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Studies on the enzymology of snails are important in the study of molluscicidal mechanism. The alteration of activities of enzymes after molluscicidal treatment was reported in large numbers of papers. This paper reviews the progress of studies on the enzymology of snails under the treatment of molluscicides.

Schistosomiasis diagnosis plays an important role in the schistosomiasis control. The early detection of schistosomiasis can help to find the infectious source and prevent advanced schistosomiasis effectively. Up to now, serodiagnosis and parasitological diagnosis are used commonly to detect the infection of Schistosoma . As the schistosomiasis control program continues in China, the infection rate and infection intensity of Schistosoma japonicum are decreased significantly, which makes the serodiagnosis and parasitological diagnosis limited for lacking of sensitivity and timeliness. The molecular diagnosis has been developed greatly because of its timeliness, high specificity and sensitivity, which promotes the development and improvement of schistosomiasis diagnosis. In the endemic areas where schistosomiasis is limited and the infection rate is low, the molecular diagnosis provides a potential platform for the early detection and micro detection efficiently. Here, we provide a review that mainly emphasizes the progress of molecular detection of schistosomiasis.

Objective: To explore the effect and mechanism of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs (Tregs) on the protective efficacy of gluthatione-S-transferase (GST) against Schistosoma japonicum in mice., Methods: Female BALB/c mice were divided randomly into five groups：a normal control group, an infected control group, an anti-CD25mAb group, a GST immunization group and a combination group with GST immunization and anti-CD25 mAb. The GST group and combination group were injected percutaneously with GST 50 μg each mouse, the other two groups were injected with equal volume PBS. The immunization was performed for 3 times for two-week interval, and 2 weeks after the last immunization, each mouse was challenged with 40 S. japonicum cercaria. Two weeks post-infection, the combination group and anti-CD25 mAb group were injected intraperitoneally with 300 μg antiCD25 mAb each mouse. The mice were succumbed 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks and 5 weeks post-infection respectively. The percentages of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs in splenocytes of mice were measured with flow cytometer. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and TGF-β in cell cultural supernatants were determined by sandwich-ELISA after stimulation with Con A. The liver sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin., Results: The worm burden in the combination group (15.80±2.74) was significantly lower than those of the infected control group (27.78±3.15), anti-CD25 mAb group (21.50±4.21), and GST group (20.84± 6.46). Compared to those of the infected control group, the percentages of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs were significantly higher in the GST group, while the percentages of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs were significantly lower post-anti-CD25 mAb-administration. Regardless of GST administration, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 after anti-CD25 mAb were significantly higher than those of the infected control groups. There were no significant differences of egg granuloma and the level of TGF-β between each group., Conclusions: CD4 + CD25 + Tregs could be partially blocked by anti-CD25 mAb while Th1 and Th2 type immunization response could be enhanced, which plays a role in improving the protective efficacy of GST against of S. japonicum .