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The reuse of construction materials has been a consistent practice throughout the history of architecture, especially prevalent during periods of transition when it was preferred for its ability to simplify installation and reduce construction costs. This practice was particularly common in late Roman urban contexts, where construction materials, especially ashlar and sculptural elements, were abundant following the abandonment of temples and public buildings. However, there are occasions when the use of spolia, or reused materials, goes beyond simple material recycling. The reuse and display of certain pieces carry complex implications involving symbology, cultural appropriation, or collective memory exercises that convey messages through new buildings. In this paper, we focus on the unique case of Hispanic Christian architectural sculptures that were "recycled" in new buildings during the first centuries of Islamic domination of the Iberian Peninsula, specifically within places of worship. Through a general analysis and review of some examples, we aim to reflect on the motivations and intentionality behind the use of certain sculptural pieces and their placement in new buildings, which is not arbitrary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several reinforced concrete minarets in Turkey have suffered significant damage during earthquakes, resulting in fatalities and economic losses. These structures might be considered the most frequently built thin structures in Turkey. To improve seismic resistivity, it is necessary to figure out the exact nature of these tall structures. In this way, the existing ones can be strengthened. This study examined the most widely built (traditional) forms of reinforced concrete minarets under two earthquakes, the Mw 7.2 Van on 23 October 2011 and the Mw 7.4 İzmit on 17 August 1999, by considering three types of soils, i.e., stiff, medium and soft, with the viscous boundary method proposed from Burman et al. Moreover, diameter of the soil was selected as ten times the diameter of the foundation of the minarets. After conducting numerous analyses, it was concluded that the RC minarets' structural behavior was altered by the softening of the earth, leading to a sharp increase in internal forces. Furthermore, it was discovered that the regions of stress accumulation indicated for the representative minarets matched the damage shown in recent earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosque or Masjid is a place of worship for Muslims. The minaret is one of the structural components of the mosque that is used for Adhān (call to pray). Chronologically, the minaret occupied different locations in the mosque. There is a lack of research about the location of minaret within the layout of the mosque context. The current research aims to investigate the position of the minaret(s) within the context of mosques based on five main layouts of known mosque styles. It also investigates whether there is a relationship between the number(s) of minarets and their location(s). As a methodology, the study adopted geometric-thematic analysis based on codes to determine the types of minaret placements. The results show twelve models for the locations of the minarets, which vary between the prayer hall, the courtyard, the entrance, and the rooftop. It is concluded that some types recurred, and others exist only once. The research reveals that there is no relationship between the number(s) of minarets and their location within the mosque layout design.

Several reinforced concrete minarets in Turkey have suffered significant damage during earthquakes, resulting in fatalities and economic losses. These structures might be considered the most frequently built thin structures in Turkey. To improve seismic resistivity, it is necessary to figure out the exact nature of these tall structures. In this way, the existing ones can be strengthened. This study examined the most widely built (traditional) forms of reinforced concrete minarets under two earthquakes, the Mw 7.2 Van on 23 October 2011 and the Mw 7.4 İzmit on 17 August 1999, by considering three types of soils, i.e., stiff, medium and soft, with the viscous boundary method proposed from Burman et al. Moreover, diameter of the soil was selected as ten times the diameter of the foundation of the minarets. After conducting numerous analyses, it was concluded that the RC minarets’ structural behavior was altered by the softening of the earth, leading to a sharp increase in internal forces. Furthermore, it was discovered that the regions of stress accumulation indicated for the representative minarets matched the damage shown in recent earthquakes.

Au niveau de la répartition spatiale des masses architecturales, le processus d'évolution des mosquées marocaines a donné lieu à deux courants d’architecture : Le premier courant : la salle de prière à nefs parallèles au mur de la qibla. Cette tendance était forte présente dans les premières mosquées monumentales au Maroc. Citons comme exemple la mosquée Al Quaraouiyine et Al-Andalous à Fès. Cette composition de volumes est utilisée plus tard dans la construction de plusieurs mosquées médiévales et postmédiévale au Maroc. Le deuxième courant : la salle de prière à nefs longitudinales ; la salle de prière est appelée aussi hypostyle à nef perpendiculaire au mur de la qibla. Elle s'inspire de la mosquée d’Al-Aqsa à Jérusalem. Ce courant est dominant dans les mosquées Almohades et rarement utilisé dans les mosquées Mérinides et Saadiennes. L’adoption du premier ou du deuxième courant a des répercussions sur l’agencement intérieur de la mosquée. Dans le premier cas, les arcades sont parallèles au mur de la qibla et dans le deuxième cas les arcades sont perpendiculaires au mur de la qibla.

The objective of this research paper is to analyze Mughal decorative repertoire of Chauburji Gateway of 1647 at Lahore. The Mughals had a predilection for architectural ornamentation, which reflected in their monumental gateways that not only welcomed the visitor but also imparted sovereignty of the patron. The ones to gardens, like that of Chauburji patronized by Jahan Ara daughter of Shah Jahan, were given special attention as they also reflected Mughal aesthetics--a time when architecturally speaking Lahore was at its bloom. Chauburji is a surviving isolated monument of a unique kind that has not received its due scholarship especially its ornamentation. Qualitative method for art historical research has been deployed for the discourse of this gateway. Not only does Chauburji behold the Timurid and Safavid styles of decoration but also the newly established characteristic Mughal Decorative style. One can not only find curvilinear designs like the traditional islīmī-khatā'ī but also geometrical designs, calligraphy, single plant motifs, trees and still life in faience mosaic and cut-brick work. The gateway also gives an insight into the mindset of the patron of this monumental structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ornamental adornment of the Kharraqan tomb towers, the most outstanding funeral monuments of the Seljuk era in NW Iran, and those of four best-preserved Seljuq brick minarets in northern Iran, documents the artistic canon of the pre-glaze stage of Iranian Islamic architecture. Despite some later interruptions, these monuments and their plain-brick ornaments, as well as the 'virtually interlaced' brick ornaments, stand at the beginnings of a rich development that led to the Safavid architecture of Iran. Besides documentation and study of the geometric character of early Islamic art, which was based on limited technical resources, this study offers insight into symmetry concepts developed at this stage of art and architecture development. This is the last and most complete study of the Kharraqan towers performed before their overwhelming destruction in the 2002 earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reuse of construction materials has been a consistent practice throughout the history of architecture, especially prevalent during periods of transition when it was preferred for its ability to simplify installation and reduce construction costs. This practice was particularly common in late Roman urban contexts, where construction materials, especially ashlar and sculptural elements, were abundant following the abandonment of temples and public buildings. However, there are occasions when the use of spolia, or reused materials, goes beyond simple material recycling. The reuse and display of certain pieces carry complex implications involving symbology, cultural appropriation, or collective memory exercises that convey messages through new buildings. In this paper, we focus on the unique case of Hispanic Christian architectural sculptures that were “recycled” in new buildings during the first centuries of Islamic domination of the Iberian Peninsula, specifically within places of worship. Through a general analysis and review of some examples, we aim to reflect on the motivations and intentionality behind the use of certain sculptural pieces and their placement in new buildings, which is not arbitrary.

In this study, a novel retrofitting intervention on the Hirka-i Serif Mosque (constructed in 1851), which has a significant importance for Muslims due to its historical relic preservation unit keeping the cloak of the Prophet Muhammad, was illustrated. For this purpose, first the seismic performance of the mosque was investigated through site investigations and structural analyses. A 3D finite element model of the Mosque was established, and the structural system was analyzed under the combined effects of the vertical loads and seismic actions. Additionally, the existing damages observed on the walls and vaults were investigated thoroughly. By taking the existing damages and the analyses results into consideration, a rehabilitation and seismic retrofit scheme was proposed and applied by making use of innovative materials. Throughout the study, recommendations of the guideline for earthquake risk management of historical structures in Turkey (2017) has been considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African & Mediterranean Journal of Architecture & Urbanism (AMJAU) is the property of Ecole Nationale d'Architecture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Among nearly four hundred buildings that survive from the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), or the period of Mongolian rule in China, less than 1 percent have features that sharply distinguish them from the rest. Five of these are a pagoda, a mosque, an observatory, a mausoleum, and a rock-carved site. Previous research has cited the pagoda, minaret, and observatory as evidence for the infiltration of foreign architecture into China during this period. This study reexamines those buildings, demonstrating that although they are so distinctive one might refer to them as anomalies, none includes features that were not already part of the long-established repertoire of Chinese building. This study turns to the processes of convergence and entanglement as both metaphor and methodological framework to help explain how these structures took form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, stands one of China's oldest mosques, the Huaisheng Mosque. Its initial construction occurred in 627 during the Tang Dynasty during the reign of Taizong (627-649). The Guangta minaret of the mosque is one of the oldest surviving examples of Chinese Islamic architecture in mainland China. It is a vivid example that testifies to trade and economic relations between China in the east and the Islamic world in the west. To achieve its aims; the study relies on several methodologies; the historical approach, the descriptive approach, and the critical deductive approach. The study seeks to limit and follow the historical texts it referred to and also aims to explore the initial architecture of the minaret. In addition, this study attempts to compare and, at times, refute these historical texts to determine the date of their construction based on the historical texts. The architectural form of the Guangta raises many questions and draws attention. Based on the limited historical evidence about the minaret, this study presents some ideas and theories on its initial form and architectural elements. The study also provides a hypothetical record of its original architecture during the Tang Dynasty, which was recorded as the era of construction.

Abstract: The paper presents an archaeological and architectural documentary study of El-Marzouki Mosque in Baltim. The importance of his study is due to the fact that the city of Baltim is one of the cities that does not contain many Islamic religious buildings. Its religious effects are almost limited to the remains of the Al-Khushua mosque and minaret and in a number of bricks that represent military architecture and date back to the end of the nineteenth century.The study illustrates the style of this mosque, which is an area divided into three ‘riwaqs’ divided by two arcades with pointed arches. The aisles are paralleled to the qibla wall; without a courtyard The ceiling of the mosque is wooden. The mosque has some annexes , a burial dome of the same style that prevailed and spread in most cities of Lower Egypt and the Delta of Egypt. The mosque contains a distinctive minaret in its shape and style, located about fifteen meters apart from the mosque, and not connected to it The mosque contains a masterpiece that is a simple wooden pulpit in its unique form among the pulpits of the ancient mosques, but it contains two scriptural texts, one of which has lost its features and includes the verse of the kurse, and the second includes the text of the Prophet’s hadith special thanks to the Friday hour, and it ends with the date of manufacture at the end Rabee auel 873 AH / October 1468 AD.

One of the logic approaches to improve the contemporary design criteria of the Minarets understands the design methods of the built Minarets of Mamluks. To demonstrate how the geometrical proportions and environmental aspects played the role of design generator which remained the backbone of the process of “designing” a geometrical analyses of various designs of Mamluk Minarets were presented by concentrating on the derivation process of the design idea. By geometric morphological analysis of 20 Minarets a not fixed certain proportional relationships were found. The study depended on analyzing the proportions of the geometric shapes and the Minarets heights in relation to the whole composition to suggest the proportions code and the environmental principles, which may be considered as the inherent design method that govern the design of the Minarets in Cairo of the Mamluks. The research reached to suggest a design generative technique; this technique is a combination of architectural grammar which can be understood as a bundle design principles which formulate a design guideline. This technique illustrates how Mamluk architects proceeded to apply the proportions code and environmental principles to the practical problem of Minarets design, the research name it ‘Unwritten Design Method’, which is orderly and methodical arrangement of proportions to produces the Minarets design.

Existing seismic vulnerability has become a topical of actuality, concerning both new and old buildings. Several techniques have been used to allow structures to better resist seismic events. In recent years, these have been so-called intelligent materials such as shape memory alloys (SMAs) due to their superelasticity and their ease in returning to their initial state after deformation, which can reach 10%. In the present article, nickel–titanium SMA is considered in a minaret of an old church transformed into a mosque to control the seismic response in terms of displacements, stresses and accelerations. The assessment of the seismic behavior was performed based on a modal and then transient analysis with Ansys software. The main objective was to determine the effectiveness of the addition of shape memory alloys by varying their number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minarets, tall structures, connected or not to the mosque attract attention due to their specific architectural features. Vulnerability to seismic damage has been witnessed throughout history on tall and slender structures after earthquake ground motions. In that respect, it is of the utmost importance to investigate the dynamic characteristics and resilience of historical stone minarets. This paper aims to provide the results of an on-site dynamic investigation of a stone minaret in Mostar and deliver its seismic assessment. The minaret is part of the Tabačica mosque built at the turn of the 16th and 17th century in the City of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The on-site investigation comprised dynamic identification of the minaret by ambient vibration testing and qualitative estimation of the masonry wall by sonic pulse velocity testing. Besides the modal analysis a time-history analysis was performed by using the Applied Element Method (AEM), considered an appropriate tool for assessing the behavior of historic masonry structures. A good match is found between the first natural frequency obtained by the on-site investigation and the modal analysis which is a solid basis for further seismic assessment of the minaret as a slender tower-like structure. The concentration of stresses is observed at the transition zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minarets are slender and tall structures that are built from different types of materials. Modern materials are also starting to be used in such structures with the recent developments in material technology. The seismic vulnerability and dynamic behavior of minarets can vary, depending on the material characteristics. Within this study's scope, thirteen different material types used in minarets in Türkiye were chosen as variables. A sample minaret model was chosen as an example with nine different heights to reveal how material characteristic change affects seismic and dynamic behavior. Information and mechanical characteristics were given for all the material types. Natural fundamental periods, displacements, and base shear forces were attained from structural analyses for each selected material. The empirical period formula for each material is proposed using the obtained periods, depending on the different minaret heights taken into consideration. At the same time, fundamental natural periods for the first ten modes and 13 different types of materials used in the study were estimated with the established Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The real periods from the experimental analyses were compared with the values estimated by the ANN using fewer parameters, and 99% of the results were successful. In addition, time history analyses were used to evaluate the seismic performance of the minaret (three different materials were considered). In this specific case, the acceleration record from the 2011 Van (Eastern Turkiye) earthquake (Mw = 7.2) was taken into consideration. Performance levels were determined for the minaret according to the results obtained for each material. It has been concluded that material characteristics significantly affect the dynamic and seismic behavior of the minarets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is dedicated to the monuments of the Karabakh region, which has a special place in the architectural history of Azerbaijan. It should be noted that although most of these architectural pearls located in different regions of Azerbaijan have come down to our time, those related to Karabakh have been subjected to significant destruction from time to time, especially in the last thirty years, as a result of Armenian aggression, and many of them have been appropriated by them. Among them, there are Christian-type religious architectural monuments from the period of ancient Caucasian Albania and the Early Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages, numerous civil buildings were built in different corners of Karabakh along with mosques, tombs and castles. Among them, the buildings created by architect Karbalai Safikhan Karabakhi stand out. Of course, since these buildings with the Karabakh address are directly related to the local people living here due to their shape, masonry technology and aesthetic capacity, it is impossible to hide their real address - who owns them. On the other hand, the fact that the Armenians, who erected a monument in Agareh district in honor of the 150th anniversary of their relocation from Iran to Karabakh in 1978, is only regrettable and laughable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the causes of minaret tilting as well as possible solutions. The major aims of this study are to improve knowledge of historical tall structure stability and rehabilitation operations using the finite element approach to model the soil and minaret (PLAXIS 3D 2020), a platform for computational soil investigation and modeling. The numerical analysis aims to identify stresses, settlement, and deformation of the soil and minaret in various scenarios like Earthquakes, explosions, and winds. The simulation of the problem by the PLAXIS 3D revealed that the greatest lateral displacement computed at the Top Minaret is 5.5 cm, and the greatest vertical movement is calculated to be 3 cm. Seismic settlement is the effect of earthquake shaking, causing densification of soil with lower relative density.

This study aims to suggest a technique for soil properties improvement of AL- Kadhimin shrine Minaret and to support the foundation, which has a tilt of roughly 80 cm from the vertical axis. The shrine of the AL- Kadhimin is made up of four minarets with two domes set in a large courtyard. The four minarets have skewed to varying degrees due to uncontrolled dewatering inside the shrine in recent years. However, the northeast minaret was the most inclined due to its proximity to the well placed inside shrine courtyard. When the well near the minaret is operated, the water level drops, increasing the effective stresses of the soil and causing differential settling of the minaret foundation. To maintain the minaret's foundation from potential lateral stresses, a micropile system has been proposed around it. PLAXIS 3D is used to do a three-dimensional numerical analysis in this study. A micropile system of several diameters has been considered for the suggested technique. In the analysis, the modeling and verification findings revealed that the suggested micropile system plays a significant role in incrementing the minaret's lateral load resistance (earthquake).

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Masonry structures began to be built with the existence of human beings and are an inspiration for today's structures. Monumental historical buildings built according to people's religious beliefs have special importance among such structures. Despite being exposed to many natural disasters over time, such structures that have survived till today are an indispensable part of the historical heritage. Within the scope of this study, structural analyses were carried out for the historical Ulu Mosque's minaret in Bitlis (Turkey), located in the Van Lake basin, using both on-site measurements and finite element methods. Detailed historical and architectural features were given for the minaret and the mosque. In addition to four different earthquake ground motion levels of 2%, 10%, 50% and 68%, structural analyses were deployed separately for seven different geographical locations in the same seismic risk area. Moreover, time history analyses were conducted using the acceleration records of the Van earthquake that occurred in the region. The minaret performance levels were determined by using the displacement values obtained. The study examined the different probabilities of exceedance and the changes in the regions with the same seismic risk. As a result of each structural analysis, base shear forces, displacement, period and maximum stress values were obtained for the minaret. The displacement, base shear force, and stress values increased as the exceedance probability decreased. While the same seismic and structural analysis results were obtained for the selected settlements in the same earthquake zone in this study, remarkable differences were observed for these settlements using the geographical-location-specific design spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing seismic vulnerability has become a topical of actuality, concerning both new and old buildings. Several techniques have been used to allow structures to better resist seismic events. In recent years, these have been so-called intelligent materials such as shape memory alloys (SMAs) due to their superelasticity and their ease in returning to their initial state after deformation, which can reach 10%. In the present article, nickel–titanium SMA is considered in a minaret of an old church transformed into a mosque to control the seismic response in terms of displacements, stresses and accelerations. The assessment of the seismic behavior was performed based on a modal and then transient analysis with Ansys software. The main objective was to determine the effectiveness of the addition of shape memory alloys by varying their number.

The minaret is considered the symbol of Islam and a prominent feature in Muslim communities. In Kuwait, almost every mosque, regardless of its size, includes one or more minarets. Minaret architecture has attracted considerable attention, both scholarly and from the public. Previous studies about mosque and minaret architecture have been restricted to architectural styles. The principal objective of this paper was to investigate the minaret's validity as an essential feature in contemporary mosque architecture by analyzing several aspects of minaret’s architecture such as its function, number, prominence, placement of minaret to the mosque, minaret's main components, and minaret's decoration. Based on ten selected case studiesrepresenting the six governorates of Kuwait, the study attempts to understand further essential elements of minaret and the extent to which architects can redesign/transform the minaret without risking its symbolic and historic value. The findings indicate that the minaret continues to play an important role and is considered a significant element in contemporary Kuwaiti mosque architecture. The minaret's prominence within mosque design is dependent on its number, location, size, articulation, and decoration’s subtlety. Furthermore, while the square plan is most common in minaret's base, the octagonal shaft plan is the most common in contemporary minarets. This research provides a timely and necessary study of minaret design that contributes to contemporary Mosque architecture, directing architects, designers, and mosque's patrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mısır toprakları, tarih boyunca çok farklı inançları içinde barındırmış bir coğrafyadır. Bölge, fethinden önce Bizans’ın önemli bir eyaleti iken, fethinden sonra da Müslümanların gözde bir vilayeti olmuştur. Halifeler, sahip olduğu pek çok özellik sebebiyle Mısır’a önem vermişler, atadıkları idarecileri özenle seçmişlerdir. Çalışmamızın konusu olan Emevîlerin Mısır valilerinden Mesleme b. Muhalled, bölgede yaklaşık on beş yıl valilik yapmıştır. Kendisi Mısır’ın fethinde bulunmuş, gösterdiği kahramanlıklarla göz doldurmuş, fatih komutan Amr b. el-Âs’a en yakın isimlerden biri olmuştur. Mesleme mümtaz bir sahâbî, meşhur bir komutan ve siyasî alanda yeterliliğine şahit olunmuş bir idarecidir. Tüm gayreti halkın refahı için olmuştur. Valilik yaptığı dönemde hem Mısır hem de Kuzey Afrika müreffeh ve sükûnet içerisinde bir süreç geçirmiştir. Cami mimarisine ilk defa minare eklemek suretiyle İslâm âlemine eşsiz bir katkı sunmuş, bayındırlık alanında Mısır’a büyük hizmetler vermiştir. Özellikle Emevîlerin Mısır politikasını anlamak için Mesleme’nin 47-62/667-682 tarihleri arasındaki valilik yıllarını incelemek önemlidir. Mesleme aynı zamanda Mısır ile birlikte Mağrib’de idarecilik yapan ilk vali olma özelliğini taşır. Çalışmamızda Mesleme b. Muhalled’in hayatı ve İslâm fetihlerindeki rolü ile Muâviye tarafından atandığı Mısır valiliği konuları, ilk dönem kaynakları başta olmak üzere birçok kaynak tarafsız bir şekilde taranarak ele alınacak, Mesleme’nin şahsında Emevîler’in Mısır politikası incelenecektir.

The paper presents a study of the mosque of al-Karīmīyah, which is considered one of the oldest mosques in Aleppo city. Despite the importance of this mosque, no study has been allocated to it, which gives a special significance of this paper especially that the monuments of the city subject to severe ruin because of the current events in Syria in general. The paper examines the names of the mosque and its historical importance as demonstrated through its various functions. All renewal works at the building are considered and an architectural description is provided, which includes a new dating for some elements, in addition to an analytical study shows the origin of the mosque's elements and compares them to parallel examples. The paper included also a reading for all remaining inscriptions with facsimile figures made by the author and published for the first time. The study also elucidates the endowments that were allocated to the mosque during the Mamluk and the Ottoman periods, demonstrating the significance of its waqf. All plates have been taken by the author in 2010.

The aim of this article is to present a new survey of the Kutubiyya Mosque in Marrakesh (Morocco) produced between 2015 and 2018 using photogrammetric techniques. This work intends to close a surprising gap in the available information for one of the most important monuments of Western Islamic architecture. We also present our preliminary observations, formed during the course of producing these drawings. Although a building such as this mosque—with one part in use and therefore maintained regularly and another part heavily restored as a ruin—is difficult to investigate archaeologically, an analysis of the chronology and the construction process is proffered. We reject the prevalent theory that there were two subsequent mosques, with the newer one serving as a substitute for the older building. Instead, by presenting new dates and arguments, we propose that the Kutubiyya represents a single mosque built in two phases, the first part of which later fell into ruin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Minaret will be considered as a one of the most important buildings among all kinds of Islamic buildings, in historical and cultural and architectural point. This architectural symbol passed with conductor function, Azan Station and various victory revolution symbol in form and decorating. Muslim artists done various decorating like inscription on minarets. These inscriptions as alive historical documents will show indicator concepts from form, decorating, condition, founders and materials which used in minaret. One of the most important section in inscription minarets is Quranic decoration. Now the question is that what is the aim of Muslim architects for using Quranic verses and glory names in inscription? On the base of above question aim of now research is that using from descriptive and analytical procedure and with relying on study sources and checking field to introduce and analyzing themes of Quranic inscriptions of Iranian minarets that answering to said question will be simple. we can see outcome of this research on showing face as a signs of God, Quranic themes with monotheism concept and various buildings like united collection.

Problem definition: The minaret is one of the special decorative-functional elements in religious buildings and has an ancient background in pre-Islamic Iranian architecture. During the Seljuk period, which is one of the most important eras in the history of Iran, minarets of different dimensions and sizes were constructed in the city of Isfahan with beautiful decorations of brickwork, tile, plastering and inscriptions, which evoke dazzling majesty and beauty. These minarets have different uses and each of them has provided an appropriate context for the creativity and artistry of its founders and architects. The present research explores the decorative pattern types of these minarets. Objective: The aim of the present study is to recognize the decorative patterns of the minarets belonging to the Seljuk period in Isfahan. Research method: The present study has been conducted based on an analytical-comparative approach and the data has been collected in a combinative (library-field) manner. Results:The present achievements indicated that the minaret construction has become increasingly important in the Seljuk period in Isfahan and in most of the examined ones, various decorative designs have been implemented using brickwork technique, which are important in terms of the aesthetic visual elements further to the practical aspects.

In recent earthquakes occurred in Turkey, an unexpected number of reinforced concrete (RC) minarets were heavily damaged or collapsed causing loss of lives and economic damages. These structures can be counted as the most common constructed slender structures in Turkey. Therefore, the detailed behavior of these slender structures should be determined in order to strengthen the existing ones and construct safer and stronger RC minarets. In this study, the most common constructed types of RC minarets were analyzed under 17 August 1999 Mw 7.4 Kocaeli Earthquake for the determination of the effectiveness of strengthening techniques namely fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) and buttresses. Also, soil-structure interaction (SSI) is included in the dynamic seismic analyses of the minarets as proposed by Burman et al. (2012). At the end of the analyses performed, it was determined that FRP strengthening is more effective in enhancing the seismic response of RC minarets as the height of the minaret increases when compared with the buttress strengthening. Also, the stress demand locations predicted from the dynamic seismic analyses of the representative minarets were found to be consistent with the damages observed in recent earthquakes.

Minarets, tall structures, connected or not to the mosque attract attention due to their specific architectural features. Vulnerability to seismic damage has been witnessed throughout history on tall and slender structures after earthquake ground motions. In that respect, it is of the utmost importance to investigate the dynamic characteristics and resilience of historical stone minarets. This paper aims to provide the results of an on-site dynamic investigation of a stone minaret in Mostar and deliver its seismic assessment. The minaret is part of the Tabačica mosque built at the turn of the 16th and 17th century in the City of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The on-site investigation comprised dynamic identification of the minaret by ambient vibration testing and qualitative estimation of the masonry wall by sonic pulse velocity testing. Besides the modal analysis a time-history analysis was performed by using the Applied Element Method (AEM), considered an appropriate tool for assessing the behavior of historic masonry structures. A good match is found between the first natural frequency obtained by the on-site investigation and the modal analysis which is a solid basis for further seismic assessment of the minaret as a slender tower-like structure. The concentration of stresses is observed at the transition zones.

Minarets are slender and tall structures that are built from different types of materials. Modern materials are also starting to be used in such structures with the recent developments in material technology. The seismic vulnerability and dynamic behavior of minarets can vary, depending on the material characteristics. Within this study’s scope, thirteen different material types used in minarets in Türkiye were chosen as variables. A sample minaret model was chosen as an example with nine different heights to reveal how material characteristic change affects seismic and dynamic behavior. Information and mechanical characteristics were given for all the material types. Natural fundamental periods, displacements, and base shear forces were attained from structural analyses for each selected material. The empirical period formula for each material is proposed using the obtained periods, depending on the different minaret heights taken into consideration. At the same time, fundamental natural periods for the first ten modes and 13 different types of materials used in the study were estimated with the established Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The real periods from the experimental analyses were compared with the values estimated by the ANN using fewer parameters, and 99% of the results were successful. In addition, time history analyses were used to evaluate the seismic performance of the minaret (three different materials were considered). In this specific case, the acceleration record from the 2011 Van (Eastern Turkiye) earthquake (Mw = 7.2) was taken into consideration. Performance levels were determined for the minaret according to the results obtained for each material. It has been concluded that material characteristics significantly affect the dynamic and seismic behavior of the minarets.

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The minarets with tall and thin architectural appearance, usually made of reinforced concrete, masonry and wood, are sometimes adjacent to the mosque and sometimes independent from it. These structures can be damaged or collapsed under earthquake ground motion due to structural factors caused by their architectural appearance. The damages in the minarets have resulted in loss of life and property. Therefore, it is important to provide earthquake reliability of the minarets. In this study, the damages occurred at the minarets in Elazig after the Mw = 6.8 magnitude earthquake that took place in Sivrice district of Elazig on January 24, 2020 were investigated. In the examined minarets, the parts which the damages occurred in were determined and the causes of these damages were evaluated. At the end of the study, some recommendations were made for the repair and strengthening of damaged minarets and the construction of new minarets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important architectural elements of Islamic art is mosques. Mosques are an architectural sign of Islamic thought. Minarets have been accepted as the basic part of mosque architecture over time and have become the symbols of cities. While each part of the mosque has a different meaning, the minarets represent abstraction and infinity. Although minarets have emerged out of necessity in Islamic art, they have become a tradition over time and developed themselves. Mosque architecture has become what it is today with the domination and transformation of the great Islamic states. The later construction of minarets in most mosques is an example of this situation. The types of minarets have been made by being influenced by the regions where they have been built. In this context, many forms reminding the details in the bell towers of the Christians are also present in the minarets. Minaret art can vary, as it is influenced by the artistic taste of the leaders of the period. While examining the minarets, each detail contains certain meanings, while some points give us information about the period they have been built. Examining especially the writings on the minarets provides an idea about the period. In general, the minarets of the mosques in Mardin have a classical structure with a square base and rising with a cylindrical body. In this article, it will be tried to examine what minarets mean in terms of Islamic art, what Islamic art reflects, the sections and types of minarets, and the minaret structure of mosques in Mardin such as Mardin Ulu Mosque, Abdüllatif Mosque, Melik Mahmud Mosque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menara Kudus is a minaret building property of an old mosque in Kudus city, Indonesia. The shape of the minaret building is unique and different from the shape of the mosque minarets in general, both in Indonesia and in the Islamic world; The shape of the building is more similar to a Hindu / Buddhist temple building in Java. This paper aims to find answers to questions raised by some scientists about the status of the Menara Kudus building; Is it a temple building that has changed its function, or is it a mosque minaret building. How is the architectural acculturation of the Menara Kudus building? The method used was comparative descriptive to describe the Menara Kudus, the Hindu / Buddhist temples, and the minaret of the old mosque. The comparative method compares the Menara Kudus building with the temple and the mosque minaret to get similarities and differences. The result is that the Menara Kudus is thought to be a temple building that has changed its function. There has been architectural acculturation, a mixture of local and nonlocal elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Information Technology is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract One of the first domes in Egypt was the domes of the seven daughters in the year 400 AH / 1010 AD. These seven domes were built individually on each body of the bodies of the seven daughters who were killed by the ruling Caliph after their father fled. The dome is characterized by the existence of an octagonal neck of the dome erected above the tomb with the use of muqarnas in the area of ​​conversion, and from these domes also the dome of Jaafari and Aatek, which dates back to the year 494-514 AH / 1100 - 1120 AD, which is attributed to the Prophet peace be upon him and They each built a mausoleum topped by a dome. Among these domes is the dome of Mrs. Ruqaya, dating back to 527 AH / 1122 AD, the dome of Sheik Yunus and the dome of the brothers of Joseph, the dome of Yahya al-Shebhi and the dome of Sidi Moaz. The date of the establishment of this dome was recorded on the foundation plate at the top of the entrance block in the south-eastern facade of the dome, which is 552 AH / 1157 AD.This dome was established by Prince Abu Ghadnafar Asad Al-Fawzi, one of the great princes of the Fatimid state, and one of the emirs of the Fatimid Minister Dhargham. He was attacked against Minister Shawr until Dhargham was appointed by the ministry in 558 AH / 1163 AD. Abu Ghadnafar told him that Prince Abu Ghadnafar and some princes put Prince Dirgham in their hands and that they were the owners of the credit and if they did not support him, then he took over the ministry and then informed him that they had written to the minister to urge him to come to Cairo and promised him help and stand by him until the ministry recovers. They were brought to him at the Ministry House at night and killed them, in early 559 AH / 1163 AD.Abu Ghadnafar built this dome for Sidi Mu'adh bin Dawood al-Hassani in 552 AH / 1157 AD.

The paper considers the monumental structures of Bilyar located in the citadel of the fortified settlement. The Juma Mosque of Bilyar and other social buildings were studied in the 1970s. Their reconstructions made in the same period of time become canonical. The consideration of Bilyar buildings in the context of the architecture of the entire Muslim world allows to make certain adjustments both in the interpretation of the buildings and in the elements of their reconstruction. An analysis of the remains of the mosques suggests that an initially constructed wooden mosque was later dismantled and replaced with a stone building. Both mosques were rectangular in plan, and their interior was subdivided into aisles by rows of columns. The author concludes that this type of layout is characteristic of Asia Minor mosques of the Seljuk period.

Did not have the history and architecture mosques and mosques in the city of Jeddah attention Kef both by historians, or by travelers who have visited and wrote the comments about its development and buildings, so that the writings of historians modernists have not recovered Galil researchers about the history and architecture of these important buildings, especially if we bear in mind important fact is that these mosques were by a group of Altamierat and repairs at different time intervals is not documented, most accurately, making the search difficult things that require the need to be studied in their time frame, and spatial, and comparing contemporary counterparts, and earlier on them, to reach the nearest T War for architecture, and it was the time of its inception.The cares of this research study Hanafi mosque and interior Banaja attached to it "civilized historical study", and the statement of the importance of the mosque in Amran city of Jeddah over the ages, and to study and determine the location of ancient and modern, original and name, date of its construction, and its origin, the most important Altamierat and additions made to the mosque through the ages From its establishment until today, as well as the building of the mosque and its most important architectural components and architectural units, including the chapel of King Abdul Aziz attached to it, as well as the technical elements included, and unique research published a collection of Ottoman documents for the mosque for the first time

Masonry structures began to be built with the existence of human beings and are an inspiration for today’s structures. Monumental historical buildings built according to people’s religious beliefs have special importance among such structures. Despite being exposed to many natural disasters over time, such structures that have survived till today are an indispensable part of the historical heritage. Within the scope of this study, structural analyses were carried out for the historical Ulu Mosque’s minaret in Bitlis (Turkey), located in the Van Lake basin, using both on-site measurements and finite element methods. Detailed historical and architectural features were given for the minaret and the mosque. In addition to four different earthquake ground motion levels of 2%, 10%, 50% and 68%, structural analyses were deployed separately for seven different geographical locations in the same seismic risk area. Moreover, time history analyses were conducted using the acceleration records of the Van earthquake that occurred in the region. The minaret performance levels were determined by using the displacement values obtained. The study examined the different probabilities of exceedance and the changes in the regions with the same seismic risk. As a result of each structural analysis, base shear forces, displacement, period and maximum stress values were obtained for the minaret. The displacement, base shear force, and stress values increased as the exceedance probability decreased. While the same seismic and structural analysis results were obtained for the selected settlements in the same earthquake zone in this study, remarkable differences were observed for these settlements using the geographical-location-specific design spectrum.

In March 1892, eleven years after the establishment of the French protectorate in Tunisia, a congregation of ulemas, religious scholars, and students, as well as representatives of the waqf administration (Jamʿiyyat al-Awqāf) gathered in the ṣaḥn of the Zaytuna Mosque to lay the cornerstone of a new minaret. The pre-exiting tower, whose latest major renovations dated from the seventeenth-century Ottoman Muradid times, was deemed hazardous; it was therefore entirely demolished and replaced by a large-scale replica of the nearby Hafsid Kasbah Mosque of Tunis. The new minaret of the Zaytuna Mosque rose in tandem with the Saint Vincent de Paul Cathedral of Tunis, and simultaneously with the nascent French neighborhoods of Tunis outside and along the medina walls. This article explores the intricate and fascinating context of the construction of a monumental minaret in a city that was gradually severing ties with its Ottoman past and surrendering to a newly established colonial rule. It questions the role and aspirations of the French administration in the minaret project, the reasons that led to the revival of the Almohad architectural style in the late nineteenth-century Maghrib, and the legacy left by the re-appropriation of this style in North Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]