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The patient was a 20-year-old male in whom a hepatic hypervascular mass accompanied by intratumoral hemorrhage was detected on examination for epigastric pain. Based on the enlargement of the mass and diagnostic imaging, hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) was suspected and hepatectomy was performed. The lesion was diagnosed as malignant transformation of β-catenin-activated HCA. There are only few reports of cases with malignant transformation of HCA in Japan; it is necessary to accumulate cases to investigate it.

Objective: To compare contrast tissue harmonic imaging (THI) with low mechanical index (MI) and conventional contrast harmonic imaging (CHI) with respect to lesion visibility of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: One hundred and twenty-five patients (84 men and 41 women, age range 39-94 years, mean age 74 years) with 100 naïve HCCs and 30 lesions after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for HCC were evaluated. One hundred and four patients had liver cirrhosis of Child-Pugh class A, and the remaining 21 had Child-Pugh class B cirrhosis. The lesion conspicuity and intratumoral echogenicity during the postvascular phase were compared using conventional CHI and contrast THI with low MI. Results: The MI values ranged from 0.20 to 0.30 on conventional CHI and from 0.30 to 0.35 on contrast THI. Regarding HCC lesion conspicuity, contrast THI with low MI was clearer in 79 lesions (60.8%), equal in 34 lesions (26.2%), and less clear in 17 lesions (13.1%) when compared with conventional CHI. The lesion conspicuity with contrast THI was significantly better than that with conventional CHI (p < 0.01). All of the postablative lesions were well delineated in patients who received RFA. Conclusion: Low-MI contrast THI was superior to conventional CHI with respect to lesion visibility of HCCs and might offer good imaging for the guiding of RFA.

Objective: The objective of treatment for polycystic liver disease is to reduce the liver volume and reduce or resolve compression symptoms such as abdominal fullness and abdominal pain due to hepatomegaly. Liver cysts are treated internally by puncture and aspiration of the cyst contents or hepatic artery embolization and surgically by cyst fenestration or hepatectomy, but no clear consensus has been reached concerning their selection. We introduced monoethanolamine oleate (EO) sclerotherapy therapy for liver cysts in 1999 and reported its effectiveness. In this study, cases were added, and the results including those of long-term follow-up were evaluated. Subjects: Twenty-two patients (5 males and 17 females, mean age 65.2) who underwent EO infusion therapy for liver cysts between January 1999 and June 2011 were evaluated. Methods: Liver cysts were punctured under ultrasound guidance, and a 7Fr pigtail catheter was inserted. After aspirating the cyst contents, EO was infused, and a clamp was applied for 24 h. Then, the catheter was declamped, cyst contents were aspirated again, and the catheter was removed. After the treatment, the cyst size was measured, and the patients were followed up. Results: Eight simple cysts in 8 patients (simple cyst group) and 21 cysts in 14 patients with multiple cysts (polycystic liver disease group) were treated and followed up over a median of 78 months (0-203 months). The mean volume reduction rate was 99% in the simple cyst group and 91% in the polycystic liver disease group (p = 0.04). One procedural accident resulting in liver abscess formation was observed in 1 patient 1 week after discharge, and it required drain placement and antibiotic administration. While mild abdominal pain was observed in a few patients, it was resolved spontaneously under observation. Conclusion: EO infusion therapy achieves fairly high treatment response in the volume reduction (99%) and sustained shrinkage over long-term follow-up. Therefore, this is a breakthrough technique in the treatment of polycystic liver disease as well as simple cyst and should be a standard of care in the treatment of this disease.

Objective: Refractory ascites reduces the quality of life of liver cirrhosis patients. Albumin preparation and diuretics, such as furosemide, have been used to treat refractory ascites, but the effect was poor in many patients. In this study, we analyzed patients treated with tolvaptan (TLV) at our hospital and investigated predictors of the effect. Methods: The subjects were 70 patients for whom TLV was introduced to treat refractory ascites who could be analyzed between November 2013 and March 2015 at our hospital. Patient background before initiation of oral TLV treatment, the dose of diuretics, and each item of biochemical tests of blood and urine were investigated, and factors correlated with the treatment effect were analyzed. An increase of ≥1,000 ml in the daily urine volume from the day before oral treatment or a decrease of ≥1 kg in the body weight within 7 days as an early effect was observed in 33 patients and not observed in 37 patients. TLV treatment was continued for 60 days or longer in 12 of the 37 patients in whom no early effect was observed, and the presence or absence of a delayed effect and predictors of the effect were investigated. A decrease in ascites on abdominal CT with improvement of subjective symptoms at 60 days was defined as a delayed effect. Results: When early predictors of the effect were investigated by univariate analysis, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) were significantly higher in the non-responder group (BUN: p = 0.03, Cr: p = 0.04), but no factor independently associated with the treatment effect was extracted on multivariate analysis. The delayed effect was noted in 4 (33.3%) of the 12 patients, but no predictor of the effect before treatment was identified. However, reactions, such as an increase in serum Na and reduction of urinary osmotic pressure, were observed early after TLV administration in some patients in whom the delayed effect was observed. Conclusions: The diuretic effect of TLV may decrease in renal hypofunction patients. Since the delayed effect was noted in a specific ratio of patients, continuation of TLV administration is an option even though the early treatment effect is poor unless ascites aggravates or adverse effects develop.

Background: The standard treatment option that is available for patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). However, the condition of the patients with BCLC stage B disease is heterogeneous showing different tumor statuses and Child-Pugh scores; treatment strategies other than TACE are frequently employed for the patients in this stage. Based on the subclassification system proposed by Bolondi et al. [Semin Liver Dis 2012;32:348-359], we developed the Kinki criteria focusing on a substaging for BCLC stage B disease, which is simpler and should be more suitable in actual clinical setting in Japan. In this study, we evaluated the performance of Kinki criteria. Summary: This study included 1,633 HCC patients who received first-line treatment at the Kindai University Hospital. Patients were classified into subgroups based on the Kinki criteria and the survival time was estimated for each group. There were 156 (33.3%) patients in subclass B1, 278 (59.3%) in B2, and 35 (7.4%) in B3. The median overall survival times and 95% CI for BCLC B subclasses B1, B2, and B3 were 4.3 years (3.7-4.9), 2.9 years (2.2-3.4), and 1.1 years (0.5-1.8), respectively (p < 0.001). Key Messages: Classification of HCC patients in BCLC stage B based on the Kinki criteria showed statistically significant differences in survival, indicating the performance of Kinki criteria, which takes Child-Pugh score and tumor status into account for determining treatment options for HCC in BCLC stage B.

Introduction: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B, an intermediate stage, includes various conditions of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This heterogeneity of the patients with intermediate-stage HCC makes it difficult to predict their survival rates. In the present study, we examined the validity of the modified Bolondi classification (Kinki criteria) as a subclassification of patients with BCLC stage B HCC. Methods: Of 906 patients who underwent conventional transarterial chemoembolization at Kinki University Hospital, 753, who met the inclusion criteria, were examined. Of these 753 patients, 425 (56.4%) with BCLC stage B were subclassified using the Kinki criteria to examine the survival rate. Results: According to the Kinki criteria, 158 (37.2%) were subclassified into subclass B1, 236 (55.5%) into B2, and 31 (7.3%) into B3. The comparison of the survival rates showed that the median overall survival was 3.9 years (95% CI, 3.2-4.6) in the BCLC subclass B1 group, 2.5 years (95% CI, 2.2-3.1) in the B2 group, and 1.1 years (95% CI, 0.6-1.5) in the B3 group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: When the BCLC stage B patients were subclassified according to the Kinki criteria, survival curves were stratified with significant differences, suggesting that the Kinki criteria were suitable for the subclassification of the intermediate-stage HCC patients.

Objective: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is recommended as a first-line therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients ineligible for curative therapy and without portal invasion. The Assessment for Retreatment with TACE (ART) scoring system was recently proposed for identifying patients who would not show sufficient survival benefit from repeated TACE. We reevaluated the performance of ART in HCC patients treated in Japan, where selective TACE is commonly used. Methods: Between 2000 and 2013, 988 patients with HCC underwent TACE at Kinki University Hospital, and 627 received ≥2 sessions of TACE. Seventy-six patients who underwent ≥2 TACE sessions within 90 days were investigated for their performance of the ART score in the context of overall survival (OS). Results: Only 12% (76/627) of patients underwent ≥2 TACE sessions within 90 days. Of those, 52 patients showed a low ART score (0-1.5), and 24 had a high ART score (≥2.5); the median OS was 20.2 and 37.6 months, respectively (p = 0.8207). Conclusion: The ART scoring system did not demonstrate a sufficiently predictive impact on OS among the patients who underwent ≥2 TACE sessions within 90 days. Application of the ART score should be carefully considered because differences in TACE procedures and post-TACE treatment can affect the results while evaluating OS.

Objectives: Sorafenib has become a standard therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma following the demonstration of significant increase in progression-free survival as well as overall survival (OS) in the 2-phase III trials. We examined efficacy and adverse events (AEs) in patients treated with sorafenib over a 6-year period since approval in Japan. Methods: Two hundred and forty-one patients treated with sorafenib at the Kinki University Hospital were retrospectively analyzed clinically for the factors related to survival periods, tumor response evaluated by the Response Evaluation Criteria In Cancer of the Liver (RECICL) and AEs. Results: OS was 14.3 months. According to the RECICL, the objective response and disease control rates were 18.6% (43 of 241) and 61.1% (137 of 241), respectively. AEs were seen in 77.3% (187 of 241), with Grade 3 or higher in 23.6% (57 of 241). The most frequent AE was hand-foot skin reaction in 109 patients (45.0%), and 28 patients (11.8%) showed Grade 3 or higher. Significant factors contributing to the OS were treatment duration (p = 0.0204), up-to-7 criteria (p = 0.0400), increase of Child-Pugh score (p = 0.0008) and tumor response determined by the RECICL (p = 0.0007). Conclusion: Based on the analysis, using many cases at a single center, we concluded that continuation of treatment with sorafenib for ≥90 days without decrease of liver function was critical if tumor response was determined as stable disease or higher.

Objectives: Triple therapy using peg-interferon, ribavirin and simeprevir (PEG-IFN/RBV/SMV) has reportedly resulted in high-sustained virological response (SVR) rates in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), especially in naïve cases and relapsers to prior PEG-IFN/RBV therapy. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the antiviral response associated with a triple regimen, in the context of early reduction of viral load during treatment. Methods: Forty-six CHC patients with HCV genotype 1b were treated with PEG-IFN/RBV/SMV triple therapy: 20 were naïve cases, 12 were relapsers and 14 were non-responders to prior PEG-IFN/RBV therapy. We evaluated rapid virological response (RVR), complete early virological response (EVR), viral clearance at the end of the treatment (EOT) and at 12 weeks after the EOT (SVR12). In addition, we quantified the serum HCV-RNA on the 1st day and the 7th day after initiating treatment. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed that response to prior treatment was identified as an independent factor for achieving SVR12 after triple therapy (p = 0.0005). The achievement of serum HCV-RNA 10 IU/ml on day 7, RVR, EVR and EOT were associated with SVR12 (p = 0.0050, p = 0.0002, p = 0.0009 and p = 0.0002, respectively). Conclusions: Rapid decline of HCV is a predictive factor for the achievement of SVR12, even in antiviral triple therapy with PEG-IFN/RBV/SMV. An extended treatment period should be applied for patients who show detectable serum HCV-RNA at week 4.

Aim/Background: The ultimate aim of any treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is to improve overall survival (OS); however, the clinical significance of time to progression (TTP) after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is unclear. This retrospective study examined the association between OS and the newly defined time to TACE progression (TTTP) to assess whether TTTP can be an alternative to OS in HCC patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B. Methods: Between January 2006 and December 2013, 592 patients with HCC (BCLC B1, n = 118; BCLC B2, n = 170) underwent TACE. TTTP was then redefined as time to progression from the first image taken after TACE. The relationship between TTTP and OS was then examined based on survival time. Results: Survival analysis revealed significant differences in the OS of patients with BCLC B1 and those with BCLC B2 (median OS: 42.3 months, 95% confidence interval [CI] 34.4-50.7; and 29.3 months, 95% CI 26.1-37.6, respectively, p = 0.0348). The median TTTP values were 9.5 months (95% CI 7.0-10.9) and 5.3 months (95% CI 4.6-6.7), respectively (p = 0.0078). There was a moderate positive correlation between OS and TTTP for both B1 (R2 = 0.6563, p = 0.0045) and B2 (R2 = 0.6433, p = 0.0052) substages. There was also a positive correlation between OS and TTTP for the combined B1 and B2 substages (R2 = 0.6590, p = 0.0024). Conclusions: There was a moderate correlation between the TTTP and OS of patients with HCC after TACE therapy, where the patients with short TTTP represented short OS, indicating that TTTP is an alternative parameter for survival analysis of HCC patients with BCLC stage B tumors who undergo TACE.

Introduction: Recently, the treatment of chronic hepatitis C has markedly advanced. A phase III clinical study of combination therapy with sofosbuvir (SOF) and ledipasvir (LDV) was conducted in Japan, and the additive therapeutic effects were reported. In this study, we report the results of treatment in our hospital. Methods: Of 147 patients with chronic type C liver disease who had consulted our hospital since September 2015 and received SOF/LDV therapy, in 91 subjects a sustained virological response of 12 weeks (SVR12) could be evaluated. Results: In all 91 patients, end treatment response was achieved. Subsequently, recrudescence was noted in 1 before the completion of treatment (week 12); an SVR12 was achieved in 90 patients (99%). The following adverse reactions were observed in 3 patients (3.3%): bradycardia, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and heart failure with QT prolongation, which were associated with heart disease. Conclusion: A favorable SVR was achieved by SOF/LDV therapy even in elderly patients, those with liver cirrhosis, or those having undergone radical treatment of liver cancer. Furthermore, a high tolerance was demonstrated, but adverse reactions associated with the heart may appear in patients with heart disease as an underlying disease; strict management during treatment is necessary.

Objective: Treatment for chronic hepatitis C has recently developed in a very rapid manner. In Japan, in September 2014, IFN-free asunaprevir (ASV) and daclatasvir (DCV) became available for combination therapy. We report the treatment outcomes achieved at our hospital using this combination therapy. Methods: Sustained virological response (SVR) 24 could be evaluated in 120 of 125 patients with chronic liver disease type C who visited our hospital and were treated with ASV/DCV after September 2014, and these patients were analyzed. Results: SVR24 was achieved in 106 patients (88%). End-of-treatment response was not achieved in 10 patients (8.3%). Five of them carried multiple-resistant NS3/4A or NS5A region, and administration was discontinued early in 4 patients due to adverse effects. After ASV/DCV treatment, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed in 2 patients (1.7%) and recurred in 5 (4.2%). Conclusions: ASV/DCV treatment achieved favorable SVR in elderly and hepatic cirrhosis patients and patients in whom HCC was cured. However, an increase in the incidence of HCC development in patients who markedly respond to direct-acting antivirals treatment is expected and surveillance of HCC becomes more important.

Objectives: Several studies revealed that the proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without hepatitis virus infection (NBNC-HCC) is increasing. On the other hand, epigenetic alterations are reportedly responsible for HCC development. Here, we identified HCC risk factors that are associated with DNA methylation in the background liver tissue of NBNC-HCC patients. Methods: We performed methylation analysis in 37 pairs of virus-positive and 22 pairs of NBNC-HCC and non-cancerous livers using a HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. After the selection of differentially methylated CpGs (DM-CpGs) in cancerous and non-cancerous livers, we analyzed DNA methylation of DM-CpGs within the adjacent non-cancerous liver tissue that is affected by specific HCC risk factors. Results: A total of 38,331 CpGs were selected as DM-CpGs using the following criteria: difference of β-value between HCC and non-cancerous liver ≥0.15 and false discovery rate (FDR) q < 1.0E-12. We subsequently selected the DM-CpGs that had methylation differences with the background liver tissue (that has FDR q < 0.35). Among the virus-positive patients, the type of hepatitis virus was mostly associated with differences in methylation within the background liver tissues. However, we found that background methylation patterns were most significantly associated with aging in NBNC patients. Interestingly, age-related methylation differences in DM-CpGs were also observed in NBNC-HCC tissues. Conclusions: Hepatitis viruses affect the methylation profiles within background liver tissues. However, difference in background methylation was mostly associated with age in NCBC-HCC patients; some age-related methylation events could contribute to emergence of NBNC-HCC in elderly individuals.