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Objectives: This paper aims to describe intentions of possibly performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among lay cardiopulmonary resuscitation trainees and to investigate the utility of the health-belief model as a theoretical model to predict those intention. Methods: We used the Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Busan data from the 2016 community health survey; 17,577 laypeople who were trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation were selected as study subjects. Results: This study showed that women, especially housewives, as well as unemployed people and patients diagnosed with a stroke are less likely to perform CPR even though they have been trained in the technique. Recent cardiopulmonary resuscitation trainees are more likely to perform CPR than previous trainees. The study also found that age is not a factor in how likely a subject is to be willing to perform CPR. Conclusion: These findings show that providing tailored interventions depending on the characteristics of the CPR trainees would increase the likelihood of them performing CPR. The study also found that re-training is important to improve trainees’ probability of performing the technique.

The effect of DC electric field on the characteristics of flame spread over polyethylene-insulated twin electrical wires was studied by varying wire gap (S) and voltage (VDC). Under an applied electric field, the flame spread rate (FSR), flame width, leaning direction of the interacting twin flames varied substantially with varying the voltage and wire gap. The flame spread rate was initially larger for the wire with negative voltage (spreading flame with negative charge; SF − ) than the wire with positive voltage (SF + ), but the two eventually became the same in the developed region when a quasi-steady state was reached. The FSR behavior could be classified into two regimes; twin flame spread (regime I) and single flame spread (regime II) after the extinction of SF+. Under regime I, three sub-regimes were identified depending on the wire gap and voltage. For the twin flame spread, the flame spread rate initially decreased with increasing voltage as the flame leaned toward the burnt wire. As the two flames interacted, the flame spread rate increased because of the ionic wind effect, and eventually decreased because of the loss of molten PE mass and the electrospray phenomenon. In regime II after the extinction of SF+, the single flame spread showed a transient behavior since the influences of electric field from burnt and unburned wire sections of SF+ wire varied with flame spread. When the voltage was increased even further, SF– was extinguished by streamer generation and, at excessive voltages, an electrical short occurred. The flame spread rates for twin flame spread were best correlated with the electric field intensity in the form of |VDC|0.91/S0.72.

Spinal surgeons have not yet considered sleep disturbance an area of concern; thus, a comprehensive study investigating the epidemiology of sleep disturbance in patients with degenerative spinal disease is yet to be conducted. This study aimed to fill this research gap by investigating the epidemiology of sleep disturbance in patients who underwent spinal surgery for degenerative spinal disease and identifying the associated risk factors. This nationwide, population-based, cohort study, used data from January 2016 and December 2018 from the Korea Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database. This study included 106,837 patients older than 19 years who underwent surgery for degenerative spinal disease. Sleep disorder was initially defined as a diagnosis of a sleep disorder made within one year before the index surgery and identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, codes F51 and G47 (main analysis). We also investigated the use of sleep medication within 90 days prior to the index surgery, which was the target outcome of the sensitivity analysis. The prevalence of sleep disturbance was precisely investigated according to various factors, including demographics, comorbidities, and spinal region. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent factors associated with sleep disturbance. The results of the statistical analysis were validated using sensitivity analysis and bootstrap sampling. The prevalence of sleep disorder was 5.5% (n = 5847) in our cohort. During the 90 days before spinal surgery, sleep medication was used for over four weeks in 5.5% (n = 5864) and over eight weeks in 3.8% (n = 4009) of the cohort. Although the prevalence of sleep disturbance differed according to the spinal region, the spinal region was not a significant risk factor for sleep disorder in multivariable analysis. We also identified four groups of independent risk factors: (1) Age, (2) other demographic factors and general comorbidities, (3) neuropsychiatric disorders, and (4) osteoarthritis of the extremities. Our results, including the prevalence rates of sleep disturbance in the entire patient population and the identified risk factors, provide clinicians with a reasonable reference for evaluating sleep disturbance in patients with degenerative spinal disease and future research.

A variety of factors, from the personal level to the social level, are associated with suicide, most previous studies have focused on individual characteristics. Of suicide attempters are related to economic factors. The experience of economic difficulties is a factor that greatly affects the life of the individual. In this study, we focus on the groups that have economic difficulties and pay attention to why they commit suicide. In order to reduce and prevent the suicide rate of the elderly, we investigate the demography and character based on elderly suicide attempters who visited the emergency room. Based on the in-depth survey data of emergency room injured patients with 20 hospitals, from January 2011 to December 2015, benefit insurance suicide in 1894 (7.09%) and other insurance suicide party for 24 821 (92.9%) people were analyzed were divided into elderly and adults. Among 26 715 eligible patients, 1894 (7.09%) patients were Medical benefit Insurance, 24 821 (92.9%) other Insurance. Medical benefits insurance was 1632 (86.2%), elderly was 262 (13.8%), young adults was 20 924 (84.3%) and elderly was 3897 (15.7%) in other Insurance. The logistic results were total deaths in hospitals were 2.75 higher in elderly, 2.86 higher in ICU hospitalization and hospital deaths and 3.73 higher in EMRISS. In the interaction model, AORs (95% CIs) of only benefit insurance elderly EMRISS than other insurance elderly was higher 3.73 (3.43–4.06). The mortality rate was not high when the medical insurance was protected.By comparing adults and suicide attempts in the elderly, we could identify the differences.

Background/Objectives: Individual things should uniquely be identified internationally, so that IoT services can be realized. Thus, a 'standardized, universal identification information system,' which can uniquely identify individual things and entities, is needed. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This study investigated the status of the use of identification schemes by industrial sector and by service through a keyword search in order to understand the global status of the use of the identification schemes. In addition, for an empirical analysis of the use of identification schemes in South Korea, a survey on the present condition of use and management of identification schemes was conducted with the entire industry sectors. Findings: As a result of a survey on the status of the use and management of identification schemes by industrial area and service investigated, it was found that identification number systems used uniquely for each industry varied. There is no standardized identification scheme used dominantly, but entry of each identification scheme into the IoT environment will play an essential role in implementing IoT service in various fields, such as smart farm, smart city, smart manufacturing, smart building, smart transportation, smart medical care, etc. Services and products in the initial stage of IoT currently implemented are themselves serving as a unique identifier or use a smart sticker or local area communication technology. In terms of technology, they are based on technologies centered on sensing and network rather than technologies about identification scheme. Application/Improvements: Not all IoT services must use an identification scheme in the future, an analysis of demands for identification schemes should precede, and based on this, a cost-benefit analysis is needed.