recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor 2 (rhKGF-2) against smoke inhalation-induced lung injury (SILI) in rats. The SILI was induced in rats using a smoke exposure model, which were then treated with rhKGF-2. The rat blood was collected for blood-gas analysis, and the levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers in the plasma were measured. The rat lung tissues were collected. The pathological changes and cell apoptosis were determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1, and FoxO1-NLRP3 inflammasome expression were verified by western blot (WB). Both of the human alveolar epithelial cell (HPAEpiC) and primary rat alveolar epithelial cell were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for making in-vitro alveolar epithelial cell injury model. After treatment with rhKGF-2, GSK2126458 (PI3K inhibitor) and AS1842856 (FoxO1 inhibitor), the cell viability, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), PI3K/Akt/Nrf2, HO-1/NQO1, and FoxO1-NLRP3 in HPAEpiC and primary rat alveolar epithelial cell were examined. The data suggested that rhKGF-2 reduced LPS-induced HPAEpiC cell and primary rat alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and the expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress factors. Moreover, rhKGF-2 improved the blood gas and alleviated SILI-induced lung histopathological injury in vivo via repressing inflammation, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, rhKGF-2 activated PI3K/Akt pathway, enhanced Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 expression, and attenuated FoxO1-NLRP3 inflammasome both in vitro and in vivo. However, pharmaceutical inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway attenuated rhKGF-2-mediated protective effects against SILI, while suppressing FoxO1 promoted rhKGF-2-mediated protective effects. Taken together, this study demonstrated that rhKGF-2 mitigated SILI by regulating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway and the FoxO1-NLRP3 axis, which provides new reference in treating SILI.

As development and operation of the massive open online courses (MOOCs) involve multiple stakeholders to work in cooperation, this paper inquired two key stakeholders in the MOOC development, teaching, and operation: administrators and faculty in 50 higher education institutions in China. We sought the experiences and expectations from MOOC administrators and faculty. The result showed that the government and institutions held either sole or joint leadership in MOOC development and operation. Although colleges and universities in China have established certain mechanisms to develop and operate MOOCs, they faced challenges and issues such as insufficient technical support, inadequate curriculum/instructional design training, and a lack of national curriculum/instructional design and development standards as well as platform standards. In the end, the paper provided some suggestions for improving the development and operation of MOOCs in China.

Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is a respiratory disorder with high morbidity and mortality caused by various causes. Exosomes can mediate cell communication through paracrine pathways, transfer proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, etc., and interfere with the biological functions of recipient cells. Various cell-derived exosomes have been reported to play an immunomodulatory role in the ALI/ARDS inflammatory model. This article reviews the mechanism of exosomes involved in immune regulation of ALI/ARDS and possible therapeutic approaches.

Mingzhuo Liu,1 Huiqing Zhang,1 Xiangwei Song,2 Chaochao Wei,2 Zhenfang Xiong,3 Fen Yu,2 Chen Li,4 Fanrong Ai,5 Guanghua Guo,1,* Xiaolei Wang2,* 1Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; 2Department of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; 3Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; 4Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; 5School of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: As antibiotics progressively cease to be effective, silver based nanoparticles (SBNs), with broad antibacterial spectrum, might be the last line of defense against malicious bacteria. Unfortunately, there are still no proper SBNs-based strategies for in vivo antibacterial therapies. In this article, new carbon membrane packaged Ag nanoparticles (Ag-C) were synthesized. We assessed the effect of Ag-C with NaCl on size, cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, metabolism and sepsis models.Methods: The size of Ag-C with NaCl was accessed with UV-vis, TEM and SEM. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to illustrate the antibacterial properties of SBNs affected by NaCl. L929 and 3T3 cell lines were cultured in vitro; CCK-8 assay was used to test cytotoxicity. Then, we explored the metabolism of Ag-C with NaCl in vivo. Finally, the effect of Ag-C with 4× NaCl on sepsis was observed.Results: NaCl could regulate the size of Ag-C. Ag-C exhibited superior antibacterial properties compared to similar sized pure Ag nanoparticles. Furthermore, the addition of NaCl could not only reduce the cytotoxicity of Ag-C, but could also continue to discharge Ag-C from major organs. Based on these factors, this method was used to treat a sepsis model (induced via cecal ligation and puncture), and it achieved satisfactory survival results.Conclusion: This discovery, though still in its infancy, could significantly improve the safety and feasibility of SBNs and could potentially play an important role in modern in vivo antibacterial applications. Thus, a new method to combating the growing threat from drug-resistant bacteria could be possible. NaCl is the key to excretion of SBNs after in vivo antibacterial use. Keywords: Ag nanoparticles, NaCl, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, metabolism

Frequency estimation of a noisy signal in under-sampled conditions is a challenging problem, which has proved to be effectively solved by Chinese remainder theorem (CRT). To enhance the estimation efficiency and robustness to noise, an improved CRT estimator based on spectrum correction is proposed. Based on a comprehensive error analysis of the CRT-based frequency reconstruction model, it is emphasized that, for different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) cases, the two main errors (discrete Fourier transform (DFT) resolution error and noise error) exert distinct effects on the original CRT-based estimator. For the purpose of removing DFT resolution error, the Tsui corrector is suggested to be incorporated into the proposed estimator. Moreover, the proposed estimator can achieve a high efficiency since it employs small-sized DFT. Numerical results show that the proposed estimator not only can achieve a high estimation accuracy but also can lower the SNR threshold for successful reconstruction, which present the vast potential in the frequency estimation of short-observation and undersampling cases.

Herein, a highly customized and broad-spectrum antibacterial implant was prepared through the combination of 3D printing technology and surface nano-modification. The antibacterial coating, which consists of the film-forming agent polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene acid (PAA), and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), was modified on the surface of a 3D-printed implant. The small-sized Ag-NPs (

Recently high-frequency electric knife and abdominal binder are widely used in the abdominal operation in China. Nevertheless, with the high occurrence of the abdominal wound, we think that whether both these operations could be used or not. Here, we report the case of a 40-year-old female patient where negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) was applied to her dehisced abdominal wound as well as fat liquefaction and large skin necrosis with pleasing results. The patient with high fever was referred to our department from her earlier hospital for 6 days after cesarean delivery. During the surgery, her earlier doctor used a high-frequency electric knife for convenient-using, and after the operation, the patient immediately used an abdominal binder for good shape. However, the abdominal surgical incision was opened at postoperative day 3, with fat liquefaction releasing large fatty acids along both abdominal sides with penetration under the abdominal binder. After admitted at postoperative day 6 with aggravating wound, surgery was considered because of no reduction in the size of the wound. A series of vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) or vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) as well as others, were operated. In the admitted 25th day, the wound was completely closed. NPWT is a practical and effective therapy for the treatment of numerous refractory and intractable wounds. Therefore, we suggest that the high-frequency electric knife and an abdominal binder should be avoided using an abdominal operation. This case is the first report of the use of NPWT over a dehisced abdominal wound with fat liquefaction and large skin necrosis on a postpartum patient in China.

To enhance the efficiency of designing finite impulse response (FIR) filters with a controllable cut-off frequency that possess excellent transfer characteristics, this paper proposes a closed-form filter design based on transfer characteristic compensation. First, a novel filter design based on a convolution window is presented, and the relationship between the spectrum of this window and the filter performance is elaborated. We then derive a three-stage filter design scheme that describes the design of an irregular filter, design of a compensation filter and filter summation. This scheme can be simplified into a closed-form design characterized by two analytic formulas by merging the intermediate steps. The configuration of a vital Kaiser window parameter is also derived. Numerical results show that the proposed closed-form design accurately controls the cut-off frequencies and exhibits a transfer performance comparable to the Remez design and the closed-form weighted least square (WLS) design. Moreover, our method is more efficiency than the closed-form WLS method for the design of high-order FIR filters.

Balancing antibacterial properties with biocompatibility is of paramount importance for wound dressings loaded with antibacterial agents. In this work, a water soluble antibacterial agent, quaternized chitosan (hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan, HACC) with an appropriate degree of substitution was introduced into the bacterial cellulose (BC) network by adding it into the BC culture medium. Results indicated that the addition of HACC could affect the yield of BC, porous structure, thermal stability, water absorption and antibacterial properties. HBC-1 with a low content of HACC (13.65 ± 0.30%) cannot inhibit the biofilm formation of bacteria, while HBC-3 with a high content of HACC (62.05 ± 0.90%) has a low yield of BC and confused structure. HBC-2 with an optimum concentration of HACC (37.33 ± 0.80%) possessed a typical porous structure, acceptable thermal stability, good water absorption and favorable antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, ATCC 25923) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (ATCC 43300). Most importantly, none of the HACC/BC films exhibited cytotoxicity to NIH3T3 cells. We believe that obtained HACC/BC films with favorable bactericidal properties and biocompatibility could be potential candidates for wound dressings in clinical applications.

Oral production is an important part in English learning. Lack of a language environment with efficient instruction and feedback is a big issue for non-native speakers’ English spoken skill improvement. A computer-assisted language learning system can provide many potential benefits to language learners. It allows adequate instructions and instant feedback to the student, thus it facilitates self-study and encourages interactive use of the language. In this paper, we analyse Chinese college students' speaking requirements first, and then based on these requirements and usability criteria, a detailed description of an oral skills development system is provided. In this system, supported by Automatic Speech Recognition technology, special interactive activities and feedback forms were designed and a prototype was set up and tested to verify the effectiveness of this proposal.

Nowadays, traditional ceramics for bone implants have considerably replaced by metal based biomedical materials, attributing to the friability of ceramics. However, ceramic implants possess excellent biocompatibility and longtime abrasion resistance. They should be more desirable for long-term uses of implants in case their fragility had been overcome. In the present work, inspired from natural rose, a dual-layer-modified ceramic scaffold was constructed by coating a superplastic layer of isocyanate (ISO) resin and a nano Zinc Oxide (nano-ZnO) layer on the ceramic scaffold. The ISO resin modification layer with 1 mm thickness, improved the mechanical properties of ceramic implants 2–3 times, and protect the ceramic implants from broken even drop from 1 m high. Moreover, such dual layered modification exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial behavior. In vivo biocompatible studies demonstrated that there was no obvious noticeable tissue damage in all major organs of mice after the implant surgeries.

Scald first-aid needs to reduce the local temperature as well as the bacterial colonization. Bacteria resistant problem has become a major challenge that global public health workers face. Long-term and high dosage use of antibacterial agents is the main reason. In this study, temperature-regulated release antibacterial nanoparticles were applied to poly(n-isopropyl acrylamide) and sodium polyacrylate. This hypothermia coverage could be used as an ideal scald first-aid wound dressing with spontaneous Temperature & Antibacterial regulation properties.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how to design a web‐based course in the context of China for self‐directed learning from four perspectives – i.e. pedagogical, psychological, social and technological – and also to summarize the design principles for the web‐based course.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews literature related to: self‐directed learning, with a view to bringing out its capabilities and capacities for use in a web‐based environment; theories and pedagogies of learning with a view to imbuing them for the design of web‐based courses; and challenges of the design of web‐based courses with a view to gauging its acceptability.FindingsThe development of a successful web‐based course needs to focus on multiple perspectives — pedagogical, psychological, social and technological – in order to contextualize it for learner‐centeredness. The results show that the course designed based on these dimensions was flexible, useful and welcomed.Originality/valueThis paper describes a conceptual framework for designing a web‐based course from four perspectives and also presents a series of design principles for a web‐based course.

To compare the effects of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) combined with incremental positive end-expiratory pressure (IP) and those of pure HFOV on myocardial ischemia and hypoxia and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in dogs with smoke inhalation injury.Twelve healthy male dogs were divided into group HFOV and group HFOV+IP according to the random number table, with 6 dogs in each group. After being treated with conventional mechanical ventilation, dogs in both groups were inflicted with severe smoke inhalation injury, and then they received corresponding ventilation for 8 hours respectively. After treatment, the blood samples were collected from heart to determine the activity of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase 1 (LDH1) in plasma. The dogs were sacrificed later. Myocardium was obtained for determination of content of TNF-α per gram myocardium by ELISA, apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes by flow cytometer, degree of hypoxia with HE staining, and qualitative and quantitative expression of actin (denoted as integral absorbance value) with streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase staining. Data were processed with t test. The relationship between the content of TNF-α per gram myocardium and the apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes was assessed by Spearman linear correlation analysis.(1) After treatment for 8 h, the values of activity of CK-MB and LDH1 in plasma of dogs in group HFOV+IP were respectively (734 ± 70) and (182 ± 15) U/L, which were both lower than those in group HFOV [(831 ± 79) and (203 ± 16) U/L, with t values respectively 2.25 and 2.35, P values below 0.05]. (2) Compared with that in group HFOV [(0.060 ± 0.018) µg], the content of TNF-α per gram myocardium of dogs in group HFOV+IP after treatment for 8 h was decreased significantly [(0.040 ± 0.011) µg, t=2.32, P0.05]. (3) Compared with that in group HFOV [(33.4 ± 2.2)%], the apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes of dogs in group HFOV+IP after treatment for 8 h was significantly decreased [(28.2 ± 3.4)%, t=3.15, P0.05]. There was a positive correlation between the content of TNF-α per gram myocardium and the apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes (r=0.677, P0.05). (4) HE staining showed that myocardial fibers of dogs in both groups were arranged in wave shape in different degrees, indicating there was myocardial hypoxia in different degrees. Compared with that of group HFOV, the degree of hypoxia in group HFOV+IP was slighter. (5) The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that there was less loss of actin in myocardial fibers of dogs in group HFOV+IP than in group HFOV. The expression level of actin in myocardium of dogs in group HFOV+IP after treatment for 8 h (194.7 ± 3.1) was obviously higher than that in group HFOV (172.9 ± 2.6, t=13.20, P0.01).Compared with pure HFOV, HFOV combined with IP can alleviate the inflammatory reaction in myocardium of dogs, reduce the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and ameliorate the myocardial damage due to ischemia and hypoxia.

To observe and compare the effects of two kinds of lung recruitment maneuvers, namely sustained inflation (SI) and incremental positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) (IP) on oxygenation, respiratory mechanics, and hemodynamics of dogs with severe smoke inhalation injury.After being treated with conventional mechanical ventilation, 12 dogs were inflicted with severe smoke inhalation injury. They were divided into group SI and group IP according to the random number table, with 6 dogs in each group. Dogs in group SI were subjected to continuous positive airway pressure ventilation, with inspiratory pressure of 25 cmH2O (1 cmH2o = 0. 098 kPa), and it was sustained for 20 s. PEEP level in group IP was gradually increased by 5 cmH2O every 5 min up to 25 cmH2O, and then it was decreased by 5 cmH2O every 5 min until reaching 2-3 cmH2O. Then the previous ventilation mode was resumed in both groups for 8 hours. Blood gas analysis (pH value, PaO2, and PaCO2), oxygenation index (OI), respiratory mechanics parameters [peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), mean airway pressure, and dynamic lung compliance], and hemodynamic parameters [heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), and cardiac output (CO)] were recorded or calculated before injury, immediately after injury, and at post ventilation hour (PVH) 2, 4, 6, 8. Data were processed with analysis of variance of repeated measurement and LSD-t test.(1) At PVH 6 and 8, pH values of dogs in group SI were significantly lower than those in group IP (with t values respectively 2. 431 and 2. 261, P values below 0.05); PaO2 levels in group SI [(87 ± 24), (78 ± 14) mmHg, 1 mmHg =0. 133 kPa] were lower than those in group IP [ (114 ± 18) , (111 ± 17) mmHg, with t values respectively 2. 249 and 3.671, P0.05 or P0.01]; OI values in group SI were significantly higher than those in group IP (with t values respectively 2.363 and 5.010, P0.05 or P0.01). No significant differences were observed in PaCO2 level within each group or between the two groups (with t values from 0. 119 to 1. 042, P values above 0.05). Compared with those observed immediately after injury, the pH values were significantly lowered (except for dogs in group IP at PVH 6 and 8, with t values from 2.292 to 3.222, P0.05 or P0.01), PaO2 levels were significantly elevated (with t values from 4. 443 to 6.315, P0.05 or P0.01), and OI values were significantly lowered (with t values from 2.773 to 9.789, P0.05 orP0.01) in both groups at all the treatment time points. (2) The PIP level at each time point showed no significant differences between two groups (with t values from 0. 399 to 1. 167, P values above 0. 05). At PVH 4 and 8, the mean airway .pressure values of dogs in group SI were significantly higher than those in group IP (with t values respectively 1.926 and 1. 190, P values below 0.05). At PVH 4, 6, and 8, the dynamic lung compliance levels of dogs in group SI [(9.5 ± 1.9), (12.8 ± 2. 1), (13. 1 ± 1.8) mL/cmH2O] were significantly lower than those in group IP [(11.6 ± 1.2), (15.4 ± 1.8), (14.9 ± 0.8) mL/cmH2O], with t values respectively 2. 289, 2. 303, 2. 238, P values below 0.05. Compared with those observed immediately after injury, PIP and the mean airway pressure values of dogs in two groups were significantly lowered at each treatment time point (with t values from 2. 271 to 7. 436, P0. 05 or P0.01); the dynamic lung compliance levels were significantly elevated in both groups at PVH 6 and 8 (with t values from 2. 207 to 4. 195, P0.05 or P0.01). (3) Heart rate, MAP, and PAP levels at each time point between two groups showed no significant differences (with t values from 0. 001 to 1. 170, P values above 0. 05). At PVH 4, 6, and 8, CO levels in group IP [(0. 6 + 0. 3), (0. 6 + 0. 4), (0. 5 + 0. 7) L/min] were significantly lower than those in group SI [(1.5 0.7), (1.8 + 1.1), (1.6 +0.9) L/min], with t values respectively 3. 028, 2.511, 2.363, P values below 0.05. Compared with that observed immediately after injury, CO level in group IP was significantly lowered at PVH 4, 6, or 8 (with t values respectively 2. 363, 2. 302, 2. 254, P values below 0. 05).Both lung recruitment maneuvers can effectively improve oxygenation and lung compliance of dogs with severe smoke inhalation injury. IP is more effective in improving lung compliance, while SI shows less impact on the hemodynamic parameters.

To study the effects of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) with different position on oxygenation and hemodynamics of dogs with severe smoke inhalation injury.After being treated with conventional mechanical ventilation, 12 dogs were inflicted with severe smoke inhalation injury and treated by HFOV for 30 min. They were divided into HFOV+prone positioning (PP) group and HFOV+supine positioning (SP) group according to the random number table, with 6 dogs in each group. They received HFOV with corresponding position for 8 hours respectively.of blood gas analysis (pH, PaO₂ and PaCO₂ levels), oxygen index (OI) and hemodynamic parameters [heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and cardiac output (CO)] were recorded or calculated before injury, immediately after injury, and at post ventilation hour (PVH) 2, 4, 6, 8. Data were processed with analysis of variance of repeated measurement, and LSD- t test.(1) At PVH 8, pH value of dogs in group HFOV+PP was significantly higher than that in group HFOV+SP (t = 3.0571, P0.05). Compared with those observed immediately after injury, except for group HFOV+SP at PVH 2 and 4 (with t values respectively 2.066 5 and 1.440 7, P values all above 0.05), the pH values in both groups at other treatment time points were decreased (with t values from 2.449 5 to 3.985 3, P0.05 or P0.01). At PVH 2, 4, 8, the PaO₂ levels in group HFOV+PP [(131 ± 26), (150 ± 40), (112 ± 30) mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa] were higher than those in group HFOV+SP [(81 ± 15), (96 ± 5), (83 ± 6) mmHg, with t values from 2.366 4 to 4.083 5, P0.05 or P0.01]. The PaO₂ levels in both groups from PVH 2 to PVH 8 were increased, compared with those observed immediately after injury [(55 ± 15) mmHg in group HFOV+SP and (48 ± 11) mmHg in group HFOV+PP, with t values from 2.473 6 to 7.2310, P0.05 or P0.01]. No statistically significant differences were observed in PaCO₂ level at each time point between two groups (with t values from 0.661 0 to 2.141 9, P values all above 0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed in PaCO₂ levels from PVH 2 to PVH 8 compared with those observed immediately after injury in both groups (with t values from 0.126 2 to 1.768 3, P values all above 0.05). (2) The OI values in group HFOV+SP were significantly higher than those in group HFOV+PP from PVH 2 to PVH 8 (with t values from 3.091 9 to 3.791 6, P0.05 or P0.01). The OI values in both groups from PVH 2 to PVH 8 were significantly decreased, compared with those observed immediately after injury (with t values from 2.702 0 to 5.969 3, P0.05 or P0.01). (3) At PVH 6 and PVH 8, heart rate in group HFOV+PP was significantly higher than that in group HFOV+SP (with t values respectively 4.255 9 and 4.765 9, P values both below 0.01). Compared with that observed immediately after injury, heart rate in group HFOV+PP was significantly decreased (with t values from 3.006 2 to 5.135 5, P0.05 or P0.01) except for PVH 2 (t = 1.938 2, P0.05). However, there was no statistical significant difference at each treatment time point in group HFOV+PP (with t values from 0.786 5 to 1.525 8, P values all above 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in MAP between two groups at each time point (with t values from 0.045 8 to 1.783 4, P values all above 0.05). Compared with that observed immediately after injury, MAP in group HFOV+SP was significantly decreased at PVH 8 (t = 2.368 3, P0.05); MAP in group HFOV+PP was significantly decreased at PVH 2 (t = 3.580 1, P0.01). At PVH 2 and 4, the CO values in group HFOV+SP were significantly higher than those in group HFOV+PP (with t values respectively 2.310 3 and 4.526 5, P values both below 0.01). Except for group HFOV+SP at PVH 2 (t = 1.294 1, P0.05), CO values at other treatment time points in both groups were significantly lower than that observed immediately after injury (with t values from 2.247 0 to 4.067 8, P0.05 or P0.01).HFOV+ PP can improve oxygenation with no obvious CO₂ retention or adverse effect on hemodynamic parameters of dogs with severe smoke inhalation injury. Therefore, it is recommended for clinical application.

By investigation and analysis, we found that there existed a series of problems leading to poor shareability of e-courses in “High Quality e-Courses Constructing Project” launched by Chinese Ministry of Education since 2003. However, the lack of unified constructing standards, which mainly refer to design standards and technical specifications, is the key issue. In response to the issue, we demonstrate our approaches to improve the shareability of the e-courses in the follow-up project. A conceptual model from top-level design is proposed, which has four sharable components—Media Materials, Knowledge Atom, Learning Unit and Course/Modules. In practice, under this model, unified information architecture of an e-course, critical metadata and some pedagogical design patterns are proposed to the course constructors (organizers, designers, instructors and technical developers).

An effective and efficient e-Learning platform should hide systems' complexity and provide an easy and flexible interaction operation. Poor interface design of e-Learning platform is a main factor impacting on students' interactive with system and learning outcomes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a non-degree e-Learning platform with Performance Analysis and User perception methods to investigate the system's efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction. In this study, efficiency and effectiveness are evaluated by Time on Task and Task Completion score. Satisfaction is evaluated by Questionnaire and participants' feedback. Based on these data, this article analyzed the main interface design problem that frustrate learners and distract them from learning task, and given some advice for interface design in e-Learning platform.