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A formalin-inactivated red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) vaccine was prepared using the culture supernatant of a persistently infected Pagrus major fin cell line (PI-PMF) with IVS-1 strain (RSIV subtype II Meglaocytivirus). Rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) were injected with a high-dose, ultracentrifuged megalocytivirus vaccine (Ultra HSCMV, 7.0 × 1010 copies/mL), a high-dose supernatant of cultured megalocytivirus vaccine (HSCMV, 1.0 × 1010 copies/mL), a supernatant of cultured megalocytivirus vaccine (SCMV, 1.0 × 109 copies/mL), and a low-dose of cultured megalocytivirus vaccine (LSCMV, 1.0 × 108 copies/mL). The vaccine efficacies for the various vaccine formulations were determined done following injection challenge with IVS-1 (1.0 × 104 copies/0.1 mL/fish), and the four different vaccines exhibited cumulative mortalities of 10.0 ± 0.0%, 48.3 ± 7.6%, 75.0 ± 5.0%, and 100.0 ± 0.0%, respectively. Additionally, the dose-dependent vaccine efficacy was also confirmed using two different cohabitation methods that included challenges G (general) and I (individual). When squalene + aluminum hydroxide (SqAl) was used as an adjuvant for the HSCMV or SCMV vaccine, cumulative mortalities of 30.0 ± 5.0% and 48.3 ± 7.6%, respectively, were obtained; moreover, these two adjuvants exhibited the highest efficacy in this study. The observed difference in survival post-challenge for the different vaccine concentrations was not reflected in the differences in neutralizing antibody titers. It was found that the water temperature during immune induction plays a less important a role than the water temperature during the challenge test, in which lowering the water temperature from 25 °C to 21 °C during a challenge improved the level of protection from cumulative mortalities from 35% to 10%. This study demonstrated that protection against mortality using inactivated vaccines against RSIVD in rock bream, which are known to be the most susceptible species to RSIV infection, is dependent upon antigen dose and temperature during the challenge.

Scuticociliatosis, caused by Miamiensis avidus, is a severe parasitic disease affecting marine organisms, particularly Paralichthys olivaceus. The aim of this study was to assess the antiparasitic potential of ethanolic extracts of Carpesii Fructus (EECF), the dried fruit of Carpesium abrotanoides L., which is used in traditional Chinese medicine, in vitro. We found that 50%, 70%, and 100% EECF induced morphological changes in M. avidus, including reduced motility, cell shrinkage, and lysis. Nearly 100% cell lysis was observed in M. avidus after 2 h of treating with 100% EECF. After 24 h, the survival rates of M. avidus treated with 100%, 70%, and 50% EECF were 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. Additionally, the mRNA levels of immune response-related (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, and CD8-α) and biotransformation-related (CYP1A, CYP1B, CYP3A4, and UGT2B19) genes increased with 70% and 100% EECF treatment and decreased with 50% EECF treatment following pretreatment with concanavalin A. The viability of hirame natural embryo (HINAE) cells was reduced by 50%, 70%, and 100% EECF (100 mg/L) and was between 67 and 80%. The IC50 values of 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100% EECF in HINAE cells were 102.3, 42.93, 39.15, and 38.39 mg/L, respectively. These results indicated that 50% EECF was less toxic to HINAE cells than 70% or 100% EECF, while still exhibiting antiparasitic activity against M. avidus. Therefore, we demonstrated the role of EECF as a natural antiparasitic agent against M. avidus. Our findings suggest that Carpesii Fructus has potential use as an antiparasitic agent in the aquaculture industry.

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is rare demyelinating disorder characterized by loss of myelin in the center of the basis pontis. The clinical features of CPM vary depending on the involved areas. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is thought to be useful for early detection during the acute phase, but its utility in this context has not been investigated thoroughly. We report the case of a CPM patient with normal initial DWI findings even at 1 week after symptom onset. To the best of our knowledge, no such cases of CPM have previously been reported.

한림대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 한림대학교 의과대학 강동성심병원 신경과, 울산대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 울산대학교 의과대학 서울아산병원 신경과학교실, 경희대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 제주대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 서울대학교 의과대학 보라매병원 신경과, 을지대학교 을지병 원 신경과, 인제대학교 부산백병원 신경과, 인하대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 서울대학교 의과대학 분당서울대학교병원 신경과, 인제대학교 일산 백병원 신경과, 전남대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 건국대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 영남대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 동국대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 을지대학교 을지대학병원 신경과, 순천향대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 서울의료원 신경과, 연세대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 동아대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 서울대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실 정민경·김예림·김여진·오미선·유경호·이병철·이주헌·권지현·권순억·허성혁·최재철· 권형민·박종무·김응규·나정호·박희권·배희준·한문구·홍근식·조용진·박만석· 조기현·김한영·이 준·김동억·이수주·이경복·박태환·차명진·허지회·남효석· 차재관·김철호·윤병우