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This study was performed to assess the individual and combined toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) within the liver of mice. A total of 56 4-week-old weanling female mice were divided into seven groups (n = 8). For 2 weeks, each group received an oral administration of either solvent (control), AFB1, ZEA, DON, AFB1 + ZEA, AFB1 + DON or ZEA + DON per day. The results showed that AFB1, ZEA and DON induced liver injury, indicated by elevated relative liver weight, activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as decreased albumin (ALB) and/or total protein (TP) concentration in the serum. These mycotoxins also decreased hepatic total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and/or increased the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, AFB1 + DON displayed synergistic effects, while AFB1 + ZEA displayed antagonistic effects on those parameters previously described. Furthermore, the apoptotic potential was demonstrated associated with an upregulation of the apoptotic genes Caspase-3 and Bax, along with a downregulation of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 in liver. In conclusion, this study provides a better understanding of the toxic effects of AFB1, ZEA, DON, alone or in combinations on the liver of mice, which could contribute to the risk assessment of these mycotoxins in food and feed.

This study was performed to determine the individual and combined cytotoxic effects of Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) on BRL 3A rat liver cells. After the mycotoxins treated the BRL 3A cells for 12, 24 and 48 h, cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. The cytotoxicity of individual mycotoxins on BRL 3A cell viability in decreasing order were DON > AFB 1 > ZEA > FB 1 . The central composite design (CCD) was used to assess the toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures of these mycotoxins. The mixtures of AFB 1 + ZEA and AFB 1 + DON showed the synergetic toxic effects on BRL 3A cells. These toxins decreased the viability of cells by inducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and promoting apoptosis in the BRL 3A cells. This effect was mediated by an upregulation of the stress and apoptotic genes Hsp70, p53, Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-8, along with a downregulation of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2. In conclusion, our results suggested that the coexistence of AFB 1 and ZEA or DON in agricultural products could be more hepatotoxic than individually, suggests that the toxicological interactions of these toxins need to be better understood to assess health risks.

In the present study, we evaluated the nephrotoxicity of individual mycotoxins and combinations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1) to livestock using porcine kidney 15 cells (PK-15) as a disease model via biochemical approaches. The toxicity of individual mycotoxins on cell viability and cell membrane damage was determined using the MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, respectively. Individual cytotoxicity of mycotoxins in increasing order were FB1