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Abstract Small single-stranded DNA phages of the Microviridae family are diverse and prevalent in oceans. Our understanding of Microviridae phages that infect the ecologically important marine Roseobacter is currently limited, comprising few isolates. Here, we report six roseophages that infect Roseobacter RCA strains. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that they were new members of the previously identified subfamily Occultatumvirinae. Additionally, 232 marine uncultivated virus genomes (UViGs) affiliated to Occultatumvirinae were obtained from environmental genome datasets. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that marine Occultatumvirinae phages could be further grouped into 11 subgroups. Moreover, meta-omics based read-mapping analysis showed that Occultatumvirinae phages were globally distributed, with two low G + C subgroups showing the most prevalent distribution. Furthermore, one phage in subgroup 2 was found to be extremely ubiquitous. Overall, this study expands our understanding of the diversity and ecology of the Occultatumvirinae microviruses in the ocean and highlights their ecological impacts.

Abstract We investigated a diffraction optical waveguide structure with a double layer coupling configuration. This double layer-coupled diffraction optical waveguide structure modulates light information through wavefront modulation for propagation within the optical waveguide and then reproduces the light information through further wavefront modulation, thus achieving optical information transmission. Analysis indicates that the theoretical maximum field of view can reach 90° × 90°. With an actual field of view set to 53° × 53°, an entrance pupil size of 3.2 × 3.2 mm², an eye relief of 10 mm, and 50 pupil expansion, the system’s total energy transmission efficiency is 37%, with field of view uniformity at 91% and uniformity within the eye movement range reaching 97%.

Abstract Human cultivation facilitates the naturalization and subsequent invasion of non-native plant species through, for example, protection from predators or reducing environmental stochasticity. With the development of tourism, non-native plant species have been increasingly introduced into rural home gardens for landscape greening and amenity planting. However, few studies have examined non-native flora in rural home gardens, and in particular the importance of tourism in determining changes of garden non-native flora has not been scrutinized. In this study, we investigated non-native plant species in 135 home gardens across five rural tourism villages in tropical China. Attributes related to garden or household characteristics were also collected through interviews and questionnaires. A distance-based redundancy analysis was then performed to reveal the relationships between the non-native species composition and garden attributes. A total of 338 non-native plant species were recorded in the surveyed gardens. Among them, the majority (63%) were ornamentals, whereas 19% were for nutritional uses and 12% were spontaneous weeds. Gardening preference and distance to tourist attractions governed the non-native compositions, with gardens preferring cultural (ornamental) cultivation or gardens close to tourist attractions having more non-native species. These results highlight an increasing role of tourism in promoting non-native cultivation in rural gardens. Recommendations for species risk assessment, trade and supply regulation, and proper garden management are provided to help harness plant invasion along tourism development in rural China and other regions around the world.

To investigate whether soda residue soil could be used as a green roof substrate, this paper setup six green roof systems with four materials (peat soil, coconut bran, perlite, and soda residue soil) mixed in different volume proportions. The effect of soda residue soil content on Sedum lineare growth and pollutant removal from the stormwater runoff was analyzed and the runoff quality index (RQI) was calculated. Results showed that the relative growth rate of S. lineare height in system B with 10% soda residue soil was about 21.5–53.2% higher than the other systems. The outflow of system B with 10% soda residue soil had the lowest mass concentration of NH4+-N and TN, which were 2.2 and 3.2 mg/L, respectively. The average repetitive rainfall retention rate of system A without soda residue soil was the lowest at 82.6%. System B had the highest RQI at about 0.71. It confirmed that soda residue soil can be a material with practical application value, and when the volume ratio of peat soil, coconut bran, perlite, and soda residue soil was 4:3:2:1, the green roof would have the best performance in regulating and purifying the initial rainwater runoff. HIGHLIGHTS The pollutant removal effects of six green roof systems with different substrate ratios on stormwater runoff were investigated.; Soda residue soil was introduced and analyzed for its effect on the operational efficiency of green roofs.; A runoff quality index (RQI) was calculated to evaluate the comprehensive influences of configurations on the runoff quality.;

The bioretention system is one of the most widely used low impact development (LID) facilities with efficient purification capacity for stormwater, and its planting design has been a hot spot for research at home and abroad. In this paper, ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), bermuda (Cynodon dactylon Linn.), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), and green grass (Cynodon dactylon × C .transadlensis ‘Tifdwarf’) were chosen as plant species to construct a shallow bioretention system. The growth traits and nutrient absorption ability of four gramineous plants were analyzed. Their tolerance, enrichment, and transportation capacity were also evaluated to compare plant species and their absorptive capacity of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn). Results showed that the maximum absorption rate (Imax) ranged from 22.1 to 42.4 μg/(g·h) for P and ranged from 65.4 to 104.8 μg/(g·h) for NH4+-N; ryegrass had the strongest absorption capacity for heavy metals and the maximum removal rates of Cu, Pb, and Zn by four grasses were 78.4, 59.4, and 51.3%, respectively; the bioretention cell with ryegrass (3#) was significantly more effective in purifying than the unplanted bioretention cell (1#) during the simulated rainfall test. Overall, the system parameters were optimized to improve the technical application of gramineous plants in the bioretention system. HIGHLIGHTS Four kinds of gramineous plants were selected as plant species to construct shallow bioretention systems.; Ryegrass showed the strongest absorptive capacity for phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, and heavy metals.; The bioretention cell with ryegrass (3#) was significantly more effective in purifying than the unplanted bioretention cell (1#) during the simulated rainfall test.;

ABSTRACT Bacteriophages play an essential role in shaping the diversity and metabolism of bacterial communities. Marine Roseobacter group is an abundant heterotrophic bacterial group that is involved in many major element cycles, especially carbon and sulfur. Members of the Roseobacter CHUG (Clade Hidden and Underappreciated Globally) lineage are globally distributed and are activated in pelagic marine environments. In this study, we isolated and characterized a phage, CRP-810, that infects the CHUG strain FZCC0198. The genome of CRP-810 was dissimilar to those of other known phages. Additionally, 251 uncultured viral genomes (UViGs) closely related to CRP-810 were obtained from the uncultivated marine viral contig databases. Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that CRP-810 and these related UViGs exhibited conserved genome synteny, representing a new phage family with at least eight subgroups. Most of the CRP-810-type phages contain an integrase gene, and CRP-810 can be integrated into the host genome. Further analysis revealed that three CRP-810-type members were prophages found in the genomes of marine SAR11, Poseidonocella, and Sphingomonadaceae. Finally, viromic read-mapping analysis showed that CRP-810-type phages were globally distributed and displayed distinct biogeographic patterns related to temperature and latitude. Many members with a lower G + C content were mainly distributed in the trade station, whereas members with a higher G + C content were mainly distributed in polar and westerlies station, indicating that the niche differentiation of phages was subject to host adaptation. Collectively, these findings identify a novel phage family and expand our understanding of phylogenetic diversity, evolution, and biogeography of marine phages.IMPORTANCEThe Roseobacter CHUG lineage, affiliated with the Pelagic Roseobacter Cluster (PRC), is widely distributed in the global oceans and is active in oligotrophic seawater. However, knowledge of the bacteriophages that infect CHUG members is limited. In this study, a CHUG phage, CRP-810, that infects the CHUG strain FZCC0198, was isolated and shown to have a novel genomic architecture. In addition, 251 uncultured viral genomes closely related to CRP-810 were recovered and included in the analyses. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that the CRP-810-type phages represent a new phage family containing at least eight genus-level subgroups. Members of this family were predicted to infect various marine bacteria. We also demonstrated that the CRP-810-type phages are widely distributed in global oceans and display distinct biogeographic patterns related to latitude. Collectively, this study provides important insights into the genomic organization, diversity, and ecology of a novel phage family that infect ecologically important bacteria in the global ocean.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts for only 3% of all thyroid carcinomas: 75% as sporadic MTC (sMTC) and 25% as hereditary MTC (hMTC) in the context of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). Early diagnosis is possible by determining the tumour marker calcitonin (Ctn) when clarifying nodular goitre and by detecting the mutation in the proto-oncogene RET in the MEN2 families. If the Ctn level is only slightly elevated, up to 30 pg/ml in women and up to 60 pg/ml in men, follow-up checks are advisable. At higher levels, surgery should be considered; at a level of > 100 pg/ml, surgery is always advisable. The treatment of choice is total thyroidectomy, possibly with central lymphadenectomy. In the early stage, cure is possible with adequate surgery; in the late stage, treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is an option. RET A mutation analysis should be performed on all patients with MTC. During follow-up, a biochemical distinction is made between: healed (Ctn not measurably low), biochemically incomplete (Ctn increased without tumour detection) and structural tumour detection (metastases on imaging). After MTC surgery, the following results should be available for classification in follow-up care: (i) histology, Ctn immunohistology if necessary, (ii) classification according to the pTNM scheme, (iii) the result of the RET analysis for categorisation into the hereditary or sporadic variant and (iiii) the postoperative Ctn value. Tumour progression is determined by assessing the Ctn doubling time and the RECIST criteria on imaging. In most cases, “active surveillance” is possible. In the case of progression and symptoms, the following applies: local (palliative surgery, radiotherapy) before systemic (tyrosine kinase inhibitors).

We employed a double-layer coupled diffractive optical element, based on metasurfaces and diffraction gratings, which exhibits wavefront modulation and chromatic dispersion compensation. Utilizing this double-layer coupled diffractive optical element in the optical information transmission process of a diffractive waveguide allows for the transmission of color image information using a single-layer waveguide structure. Our results demonstrate that, under the conditions of a field of view of 47° × 47°, an entrance pupil size of 2.9 × 2.9 mm2, and an exit pupil extension size of 8.9 mm, the uniformity of the brightness for each monochromatic field reached 85%, while the uniformity of color transmission efficiency exceeded 95%.

Xanthine oxidase (XOD) is a key enzyme that promotes the oxidation of xanthine/hypoxanthine to form uric acid, and the accumulation of uric acid leads to hyperuricaemia. The prevalence of gout caused by hyperuricaemia is increasing year by year. TAOZHI (TZ) can be used for the treatment of rheumatic arthralgia due to qi stagnation and blood stasis and contains a large number of polyphenolic components. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between chromatograms and XOD inhibition of 21 batches of TZ total polyphenol extract samples. Chemometric methods such as grey correlation analysis, bivariate correlation analysis, and partial least squares regression were used to identify the active ingredient groups in the total polyphenol extracts of TZ, which were validated using molecular docking techniques. The total polyphenol content contained in the 21 batches did not differ significantly, and all batches showed inhibitory effects on XOD. Spectroeffect correlation analysis showed that the inhibitory effect of TZ on XOD activity was the result of the synergistic effect of multiple components, and the active component groups screened to inhibit XOD were F2 (4-O-Caffeoylquinic acid), F4, and F10 (naringenin). The molecular docking results showed that the binding energies of all nine dockings were lower than −7.5 kcal/mol, and the binding modes included hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic forces, salt bridges, and π-staking, and the small molecules might exert their pharmacological effects by binding to XOD through the residue sites of the amino acids, such as threonine, arginine, and leucine. This study provides some theoretical basis for the development and utilisation of TZ total polyphenols.

KRAS is a commonly mutated oncogene in human gastric cancer and is often associated with drug resistance and poor prognosis. Co-clinical trial of combined MEK-CDK4/6 inhibition in KRAS mutated cancers demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in patient-derived xenografts and safety in patients. Here, present research focuses on targeting CDK4/6 and MEK synergistically block the proliferation of KRAS-mutated gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and induced autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, autophagy inhibitor combined with targeting CDK4/6 and MEK therapy had significant antitumor effects on KRAS mutant gastric cancer cells. Clinical trials are needed to determine the mechanism behind this finding and its clinical utility. In conclusion, our results demonstrate autophagy inhibitor combined targeting MEK and CDK4/6 that concurrently block multiple metabolic processes may be an effective therapeutic approach for gastric cancer.

Utilizing the asymmetry of the micro-nano structure to excite Fano resonance in dielectric metasurfaces presents low loss and high field enhancement factors, and has a broad range of applications in optical sensing. Nevertheless, the asymmetry of the structure often leads to polarization-sensitive characteristics, significantly reducing the quality factor and sensitivity of the metasurface, thereby hindering its further application. In this study, the metasurface composed of dielectric materials is designed to be completely insensitive to x and y polarization. The metasurface is composed of semicircular disks, which are asymmetrically and periodically placed on a quartz substrate. By controlling the radius of the two semicircular disks, the symmetry is broken, and the bound states in the continuum (BIC) transition to quasi-bound states in the continuum (q-BIC), resulting in an ultra-narrow Fano resonance peak. Simulation results show that the magnetic dipole (MD) dominates the resonance. The designed metasurface structure was fabricated and then integrated into a microfluidic system for spectral refractive index sensing experiments. In the near-infrared band, our tests demonstrate refractive index sensing performance of 405 nm/RIU and a Q factor of up to 319, with significant symmetry of the polarization angle, which agrees well with theoretical simulations. Furthermore, the spectral response of the designed structure can be flexibly controlled by adjusting the polarization angle of the incident light. We believe that this study provides a novel integrated platform for applications such as biosensing and environmental detection, and also has certain reference value for the design of polarization optical switches and metasurface absorbers for encrypted communication.

Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic neurodegenerative disease driven by damage to the protective myelin sheath, is currently incurable. Today, all clinically available treatments modulate the immune-mediated symptoms of the disease but they fail to stop neurodegeneration in many patients. Remyelination, the regenerative process of myelin repair by oligodendrocytes, which is considered a necessary step to protect demyelinated axons and stop neuronal death, is impaired in MS patients. One of the major obstacles to finding effective remyelinating drugs is the lack of biomimetic drug screening platforms that enable quantification of compounds’ potential to stimulate 3D myelination in the physiologically relevant axon-like environment. To address this need, we built a unique myelination drug discovery platform, by expanding our previously developed technology, artificial axons (AAs), which enables 3D-printing of synthetic axon mimics with the geometry and mechanical properties closely resembling those of biological axons. This platform allows for high-throughput phenotypic myelination assay based on quantification of 3D wrapping of myelin membrane around axons in response to compounds. Here, we demonstrate quantification of 3D myelin wrapping by rat oligodendrocytes around the axon mimics in response to a small library of known pro-myelinating compounds. This assay shows pro-myelinating activity for all tested compounds consistent with the published in vitro and in vivo data, demonstrating predictive power of AA platform. We find that stimulation of myelin wrapping by these compounds is dose-dependent, providing a facile means to quantify the compounds’ potency and efficacy in promoting myelin wrapping. Further, the ranking of relative efficacy among these compounds differs in this 3D axon-like environment as compared to a traditional oligodendrocyte 2D differentiation assay quantifying area of deposited myelin membrane. Together, we demonstrate that the artificial axons platform and associated phenotypic myelin wrapping assay afford direct evaluation of myelin wrapping by oligodendrocytes in response to soluble compounds in an axon-like environment, providing a predictive tool for the discovery of remyelinating therapies.

Hyperspectral unmixing (HU) aims to decompose mixed pixels into a set of endmembers and corresponding abundances. Deep learning-based HU methods are currently a hot research topic, but most existing unmixing methods still rely on per-pixel training or employ convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which overlook the non-local correlations of materials and spectral characteristics. Furthermore, current research mainly focuses on linear mixing models, which limits the feature extraction capability of deep encoders and further improvement in unmixing accuracy. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear unmixing network capable of extracting global spatial-spectral features. The network is designed based on an autoencoder architecture, where a dual-stream CNNs is employed in the encoder to separately extract spectral and local spatial information. The extracted features are then fused together to form a more complete representation of the input data. Subsequently, a linear projection-based multi-head self-attention mechanism is applied to capture global contextual information, allowing for comprehensive spatial information extraction while maintaining lightweight computation. To achieve better reconstruction performance, a model-free nonlinear mixing approach is adopted to enhance the model’s universality, with the mixing model learned entirely from the data. Additionally, an initialization method based on endmember bundles is utilized to reduce interference from outliers and noise. Comparative results on real datasets against several state-of-the-art unmixing methods demonstrate the superior of the proposed approach.

The objectives of this study were to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted flavonoid extraction process from PR and to establish fingerprints in order to analyze the spectrum–effect relationship of antioxidant activity. The ultrasonic-assisted flavonoid extraction process from PR was optimized using RSM, and the fingerprints of twenty-eight batches of flavonoids from PR were established using UHPLC. Meanwhile, the in vitro antioxidant activity of PR was evaluated in DPPH and ABTS free radical-scavenging experiments. Then, the peaks of the effective antioxidant components were screened using the spectrum–effect relationships. The results show that the optimal extraction yield of flavonoids from PR was 3.24 ± 0.01 mg/g when using 53% ethanol, a 1:26 (g/mL) solid–liquid ratio, and 60 min of ultrasonic extraction. Additionally, the clearance of two antioxidant indices by the flavonoids extracted from PR had different degrees of correlation and showed concentration dependence. Simultaneously, the similarity of the UHPLC fingerprints of twenty-eight batches of PR samples ranged from 0.801 to 0.949, and four characteristic peaks, namely peaks 4, 12, 21, and 24, were screened as the peaks of the components responsible for the antioxidant effect of PR using a GRA, a Pearson correlation analysis, and a PLS-DA. In this study, characteristic peaks of the antioxidant effects of PR were screened in an investigation of the spectrum–effect relationship to provide a scientific basis for the study of pharmacodynamic substances and the elucidation of the mechanism of action of the antioxidant effect of PR.

An inducer is a key component in a cryogenic pump to improve its cavitation performance. The thermodynamic effects of the cryogenic medium make the cryogenic cavitation flow extremely complicated. For this reason, it is crucial to investigate the cryogenic cavitation flow of the inducer which is equipped upstream of the cryogenic pump. In this paper, the isothermal cavitation model is modified based on the law of heat conduction, and the cryogenic cavitation model of the inducer is developed by considering thermodynamic effects. The turbulence model is also modified to account for the compressibility of cryogenic cavitation flow. The methods of numerical calculations are performed to investigate the influence of thermodynamic effects on cryogenic cavitation of the inducer. The law of the spatio-temporal evolution of cryogen cavitation in the inducer is clarified. The initial position, development and collapse phenomenon of cavitation are obtained. The relationship between the generation and collapse of the cavitation and the work capacity of the inducer’s blade, the relationship between thermodynamic effects and the influence of the inducer’s blade tip leakage vortex and thermodynamic on cryogenic cavitation of the inducer are revealed.

The numerical aperture of the spectrometer is crucial for weak signal detection. The transmission lens-based configuration has more optimization variations, and the grating can work approximately in the Littrow condition; thus, it is easier to acquire high numerical aperture (NA). However, designing a large aperture focusing lens remains challenging, and thus, ultra-high NA spectrometers are still difficult to acquire. In this paper, we propose a method of setting image plane tilt ahead directly when designing the large aperture focusing lens to simplify the high NA spectrometer design. By analyzing the accurate demands of the focusing lens, it can be concluded that a focusing lens with image plane tilt has much weaker demand for achromatism, and other monochromatic aberration can also be reduced, which is helpful to increase the NA. An NA0.5 fiber optic spectrometer design is given to demonstrate the proposed method. The design results show that the NA can achieve 0.5 using four lenses of two materials, and the MTF is higher than 0.5 when the spectral dispersion length is 12.5 mm and the pixel size is 25 μm, and thus, the spectral resolution can achieve 6.5 nm when the spectral sampling ratio is 2:1. The proposed method can provide reference for applications when appropriate materials are limited and high sensitivity is necessary.

Permeable pavement is a widely used stormwater runoff blocking technology in sponge city construction. Its application to urban motorized/non-motorized roads is expected to reduce runoff and pollution loads. This study aimed to analyze the nutrient pollution, thermal pollution reduction efficiency and removal pathways of cement permeable bricks (CP-B-Cement), steel slag permeable bricks (SP-B), ceramic permeable bricks (CP-B-Ceramic) and permeable asphalt pavement (PAP) under different pollution loads and rainfall intensities by simulating the different stormwater runoffs. Results indicated that the effluent concentration of different permeable pavements increased with the extension of rainfall duration. Compared with impermeable pavements, the infiltration and water storage capacities of permeable pavements could effectively remove typical pollutants from stormwater runoff. However, the effluent concentrations of all pollutants did not reach the threshold of Class V according to the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water except for TP and Zn. Meanwhile, the thermal pollution removal capacity of the permeable pavements ranking from the highest to the lowest was SP-B > CP-B-Cement > CP-B-Ceramic > PAP. The findings in this study provide references for the selection of stormwater source reduction facilities and the development of surface source pollution countermeasures. HIGHLIGHTS The nexus of urban cooling and water purification effects of permeable materials.; Four types of new materials including cement permeable bricks (CP-B-Cement), steel slag permeable bricks (SP-B), ceramic permeable bricks (CP-B-Ceramic) and permeable asphalt pavement (PAP) were investigated.; The effluent concentration of different permeable pavements increased with the extension of rainfall duration.;

ObjectiveTo study the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with synchronous medullary and papillary thyroid carcinomas.MethodsThe clinical data of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) operated in our hospital (Department of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University) from February 2009 to February 2023 were evaluated using an analytical review approach. They were divided into an observation group (patients with synchronous MTC and papillary thyroid carcinoma PTC) and a control group (simple MTC) according to whether the clinical data were associated with MTC, in order to compare the clinical features, pathological types, stage characteristics and molecular biology characteristics of the two groups and to investigate the follow-up of the two groups.ResultsThe study included 122 MTC, 30 with synchronous MTC/PTC and 92 simple MTC. When the data were compared, the sex ratio, preoperative calcitonin level, preoperative CEA level, presence of calcifications in the MTC lesions, surgical methods, number of MTC lesions, presence of nodular goitre and presence of thyroiditis were higher in the observation group than in the control group. There was a significant difference between the groups when the MTC lesion diameter was ≤1cm in terms of preoperative CEA value (P1cm, there was a statistical difference between the two groups in terms of preoperative Ctn value (P

Object detection in remote sensing scenarios plays an indispensable and significant role in civilian, commercial, and military areas, leveraging the power of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Remote sensing images, captured by crafts and satellites, exhibit unique characteristics including complicated backgrounds, limited features, distinct density, and varied scales. The contextual and comprehensive information in an image can make a detector precisely localize and classify targets, which is extremely valuable for object detection in remote sensing scenarios. However, CNNs, restricted by the essence of the convolution operation, possess local receptive fields and scarce contextual information, even in large models. To address this limitation and improve detection performance by extracting global contextual information, we propose a novel plug-and-play attention module, named Convolution with Transformer Attention Module (CTAM). CTAM is composed of a convolutional bottleneck block and a simplified Transformer layer, which can facilitate the integration of local features and position information with long-range dependency. YOLOv8n, a superior and faster variant of the YOLO series, is selected as the baseline. To demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of CTAM, we incorporated CTAM into YOLOv8n and conducted extensive experiments on the DIOR dataset. YOLOv8n-CTAM achieves an impressive 54.2 mAP@50-95, surpassing YOLOv8n (51.4) by a large margin. Notably, it outperforms the baseline by 2.7 mAP@70 and 4.4 mAP@90, showcasing its superiority with stricter IoU thresholds. Furthermore, the experiments conducted on the TGRS-HRRSD dataset validate the excellent generalization ability of CTAM.

ABSTRACT The marine methylotrophic OM43 clade is considered an important bacterial group in coastal microbial communities. OM43 bacteria, which are closely related to phytoplankton blooms, have small cell sizes and streamlined genomes. Bacteriophages profoundly shape the evolutionary trajectories, population dynamics, and physiology of microbes. The prevalence and diversity of several phages that infect OM43 bacteria have been reported. In this study, we isolated and sequenced two novel OM43 phages, MEP401 and MEP402. These phages share 90% of their open reading frames (ORFs) and are distinct from other known phage isolates. Furthermore, a total of 99 metagenomic viral genomes (MVGs) closely related to MEP401 and MEP402 were identified. Phylogenomic analyses suggest that MEP401, MEP402, and these identified MVGs belong to a novel subfamily in the family Zobellviridae and that they can be separated into two groups. Group I MVGs show conserved whole-genome synteny with MEP401, while group II MVGs possess the MEP401-type DNA replication module and a distinct type of morphogenesis and packaging module, suggesting that genomic recombination occurred between phages. Most members in these two groups were predicted to infect OM43 bacteria. Metagenomic read-mapping analysis revealed that the phages in these two groups are globally ubiquitous and display distinct biogeographic distributions, with some phages being predominant in cold regions, some exclusively detected in estuarine stations, and others displaying wider distributions. This study expands our knowledge of the diversity and ecology of a novel phage lineage that infects OM43 bacteria by describing their genomic diversity and global distribution patterns. IMPORTANCE OM43 phages that infect marine OM43 bacteria are important for host mortality, community structure, and physiological functions. In this study, two OM43 phages were isolated and characterized. Metagenomic viral genome (MVG) retrieval using these two OM43 phages as baits led to the identification of two phage groups of a new subfamily in the family Zobellviridae. We found that group I MVGs share similar genomic content and arrangement with MEP401 and MEP402, whereas group II MVGs only possess the MEP401-type DNA replication module. Metagenomic mapping analysis suggests that members in these two groups are globally ubiquitous with distinct distribution patterns. This study provides important insights into the genomic diversity and biogeography of the OM43 phages in the global ocean.

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a promising technology that can provide valuable support for the advancement of the medical field. Bibliometrics can analyze a vast number of publications on both macroscopic and microscopic levels, providing scholars with essential foundations to shape future directions. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively review the existing literature on medical hyperspectral imaging (MHSI). Based on the Web of Science (WOS) database, this study systematically combs through literature using bibliometric methods and visualization software such as VOSviewer and CiteSpace to draw scientific conclusions. The analysis yielded 2,274 articles from 73 countries/regions, involving 7,401 authors, 2,037 institutions, 1,038 journals/conferences, and a total of 7,522 keywords. The field of MHSI is currently in a positive stage of development and has conducted extensive research worldwide. This research encompasses not only HSI technology but also its application to diverse medical research subjects, such as skin, cancer, tumors, etc., covering a wide range of hardware constructions and software algorithms. In addition to advancements in hardware, the future should focus on the development of algorithm standards for specific medical research targets and cultivate medical professionals of managing vast amounts of technical information.

Multifunctional metalens with tunable focus and intensity is powerfully attractive for compact planar optics. However, the limited degree of freedom in the single-layer metasurface design makes it difficult to satisfy more complicated functionalities, which restricts the application scenarios of metalens. In this paper, a multifunctional metalens with three operating modes is designed at near-infrared wavelength by combining the phase-change material antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) with the bilayer Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) phase. By reversibly transforming the upper and lower Sb2Se3 nanofins between the crystalline and amorphous states, the metalens can achieve arbitrary switching among dual-focus F1 and F2, single-focus F1, and single-focus F3. Moreover, when the upper Sb2Se3 nanofin is remained in the amorphous state, a bifocal metalens with tunable relative intensity is achieved by controlling the crystallization state of the lower Sb2Se3 nanofin, and the total focusing efficiency of the bifocal metalens is above 86%. Similarly, when the upper Sb2Se3 nanofin is in the crystalline state, a single-focus metalens with adjustable intensity is realized via adjusting the crystallization fraction of the lower Sb2Se3 nanofin. Regardless of whether the metalens operates in bifocal or single focal mode, the simulated focusing efficiency is higher than 53% and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of each focus approaches its diffraction-limited value. The proposed multifunctional metalens can enable wide potential applications in biomedical imaging, optical communication systems, multifunctional devices, and so on.

Studies have shed light on the impact of the co-application of inorganic fertilizer and biochar on soil fertility, health, and crop growth performance and yield. However, insufficient literature exists regarding the appropriate nitrogen reduction ratio for enhancing soil quality and maximizing crop nitrogen utilization following the application of biochar in a continuous tobacco-rice rotation field. Here, we explored nitrogen absorption and utilization patterns of tobacco crops, as well as the response characteristics of functional genes related to soil nitrogen cycling subjected to the interaction of reduced nitrogen utilization ratios following biochar application in a long-term tobacco-rice rotation field. The results showed that the treatments with 10% (T2) and 20% (T3) nitrogen reduction combined with biochar (30 t∙ha−1) promoted nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of tobacco plants. In the second year of the experiment, T2 and T3 significantly increased the nitrogen harvest index by 3.85% and 5.78% compared with the conventional nitrogen application treatment (T1), respectively. We believe that the increase in abundance of nitrification, nitrogen fixation, and ammonification genes, including nxrA, nifH, and UreC in the rhizosphere soil, precipitate the high nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency in the biochar combined with nitrogen reduction treatments, respectively. This suggests that biochar application at a rate of 30 t·ha−1, nitrogen fertilizer usage can be reduced by 10% and 20% to achieve optimal and sustainable tobacco production.

Abstract Developments in Earth system research have led to widespread interest in multi‐sphere interactions that may have controlled bauxite formation. Although karst bauxite ores are abundant in the Tethyan Metallogenic Domain (TMD), their genesis and distribution are not yet fully understood. This study utilizes the Random Forest (RF) model to analyze geochemical data sets compiled from three bauxite provinces in the Tethys, including the Mediterranean, Central Asian, and Chinese provinces. Meaningful variables among the provenance, paleolatitude and tectonic setting that affected the formation of the bauxite deposits are identified. The Logistic Regression model is used to verify the importance of various factors. Our study shows that when RF model achieves the best classifier performance, TiO2 is the variable that has the greatest impact on the model. TiO2 content is the highest in the Central Asian Province. The high TiO2 content in bauxites indicates a provenance of magmatic origine associated with the Subduction Provenance Zone. Bauxites with TiO2 content similar to that of the continental basement are derived from siliciclastic and carbonate rocks, identified as the Orogenic Provenance Zone. This study illustrates a novel link between geochemical compositions (TiO2 content) of bauxites, provenance and regional tectonic setting.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], an essential staple food and oil crop worldwide, boasts abundant vegetable proteins and fats beneficial for both human and animal consumption. However, the soybean pod borer (Leguminivora glycinivorella) (SPB) stands as the most destructive soybean insect pest in northeast China and other northeastern Asian regions, leading to significant annual losses in soybean yield and economic burden. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the introduction of a previously tested codon-optimized cry1c gene, cry1c*, into the soybean genome and assess its effect on the SPB infestation by generating and characterizing stable transgenic soybeans overexpressing cry1c*. The transgenic soybean lines that constitutively overexpressed cry1c* exhibited a significant reduction in the percentage of damaged seeds, reaching as low as 5% in plants under field conditions. Additionally, feeding transgenic leaves to the larvae of S. exigua, S. litura, and M. separta resulted in inhibited larval growth, decreased larval body weight, and lower survival rates compared to larvae fed on wild-type leaves. These findings showed that the transgenic lines maintained their resistance to SPB and other lepidopteran pests, especially the transgenic line KC1. Southern blotting and genome-wide resequencing analysis revealed that T-DNA integration occurred as a single copy between loci 50,868,122 and 50,868,123 of chromosome 10 in the transgenic line KC1. Therefore, the transgenic line KC1, overexpressing high levels of cry1c* in leaves and seeds, holds strong potential for commercial use in the integrated management of SPB and other lepidopteran pests.

Micro-expressions, which are spontaneous and difficult to suppress, reveal a person’s true emotions. They are characterized by short duration and low intensity, making the task of micro-expression recognition challenging in the field of emotion computing. In recent years, deep learning-based feature extraction and fusion techniques have been widely used for micro-expression recognition, particularly methods based on Vision Transformer that have gained popularity. However, the Vision Transformer-based architecture used in micro-expression recognition involves a significant amount of invalid computation. Additionally, in the traditional two-stream architecture, although separate streams are combined through late fusion, only the output features from the deepest level of the network are utilized for classification, thus limiting the network’s ability to capture subtle details due to the lack of fine-grained information. To address these issues, we propose a new two-level spatio-temporal feature fused with a two-stream architecture. This architecture includes a spatial encoder (modified ResNet) for learning texture features of the face, a temporal encoder (Swin Transformer) for learning facial muscle motor features, a feature fusion algorithm for integrating multi-level spatio-temporal features, a classification head, and a weighted average operator for temporal aggregation. The two-stream architecture has the advantage of extracting richer features compared to the single-stream architecture, leading to improved performance. The shifted window scheme of Swin Transformer restricts self-attention computation to non-overlapping local windows and allows cross-window connections, significantly improving the performance and reducing the computation compared to Vision Transformer. Moreover, the modified ResNet is computationally less intensive. Our proposed feature fusion algorithm leverages the similarity in output feature shapes at each stage of the two streams, enabling the effective fusion of multi-level spatio-temporal features. This algorithm results in an improvement of approximately 4% in both the F1 score and the UAR. Comprehensive evaluations conducted on three widely used spontaneous micro-expression datasets (SMIC-HS, CASME II, and SAMM) consistently demonstrate the superiority of our approach over comparative methods. Notably, our approach achieves a UAR exceeding 0.905 on CASME II, making it one of the few frameworks in the published micro-expression recognition literature to achieve such high performance.

Photocrosslinkable polymers have been exploited to attain impressive advantages in printing freestanding, micrometer-scale, mechanically compliant features. However, a more integrated understanding of both the polymer photochemistry and the microfabrication processes could enable new strategic design avenues, unlocking far-reaching applications of the light-based modality of additive manufacturing. One promising approach for achieving high-aspect-ratio structures is to leverage the phenomenon of light self-trapping during the photopolymerization process. In this review, we discuss the design of materials that facilitate this optical behavior, the computational modeling and practical processing considerations to achieve high aspect-ratio structures, and the range of applications that can benefit from architectures fabricated using light self-trapping—especially those demanding free-standing structures and materials of stiffnesses relevant in biological applications. Coupled interactions exist among material attributes, including polymer composition, and processing parameters such as light intensity. We identify strong opportunities for predictive design of both the material and the process. Overall, this perspective describes the wide range of existing polymers and additive manufacturing approaches, and highlights various future directions to enable constructs with new complexities and functionalities through the development of next-generation photocrosslinkable materials and micromanufacturing methods.

Marine phages play an important role in marine biogeochemical cycles by regulating the death, physiological metabolism, and evolutionary trajectory of bacteria. The Roseobacter group is an abundant and important heterotrophic bacterial group in the ocean, and plays an important role in carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus cycling. The CHAB-I-5 lineage is one of the most dominant Roseobacter lineages, but remains largely uncultured. Phages infecting CHAB-I-5 bacteria have not yet been investigated due to the lack of culturable CHAB-I-5 strains. In this study, we isolated and sequenced two new phages (CRP-901 and CRP-902) infecting the CHAB-I-5 strain FZCC0083. We applied metagenomic data mining, comparative genomics, phylogenetic analysis, and metagenomic read-mapping to investigate the diversity, evolution, taxonomy, and biogeography of the phage group represented by the two phages. The two phages are highly similar, with an average nucleotide identity of 89.17%, and sharing 77% of their open reading frames. We identified several genes involved in DNA replication and metabolism, virion structure, DNA packing, and host lysis from their genomes. Metagenomic mining identified 24 metagenomic viral genomes closely related to CRP-901 and CRP-902. Genomic comparison and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that these phages are distinct from other known viruses, representing a novel genus-level phage group (CRP-901-type). The CRP-901-type phages do not contain DNA primase and DNA polymerase genes, but possess a novel bifunctional DNA primase-polymerase gene with both primase and polymerase activities. Read-mapping analysis showed that the CRP-901-type phages are widespread across the world’s oceans and are most abundant in estuarine and polar waters. Their abundance is generally higher than other known roseophages and even higher than most pelagiphages in the polar region. In summary, this study has greatly expanded our understanding of the genetic diversity, evolution, and distribution of roseophages. Our analysis suggests that the CRP-901-type phage is an important and novel marine phage group that plays important roles in the physiology and ecology of roseobacters.

Synopsis for table of contentsAn exceptional number of synchronous MTC/PTC in the same thyroid gland is presented. This may be the most numerous case series reported in the literature. Synchronous PTC/MTC in the same thyroid gland were classified into 4 subtypes and the clinical and pathological aspects as well as the results are presented.Background and objectivesThe synchronous occurrence of multiple neoplastic processes in the thyroid gland is unusual. We investigated the clinicopathological features of 30 medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) in association with papillary (PTC).MethodRetrospective analysis of operated patients for thyroid tumors. Synchronous PTC/MTC in the same thyroid gland were classified into 4 subtypes: (type I) True mixed MTC/PTC, MTC and PTC closely intermingled. (Type II) Collision MTC/PTC, i.e. tumors that meet at the same site, invade each other and appear as a single mass in the thyroid gland, i.e. MTC and PTC merge. (Type III) Synchronous anatomically separate tumors in the same thyroid lobe, i.e. separated from each other by non-tumorous thyroid parenchyma. (Type IV) Synchronous tumors occurring in separate anatomical lobes or in the isthmus. Clinical and pathological data were reviewed. Location: Department of thyroid surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University. Time frame: 14 years (June 2008-November 2022).ResultsThirty patients were identified with an overall prevalence of 28621 (0.1%). 17 (56.7%) were male, 13 (43.3%) female, mean age 51.3 ± 11.0 years, mean BMI 23.6 ± 3.6kg/m2. Mean duration of symptoms was 11.2 ± 18.4 months. Mean calcitonin level was 133.7 ± 196.4 pg/ml. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) was offered in 21 cases: 9 (42.9%) were suspected carcinoma, 9 (42.9%) PTC, 1 (4.8%) MTC, 2 (9.4%) MTC/PTC. Pathology revealed type I 4 (13.3%), type II 2 (6.7%), type III 14 (46.7%), type IV 10 (33.3%). The mean diameter of MTC was 1.6 ± 2.0cm, 18 (60%) were micro-MTC. The mean diameter of PTC was 0.9 ± 1.9 cm, 26 (86.7%) were micro-PTC. In 16 (53.3%) micro-PTC/-MTC occurred in synchronous sequence. Four patients had a recurrence: 2 had to be re-operated due to MTC recurrence, 2 died due to distant metastases (bone, liver).ConclusionWe report an exceptional number of MTC/PTC in the same thyroid gland. This may be the most numerous case series reported in the literature. The clinical and pathological aspects as well as the results are presented.

Transition-metal catalyzed alkylative cross-couplings are established, powerful tools for the installation of alkyl groups. Here, the authors unlock a C(sp3)–C(sp2) cross-coupling via the asymmetric activation of the aromatic C–O bond by bis-ligated nickel complexes for the synthesis of alkylated, axially chiral biaryl compounds.

BackgroundRemote endoscopic thyroidectomy (ET) and robotic thyroidectomy (RT) seem to be beneficial in selected situations to avoid anterior neck scars. There are limited data in the literature to determine whether RT via a bilateral axillo-breast approach (RT-BABA) is superior to ET via a bilateral areolar approach (ET-BAA). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of RT-BABA versus ET-BAA.MethodsBetween May 2013 and May 2022, 757 patients who underwent RT-BABA or ET-BAA at a high-volume Chinese thyroid center were included. Intraoperative and postoperative outcome parameters were collected and retrospectively analyzed. The moving average method was used to evaluate the learning curve.ResultsThe proportion of patients older than 45 years was greater in the RT group than in the ET group (14.8% vs. 7.4%, p < 0.001). The percentage of overweight patients was greater in the RT group (28.8% vs. 9.5%, p < 0.001). The number of patients treated for malignant lesions was higher in the RT group (86.8% vs. 75%, p < 0.001). The rate of thyroiditis was higher in the RT group (10.9% vs. 6.6%, p < 0.001). Surgical time was significantly shorter in the RT group (140 vs. 165min, p < 0.001). Drainage volume was higher in the RT group (100 vs. 85ml, p < 0.001). Postoperative hospital stay was shorter in the RT group (3.04 ± 0.44 vs. 3.67 ± 0.89 days, p < 0.001). The cost in the RT group was higher (49627 ± 2795 vs. 25094 ± 3368 yuan, p < 0.001). Transient vocal cord dysfunction was lower in the RT group (2.9% vs. 8.0%, p = 0.003). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the number of central lymph nodes sampled, positive lymph nodes, neural monitoring (EMG) results, and rate of transient hypoparathyroidism. The learning curve for RT was 26 cases, and the operative time for ET was constant throughout the study.ConclusionsRT-BABA is as safe and feasible as ET-BAA. RT-BABA performed better in some surgical outcomes. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the safety of RT-BABA.

Prenatal exposure to nicotine that are mainly produced from tobacco smoke has been reported to affect infants. Therefore, nicotine exposure is one of important health concerns for newborn screening. Detecting nicotine and its metabolites such as cotinine in meconium were widely used to evaluate the tobacco exposure of pregnancy. In this study, disposable wooden tips were applied for touch sampling of meconium from newborn infants, and then were directly mounted on mass spectrometer (MS) to perform rapid screening of nicotine and cotinine. Choice of extraction/spray solvents was optimized. The limits of detection, reproducibility, linear response for direct analysis of meconium were also investigated. It is found the limits of detection (S/N = 3) to be as low as 0.36 ng/mg and 1.18 ng/mg for nicotine and cotinine, respectively, while the limits of quantitation (S/N = 10) to be 1.19 ng/mg and 3.94 ng/mg for nicotine and cotinine, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were found to be at 8.4%–19.8% (n = 6) for nicotine and cotinine, a good linear range from 5–500 ng/mL (R2 > 0.99). These analytical performances are well-accepted levels for ambient mass spectrometer analysis. In this study, evaluation of nicotine and cotinine in 22 puerpera volunteers were conducted by the established wooden-tip spray mass spectrometry (WTS-MS). These results showed that wooden-tip spray mass spectrometry would be useful for newborn screening of nicotine and cotinine in meconium with high reproducibility, speed, sensitivity, and specificity. Owing to the use of disposable wooden tips that involves no sample preparation and no chromatographic separation, our results show that wooden-tip spray mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for determination of nicotine in newborn meconium.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with prolonged length of stay (LOS) in patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) managed with an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program and develop a prediction model for improving the perioperative management of THA. Methods In this single-center retrospective study, patients who underwent primary THA in accordance with ERAS from May 2018 to December 2019 were enrolled in this study. The primary outcome was prolonged LOS (> 48 h) beyond the first postoperative day. We collected the clinical patient’s clinical characteristics, surgery-related parameters, and laboratory tests. A logistic regression analysis explored the independent risk factors for prolonged LOS. According to published literature and clinical experience, a series of variables were selected to develop a nomogram prediction model to predict the risk of prolonged LOS following primary THA with an ERAS program. Evaluation indicators of the prediction model, including the concordance index (C-index), the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis, were reported to assess the performance of the prediction model. The bootstrap method was conducted to validate the performance of the designed nomogram. Results A total of 392 patients were included in the study, of whom 189 (48.21%) had prolonged LOS. The logistics regression analysis demonstrated that age, sex, hip deformities, intraoperative blood loss, operation time, postoperative Day 1 (POD) hemoglobin (Hb), POD albumin (ALB), and POD interleukin-6 (IL-6) were independent risk factors for prolonged LOS. The C-index was 0.863 (95% CI 0.808 to 0.918) and 0.845 in the bootstrapping validation, respectively. According to the results of the calibration, ROC curve, and decision curve analyses, we found that the nomogram showed satisfactory performance for prolonged LOS in this study. Conclusions We explored the risk factors for prolonged LOS following primary THA with an ERAS program and developed a prediction model. The designed nomogram was expected to be a precise and personalized tool for predicting the risk and prognosis for prolonged LOS following primary THA with an ERAS program.

Soybeans are the main source of oils and protein for humans and animals; however, cold stress jeopardizes their growth and limits the soybean planting area. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) are conserved enzymes that catalyze aldehyde oxidation for detoxification in response to stress. Additionally, transgenic breeding is an efficient method for producing stress-resistant germplasms. In this study, the peanut ALDH gene AhALDH2B6 was heterologously expressed in soybean, and its function was tested. We performed RNA-seq using transgenic and wild-type soybeans with and without cold treatment to investigate the potential mechanism. Transgenic soybeans developed stronger cold tolerance, with longer roots and taller stems than P3 soybeans. Biochemically, the transgenic soybeans exhibited a decrease in malondialdehyde activity and an increase in peroxidase and catalase content, both of which are indicative of stress alleviation. They also possessed higher levels of ALDH enzyme activity. Two phenylpropanoid-related pathways were specifically enriched in up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including the phenylpropanoid metabolic process and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic process. Our findings suggest that AhALDH2B6 specifically up-regulates genes involved in oxidoreductase-related functions such as peroxidase, oxidoreductase, monooxygenase, and antioxidant activity, which is partially consistent with our biochemical data. These findings established the function of AhALDH2B6, especially its role in cold stress processes, and provided a foundation for molecular plant breeding, especially plant-stress-resistance breeding.

Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to monitor long time series land cover changes is of great significance to understanding the impact of human activities on spatiotemporal conflicts and changes in cropland and forest ecosystems in the black soil region of Northeast China. Spatial analysis and dynamic degree were used to analyze the evolutionary process and spatiotemporal association of land cover from 1990 to 2020; the transfer matrix was used to analyze and reveal dynamic conversions of land cover from 1990 to 2000, 2000 to 2010, and 2010 to 2020; and the GM (1,1) model was used to forecast the changes in land cover by 2025 based on historical data. The results indicated that the dominance of forest and cropland did not change from 1990 to 2020, and the average area of forest and cropland was 512,713 km2 and 486,322 km2, respectively. The mutual conversion between cropland, forest, grassland, and bare areas was the most frequent. The area of cropland converted into forest and grassland was 14,167 km2 and 25,217 km2, respectively, and the area of forest and grassland converted into cropland was 27,682 km2 and 23,764 km2, respectively, from 1990 to 2000. A similar law of land cover change was also presented from 2000 to 2020. In addition, the predicted values of cropland, forest, grassland, shrubland, wetland, water bodies, impervious surfaces, and bare areas were 466,942 km2, 499,950 km2, 231,524 km2, 1329 km2, 11,775 km2, 18,453 km2, 30,549 km2, and 189,973 km2, respectively, by 2025. The maximum and minimum residuals between the predicted and actual values were 6241 km2 and −156 km2 from 1990 to 2020. The evaluation results of the GM (1,1) model showed that all of the evaluation indices were within an acceptable range, and that the posteriori error ratio and class ratio dispersion were both less than 0.25. Through comparison with other studies, this study is not only able to provide some experience for further analyzing the spatial and temporal changes in land cover and its future prediction but also provide a basis for comprehensive management in Northeast China.

Objective: Evaluate the technical performance of the pre-analytical hemolysis-icterus-lipemia (HIL) check module on the ACL-TOP-750. Methods: 8433 routine coagulation samples were evaluated for HIL, the presence of clotting and low sample volume by both visual inspection and the pre-analytical HIL check module on the ACL-TOP-750. Results: 7726 samples were in agreement with both methods and 707 were not consistent. 356 samples with low volume were identified by visual inspection and 920 by the instrument (2.7 mL threshold). Visual inspection identified 56 lipemic samples while 13 of those with moderate or high lipemia were identified by the instrument. Visual inspection identified 47 hemolyzed samples while 7 with moderate or high hemolysis were identified by the instrument. Both visual inspection and the instrument identified 36 icteric samples. For triglyceride concentration and bilirubin concentration, there was good correlation between the ACL-TOP-750 and the DXC800 biochemistry analyzer. Among 30 samples with varying amounts of clotting, 27 were discovered by visual inspection and 3 were discovered by the instrument. Conclusion: The pre-analytical check module on the ACL-TOP-750 improved the detection rate of samples below the target 2.7 mL volume, and the accuracy in detection of HIL. However, the automated method could not replace visual assessment of clotting in samples.

Rong Xiang et al. analyze the expression of non-coding genes encoded peptides in publicly-available proteomics data from five cancer types and matched controls. They identify peptides from non-coding genes including DGCR9 and RHOXF1P3 that are upregulated in tumors compared to controls, suggesting that non-coding gene-encoded peptides may be a source of neoantigens in some cancers.

Infrared signature of targets is one important approach for target detection and recognition. When measuring the infrared signature of a target in the atmosphere, it is necessary to take the atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric radiation between the measured target and the observer into account. In this study, a blackbody-based approach for estimating atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric radiation is proposed to improve accuracy. Radiometric calibration is first carried out in the laboratory for the infrared thermal imager to determine the slope and offset used in the linear regression. With a set of different temperatures, radiance of the blackbody and digital number value of images are calculated. Finally, according to the analytical expressions derived, the atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric radiation are determined, and actual radiance for the cooperative target is calculated. Results demonstrate that the uncertainty of the actual radiance of measured cooperative target calculated via the proposed method is lower than that by MODTRAN, from MODTRAN at 5.7% and 16.7%, from proposed method at 2.56% and 10.2% in two experiments.

Abstract An alerting sound elicits the Acoustic Startle Response (ASR) that is dependent on the sound volume and organisms’ state, which is regulated by neuromodulatory centers. The locus coeruleus (LC) neurons respond to salient stimuli and noradrenaline release affects sensory processing, including auditory. The LC hyperactivity is detrimental for sensorimotor gating. We report here that priming microstimulation of the LC (100-ms at 20, 50, and 100 Hz) attenuated the ASR in rats. The ASR reduction scaled with frequency and 100 Hz-stimulation mimicked pre-exposure to a non-startling tone (prepulse). A rapid (~ 40 ms) EEG desynchronization following the LC stimulation suggested that the ASR reduction was due to elevated cortical arousal. The effects of LC stimulation on the ASR and EEG were consistent with systematic relationships between the ASR, awake/sleep state, and the cortical arousal level; for that matter, a lower ASR amplitude corresponded to a higher arousal level. Thus, the LC appears to modulate the ASR circuit via its diffuse ascending projections to the forebrain saliency network. The LC modulation directly in the brainstem and/or spinal cord may also play a role. Our findings suggest the LC as a part of the brain circuitry regulating the ASR, while underlying neurophysiological mechanisms require further investigation.

Salt damage is an important abiotic stress affecting the agronomic traits of soybean. Soybeans rapidly sense and transmit adverse signals when salt-damaged, inducing a set of response mechanisms to resist salt stress. AtARA6 encodes a small GTPase, which plays an important role in Arabidopsis vesicle transport and salt tolerance. In this study, we transformed the Arabidopsis gene AtARA6 into the cultivated soybean Shen Nong 9 (SN9). To investigate the salt tolerance pathways affected by AtARA6 in soybean, we performed transcriptome sequencing using transgenic soybean and wild-type (SN9) under salt treatment and water treatment. Our results suggest that AtARA6 is involved in the regulation of soybean SNARE complexes in the vesicle transport pathway, which may directly strengthen salt tolerance. In addition, we comprehensively analyzed the RNA-seq data of transgenic soybean and SN9 under different treatments and obtained 935 DEGs. GO analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding, and the inositol catabolic process. Three salt-responsive negative regulator transcription factors, namely MYC2, WRKY6, and WRKY86, were found to be significantly downregulated after salt treatment in transgenic soybeans. Moreover, four genes encoding inositol oxygenase were significantly enriched in the inositol catabolic process pathway, which could improve the salt tolerance of transgenic soybeans by reducing their reactive oxygen species content. These are unique salt tolerance effects produced by transgenic soybeans. Our results provide basic insights into the function of AtARA6 in soybeans and its role in abiotic stress processes in plants.

Human glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive brain tumor, comprises six major subtypes of malignant cells, giving rise to both inter-patient and intra-tumor heterogeneity. The interaction between different tumor subtypes and non-malignant cells to collectively shape a tumor microenvironment has not been systematically characterized. Herein, we sampled the cellular milieu of surgically resected primary tumors from 7 GBM patients using single-cell transcriptome sequencing. A lineage relationship analysis revealed that a neural-progenitor-2-like (NPC2-like) state with high metabolic activity was associated with the tumor cells of origin. Mesenchymal-1-like (MES1-like) and mesenchymal-2-like (MES2-like) tumor cells correlated strongly with immune infiltration and chronic hypoxia niche responses. We identified four subsets of tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs), among which TAM-1 co-opted both acute and chronic hypoxia-response signatures, implicated in tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and poor prognosis. MES-like GBM cells expressed the highest number of M2-promoting ligands compared to other cellular states while all six states were associated with TAM M2-type polarization and immunosuppression via a set of 10 ligand–receptor signaling pathways. Our results provide new insights into the differential roles of GBM cell subtypes in the tumor immune microenvironment that may be deployed for patient stratification and personalized treatment.

Abstract Background Haglund syndrome is a common disease that causes posterior heel pain. This study compared the clinical outcomes of dorsal closing wedge calcaneal osteotomy (DCWCO) and posterosuperior prominence resection (PPR) for the treatment of Haglund syndrome. Methods This retrospective study included 12 patients who underwent DCWCO and 32 patients who underwent PPR from January 2010 to August 2016. Patients were evaluated using the American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scale (AOFAS), Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment Scale for Achilles tendinopathy (VISA-A), Fowler-Philip angle, Bohler’s angle, and calcaneal pitch angle preoperatively and postoperatively (at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and the latest follow-up). Results Both groups exhibited a significant increase in their AOFAS and VISA-A scores after surgery. The DCWCO group had lower AOFAS scores than the PPR group at 6 months (77.6 ± 5.1 vs. 82.8 ± 7.8; P = 0.037) but had higher scores at the latest follow-up (98.2 ± 2.3 vs. 93.4 ± 6.1; P = 0.030). The DCWCO group had lower VISA-A scores at 3 months (56.9 ± 13.9 vs. 65.2 ± 11.0; P = 0.044) but higher scores at the latest follow-up (98.2 ± 2.6 vs. 94.3 ± 5.0; P = 0.010) than the PPR group. Both groups exhibited significant changes in the Fowler-Philip angle and Bohler’s angle after surgery. The postoperative Fowler-Philip angle of the DCWCO group was greater than that of the PPR group (35.9° ± 4.9° vs. 31.4° ± 6.2°; P = 0.026). However, there was no statistically significant difference in any other angle of the two groups postoperatively. Conclusions Compared to the PPR group, the DCWCO group had poorer short-term clinical outcomes but provide better long-term function and symptom remission. This method can be a good option for those patients with higher functional expectations.

The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) has opened new opportunities for healthcare systems through so-called eHealth systems. With the help of monitoring using portable IoT devices with biomedical sensors, disease diagnoses can be conducted in real time. However, there is a challenge in that monitoring is an always-on activity that requires constant power supply and IoT devices are battery-powered and face heavy resource constraints. This work addresses a realistic implementation of a low-power eHealth device using both hardware and software approaches. We realize various lightweight eHealth applications (particularly monitoring applications) using a memory-conscious dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm to be deployed on a small and low-power embedded processor. Actual prototypes of the processor are currently being fabricated. Our evaluation showcases the effectiveness of our work compared with other state-of-the-art embedded processors in terms of circuit area (fabrication cost) and power efficiency. We also demonstrated the scalability of the software implementation by varying the amount of data used in DTW for various eHealth monitoring applications.

Introduction and ObjectiveThere is a need for a simplified technique for C-IONM in robotic surgery. The primary aim of this study was to describe our clinical experience with the use of percutaneous C-IONM in robotic bilateral axillary thyroid surgery.MethodsThis study prospectively enrolled 304 consecutive patients who underwent robotic thyroidectomy via the bilateral axillo-breast approach and standardized C-IONM via percutaneous probe stimulation.Results323 RLNs were analyzed. C-IONM with percutaneous probes was feasible in all cases. During this study, we did not record any cases of probe displacement, and no additional robotic maneuvers were required. The average stimulation intensity was 2 mA. There were no adverse local or systemic C-IONM side effects. The mean time required for probe positioning was 3 minutes. The EMG amplitude signal of 48 RLNs decreased significantly, < 50% from the original V1 signal. In these cases, the surgical procedure was modified.ConclusionThe proposed percutaneous C-IONM provides a simplification of the continuous monitoring procedure for robotics. The advantage of percutaneous C-IONM is that it does not require additional trocar space, repeated instrument changes, and unmodified cosmesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the application of percutaneous C-IONM in robotic thyroid surgery.

BackgroundPolitical participation is an important component of civil rights. Several studies have shown that citizens' political participation not only influences the allocation of public resources, but also has a positive correlation with participants' life satisfaction. Recently, political participation has become increasingly frequent in China; however, the research on Chinese citizens' political participation and life satisfaction is insufficient. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between political participation and life satisfaction in the Chinese cultural context, and how this relationship varied under different conditions.MethodsBased on 8,475 respondents from the 2015 Chinese Social Survey, ordinary least squares modeling was used to investigate the relationship of Chinese citizens' political participation and their life satisfaction, and the differences that might exist in this relationship.ResultsPolitical participation was closely related to life satisfaction. Compared with non-political participants, the life satisfaction of political participants was 0.133 units higher, which was significant at the 1% level. Regarding the types of political participation, citizens engaged in institutionalized political participation had higher life satisfaction, whereas citizens engaged in non-institutionalized political participation had lower life satisfaction. Furthermore, two social capitals, namely social tolerance and social trust, were the mediating variables linking political participation to citizens' life satisfaction.ConclusionsIn China, citizens engaged in political participation had higher life satisfaction, in contrast, citizens engaged in non-institutionalized political participation had lower life satisfaction.

Anomaly detection is hampered by band redundancy and the restricted reconstruction ability of spectral–spatial information in hyperspectral remote sensing. A novel hyperspectral anomaly detection method integrating differential attribute profiles and genetic algorithms (DAPGA) is proposed to sufficiently extract the spectral–spatial features and automatically optimize the selection of the optimal features. First, a band selection method with cross-subspace combination is employed to decrease the spectral dimension and choose representative bands with rich information and weak correlation. Then, the differentials of attribute profiles are calculated by four attribute types and various filter parameters for multi-scale and multi-type spectral–spatial feature decomposition. Finally, the ideal discriminative characteristics are reserved and incorporated with genetic algorithms to cluster each differential attribute profile by dissimilarity assessment. Experiments run on a variety of genuine hyperspectral datasets including airport, beach, urban, and park scenes show that the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has great improvement with existing state-of-the-art algorithms.

To address the shortcomings in many traditional spectral feature extraction algorithms in practical application of low modeling accuracy and poor stability, this paper introduces the “Boruta algorithm-based local optimization process“ based on the traditional simulated annealing algorithm and proposes the “two-step simulated annealing algorithm (TSSA)”. This algorithm combines global optimization and local optimization. The Boruta algorithm ensures that the feature extraction results are all strongly correlated with the dependent variable, reducing data redundancy. The accuracy and stability of the algorithm model are significantly improved. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional feature extraction method, the accuracy indexes of the inversion model established by using the TSSA algorithm for feature extraction were significantly improved, with the determination coefficient R2 of 0.9654, the root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.6723 μg/L, and the mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.1461 μg/L.

Purpose: Machine Learning (ML) is rapidly growing in capability and is increasingly applied to model outcomes and complications in medicine. Surgical site infections (SSI) are a common post-operative complication in spinal surgery. This study aimed to develop and validate supervised ML algorithms for predicting the risk of SSI following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF).Methods: This single-central retrospective study included a total of 705 cases between May 2012 and October 2019. Data of patients who underwent MIS-TLIF was extracted by the electronic medical record system. The patient's clinical characteristics, surgery-related parameters, and routine laboratory tests were collected. Stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to screen and identify potential predictors for SSI. Then, these factors were imported into six ML algorithms, including k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Naïve Bayes (NB), to develop a prediction model for predicting the risk of SSI following MIS-TLIF under Quadrant channel. During the training process, 10-fold cross-validation was used for validation. Indices like the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (ACC) were reported to test the performance of ML models.Results: Among the 705 patients, SSI occurred in 33 patients (4.68%). The stepwise logistic regression analyses showed that pre-operative glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), estimated blood loss (EBL), pre-operative albumin, body mass index (BMI), and age were potential predictors of SSI. In predicting SSI, six ML models posted an average AUC of 0.60–0.80 and an ACC of 0.80–0.95, with the NB model standing out, registering an average AUC and an ACC of 0.78 and 0.90. Then, the feature importance of the NB model was reported.Conclusions: ML algorithms are impressive tools in clinical decision-making, which can achieve satisfactory prediction of SSI with the NB model performing the best. The NB model may help access the risk of SSI following MIS-TLIF and facilitate clinical decision-making. However, future external validation is needed.

Metal-regulatory transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) is of importance in maintaining metal homeostasis. Copper exposure considerably stimulates the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells with enhanced MTF-1 expression. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. In this study, we utilized different approaches to investigate the potential role of MTF-1 involved in HCC progression. The expression levels of MTF-1 and miR-148a-3p were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The interaction of MTF-1 with apurinic apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox effector factor 1 (APE/Ref-1) or miR-148a-3p was determined using immunoprecipitation or dual-luciferase reporter assay, respectively. Cell viability and metastatic ability were evaluated using colony formation, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), wound scratch, and Transwell assays, and apoptotic cells were detected by flow cytometry. The biological functions of MTF-1 and miR-148a-3p were also determined using a xenograft mouse model. MTF-1 expression was upregulated in HCC cells and was associated with poor survival and recurrence. MTF-1 overexpression enhanced the proliferation and metastatic potential of HCC cells. Further mechanistic analyses demonstrated that MTF-1 bound to APE/Ref-1 and that MTF-1 is a direct target of miR-148-3p, which inversely regulated MTF-1 transcription activity. MiR-148a-3p overexpression effectively inhibited HCC cell proliferation and metastasis stimulated by MTF-1, with increased apoptosis. There was a decrease in miR-148a-3p expression in exosomes isolated from the plasma of patients with HCC and HCC cell culture supernatants. Co-incubation of HCC cells with exosomes from hepatocyte-conditioned media inhibited cell migration and caused apoptosis. The in vivo study revealed slow growth of MTF-1-knockdown and miR-148a-3p-overexpressing Hep3B-derived xenografts, with reduced tumor volume and weight compared with the control group. Collectively, these findings implicate MTF-1 as a modulator of HCC tumorigenesis and progression. Selective targeting towards exosomal miR-148a-3p, which might contribute to the negative regulation of MTF-1 at least partially in HCC, demonstrates therapeutic benefits for patients with HCC.

Object detection in remote sensing is becoming a conspicuous challenge with the rapidly increasing quantity and quality of remote sensing images. Although the application of Deep Learning has obtained remarkable performance in Computer Vision, detecting multi-scale targets in remote sensing images is still an unsolved problem, especially for small instances which possess limited features and intricate backgrounds. In this work, we managed to cope with this problem by designing a neck attention block (NAB), a simple and flexible module which combines the convolutional bottleneck structure and the attention mechanism, different from traditional attention mechanisms that focus on designing complicated attention branches. In addition, Vehicle in High-Resolution Aerial Imagery (VHRAI), a diverse, dense, and challenging dataset, was proposed for studying small object detection. To validate the effectiveness and generalization of NAB, we conducted experiments on a variety of datasets with the improved YOLOv3, YOLOv4-Tiny, and SSD. On VHRAI, the improved YOLOv3 and YOLOv4-Tiny surpassed the original models by 1.98% and 1.89% mAP, respectively. Similarly, they exceeded the original models by 1.12% and 3.72% mAP on TGRS-HRRSD, a large multi-scale dataset. Including SSD, these three models also showed excellent generalizability on PASCAL VOC.