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Abstract Postbiotics is a novel category of biotics that encompasses dead cells, metabolites, and derivatives from gut microbiota. These substances can exhibit their effects without containing cells, such as in cell‐free supernatants and spent media. Examples of widely studied postbiotics include short‐chain fatty acids, exopolysaccharides, cell wall fragments, and bacterial lysates. Evidence suggests that postbiotics have numerous benefits for human health, including antiaging, and anti‐inflammatory properties, and participation in immune and lipid metabolism regulation. Specifically, postbiotics can improve intestinal health by strengthening the intestinal barrier, reducing inflammation, and promoting antibacterial activity. These findings may pave the way for the development of postbiotic functional foods in the future. This review provides an overview of the components, health effects, and industrial applications of postbiotics, aiming to consolidate existing research conclusions and serve as a reference for future studies.

Developing scalable strategies of miniaturization and integration is key for achieving high-density integrated circuit devices. Here, the authors propose a silicon-based one-transistor device with a 40% reduction in circuit footprint, which combines the functionalities of logic gates, memory, and artificial synapses for mass production.

Abstract Logic functions are the key backbone in electronic circuits for computing applications. Complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) logic gates, with both n‐type and p‐type channel transistors, have been to date the dominant building blocks of logic circuitry as they carry obvious advantages over other technologies. Important physical limits are however starting to arise, as the transistor‐processing technology has begun to meet scaling‐down difficulties. To address this issue, there is the crucial need for a next‐generation electronics era based on new concepts and designs. In this respect, a single‐type channel multigate MOS transistor (SMG‐MOS) is introduced holding the two important aspects of processing adaptability and low static dissipation of CMOS. Furthermore, the SMG‐MOS approach strongly reduces the footprint down to 40% or even less area needed for current CMOS logic function in the same processing technology node. Logic NAND, NOT, AND, NOR, and OR gates, which typically require a large number of CMOS transistors, can be realized by a single SMG‐MOS transistor. Two functional examples of SMG‐MOS are reported here with their analysis based both on simulations and experiments. The results strongly suggest that SMG‐MOS can represent a facile approach to scale down complex integrated circuits, enabling design flexibility and production rates ramp‐up.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.