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The paper deals with the implementation of research concerning the collection routes of a selected company and subsequent streamlining processes in the field of distribution logistics. Specifically, the paper is focused on the optimization of collection routes of textile waste for the customer, i.e., a contractual partner of the company under investigation. The objective of the paper is to analyse step by step the current state of logistics of supplying a specific warehouse, followed by the application of the centre of gravity method for proposing a warehouse relocation. Finally, the individual routes to collection points are optimized. In general, optimization is done for two basic reasons: profit maximization and logistics costs minimization, which ultimately has a positive impact on earnings. The outcome is to determine the optimal routes with respect to costs and traffic while considering complications that may occur in a given transport territory.

This study focuses on optimizing traffic flow at uncontrolled intersections by comparing the effectiveness of different intersection types: roundabouts, signal-controlled intersections, and turbo-roundabouts. The purpose is to determine which type offers the best solution for enhancing traffic efficiency, reducing delays, and improving safety. The research employs simulation-based modeling to analyze traffic performance under varying traffic conditions. Critical parameters such as vehicle flow rate, average delay time, and capacity are used to assess the performance of each intersection type. The results indicate that turbo-roundabouts outperform conventional roundabouts and signal-controlled intersections in terms of both capacity and reduction in delays. The findings suggest that implementing turbo-roundabouts at high-traffic intersections can significantly improve traffic flow and reduce congestion. However, the effectiveness of each solution is context-dependent, with signal-controlled intersections still being advantageous under specific conditions, particularly in highly urbanized areas. This study provides valuable insights for transportation planners and engineers, highlighting the importance of intersection design in traffic optimization.

This paper provides an analysis of the values of safety distance between the two moving vehicles, based on the parameters of the behaviour of young drivers. The main objective of this research was to determine the driver's response time for braking manoeuvre (BRT) in car-following situations. The test results were used to verify certain recommendations for the vehicle driving parameters, the principles of driver's performance to increase road traffic safety, etc. The driver's response times, determined during the testing in the simulator, were used to assess the recommended values of the safe following distance under different road conditions and various ways of driver behaviour. In the paper, for different values of BRT a safety distance in emergency traffic situations was determined.

Background: Due to the absence of unified global regulations, defining the service and legal role of freight forwarders is challenging. This, as well as the lack of a standardized limit to the freight forwarder’s liability for loss or damage to the cargo, introduces misunderstandings into his relationship with the client. The purpose of this study is to analyze the most widely used limit for freight forwarder’s liability, set in Special Drawing Rights (SDR) units, and to adjust it, which will allow for maintaining the purchasing power of the compensation amount over different periods of time. Methods: In this study, two methods of adjusting the liability limit were proposed. In accordance with the first one, the limit was adjusted considering the impact of dollar inflation on the SDR unit. The second method involves changes in the limit of liability, taking into account changes in world prices for goods. Results: The result of this study showed that the second method is more functional, helping to preserve the purchasing power of the liability limit most effectively over time. Conclusions: This study revealed the fluctuating purchasing power of the forwarder’s liability limit over time and suggests utilizing a methodology tied to changes in global goods’ prices for adjustment.

This article raises the issue of the difference in the amount of the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter CIS). The purpose of this analysis is to determine and compare the amount of responsibility of freight forwarders in different countries. The collected information will be used in the future for the possibility of considering changes in the legislative norms governing international forwarding activities. The proposal to amend the legislative norms will contain the creation of uniform conditions for the responsibility of freight forwarders, regardless of which state the entrepreneur providing forwarding services is registered in, which will simplify the process of organizing the transportation of goods. The article presents the results of the analysis of the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected countries of the European Union (hereinafter the EU), which were identified in the framework of earlier studies. Further, the conditions of responsibility of freight forwarders in CIS countries were analyzed, which were established in accordance with the legislative norms regulating the freight forwarding process. Among other things, national associations of freight forwarders were identified and differences in the responsibilities of freight forwarders in freight forwarding contracts offered by these organizations were determined. Based on the results of the analysis, a comparison of the data obtained was carried out, which can be used for further, more in-depth study of the chosen topic. Purpose. To analyze the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected CIS countries. Methodology the article used a comparative legal method of analysis. Results: the results of the analysis of the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected CIS countries have been obtained, which will be the basis for further creation of joint solutions to combine the conditions for carrying out forwarding activities in various countries. Practical implications the obtained results should be applied by economic entities engaged in international forwarding activities.

The year 1956 is a significant milestone in international road freight transport. The CMR International Convention was adopted this year. The reason for its adoption was to unify the rules in international road freight transport in connection with the contract of carriage. This step was very important not only for carrier but also for the consignee and consignor. The convention also characterizedone of the most important documents in road freight transport, which accompanies goods throughout transport. Its name is the CMR consignment note. In recent years in road transport, the original CMR consignment note has been replaced by another CMR consignment note. This practice is referred to as the neutralization of consignment note. In another consignment note, only some data are changed compared withthe original,and the goods are not handled during transport. It is an interference with the system offunctioning of transport documents, which aims to obscure the actual movement of the consignment during transport. The paper contains own research, which identifies the presumption of the existence of neutralization of transport documents in road transport. The authors also propose the use of new technologies, namely new smart tachographs, through which the sender can prevent the neutralization of documents.

The aim of innovations in road safety is to contribute to the better protection of road users and to minimize damage to their property. The main objective of this article is to identify disparities in perceptions of a front braking light by examining the road safety of road users based on their type of employment and the number of kilometers driven per year. The research will evaluate the attitudes of selected groups of road users based on the number of kilometers driven in a calendar year and whether driving a motor vehicle is their main duty as part of their job. The analysis involved 239 respondents using a paper questionnaire. Disparities in perceptions of innovations, with regard to road safety, were evaluated using contingency tables, chi-square tests, non-parametric tests, and Cramer’s V. Road users feel much safer with a front braking light when crossing traffic comprising vehicles and pedestrians (71%), at pedestrian crossings (74%), when turning left (63.4%), as well as when crossing traffic comprising multiple vehicles (62.5%). Disparities between respondents based on the type of employment of the road user were not confirmed. Road users with a higher number of driven kilometers have a more positive perception of the front braking light at pedestrian crossings.

The first and last mile part of the public transport journey are essential for the whole transport system. Its quality affects the overall experience of the passenger in public transport. It is not important how attractive are individual transport modes if the rest of the journey is unattractive for the passenger. This paper is about shared mobility and it describes the connection between the first/last mile and the public transport system. Modes of shared mobility can reduce the pressure on the city transport system. It can also bring a better modal split. The authors performed a traffic-sociological survey for processing the respondents' opinions on the use of new modes of the sharing economy. The survey showed that more than eighty per cent of people travel to work daily, but more than half of them do not use public transport.

The article presents a model designed dummy for crash test in ADAMS. The simulated model dummy has dimensions, shapes and mass corresponding to a 50-percentile man. The simulation program allows modification of the dummy parameters. It allows to study the dynamics of motion, distribution of forces and loads of individual parts of the body of the simulated model. The article describes the design process and how to select the appropriate stiffness and damping joints for the simulated dummy. The article contains the results of simulation crash tests performed in the ADAMS program, which were compared to results of the Hybryd III dummy physical crash test. The simulation is designed to reflect the greatest compliance of the movements of individual parts of the human body during the low speed collision.

Mobile phones accompany us in every area of life and at the same time keep us busy while performing other basic activities such as running, cycling, driving or walking in traffic. The problem of using cell phones while driving is of interest to many scientists around the world. This offense is severely punished in many countries. The problem of using mobile phones in moving vehicles has been largely resolved; however, there is a visible high percentage of pedestrians and cyclists who are used to checking their devices while moving in traffic. The aim of the article is to get acquainted with the issues of using mobile phones by pedestrians when crossing a pedestrian crossing and to escalate the problem. Despite the introduction of a ban on the use of mobile phones when crossing a pedestrian crossing in the Polish law on road traffic, many road users still use phones. The conducted observation shows that at least 2 out of 10 people pass through the pedestrian crossing with a mobile phone in their hand.

The question of how to regulate the salaries of drivers working in the international road transport sector to balance the promotion of free movement of persons and the integration of the market with adequate protection of workers’ rights is rather complex. The range of problems of those seeking to ensure fair competition and fair treatment of employees arises from the fact that drivers operate across Europe but come from different countries where wage standards are significantly different, along with the working conditions. The paper addresses the issue of insufficient harmonization of social conditions in relation to the remuneration of drivers involved in road transport. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there are differences in driver remuneration across the EU, even though they carry out the same transport within one EU territory as part of international road haulage. It also aims to identify whether there is a change in the terms and conditions of wage compensation over time.

The aim of our systematic review was to inspect the recently published literature on decentralized governance systems and integrate the insights it articulates on blockchain technology and smart contracts by employing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Throughout January and May 2022, a quantitative literature review of ProQuest, Scopus, and the Web of Science databases was carried out, with search terms including “city” + “blockchain technology”, “smart contracts”, and “decentralized governance systems”. As the analyzed research studies were published between 2016 and 2022, only 371 sources satisfied the eligibility criteria. A Shiny app was harnessed for the PRISMA flow diagram to include evidence-based acquired and handled data. Analyzing the most recent and relevant sources and leveraging screening and quality assessment tools such as AMSTAR, Dedoose, Distiller SR, ROBIS, and SRDR, we integrated the core outcomes and robust correlations related to smart urban governance. As data visualization tools, for initial bibliometric mapping dimensions were harnessed, together with layout algorithms provided by VOSviewer. Future research should investigate smart contract governance of blockchain applications and infrastructure using decision-making tools and spatial cognition algorithms.

V roku 1956 bol prijatý významný dokument v oblasti cestnej nákladnej dopravy - Dohovor CMR. Jeho prijatím sa zjednotili niektoré pravidlá v medzinárodnej preprave tovarov. Zjednotila sa najmä sprievodná dokumentácia zásielky a zodpovednosť cestného dopravcu. Od prijatia Dohovoru CMR sa zmenil spôsob výpočtu zodpovednosti dopravcu, ktorý zaviedol Protokol k Dohovoru CMR. Protokol zmenil systém výpočtu zodpovednosti zo zlatého franku na systém založený na zvláštnych právach čerpania Sprievodná dokumentácia je zjednotená v cestnej nákladnej doprave v podobe nákladného listu CMR. Preukázalo sa, že neutralizácia nákladného listu sa v niektorých prípadoch využíva pri podvode na odosielateľovi. Cieľom príspevku je zistiť dopad využívania neutralizácie nákladného listu na zodpovednosť dopravcu a postoj poisťovne voči dopravcovi v prípade preukázania neutralizácie nákladného listu CMR. Z dôvodu, že prijatie Protokolu nie je samozrejmosťou, existujú členské krajiny Dohovoru, ktoré Protokol neprijali. Vzhľadom na to, že v súčasnosti teda existujú dva spôsoby ohraničenia zodpovednosti cestného dopravcu, chceme taktiež poukázať na dôležitosť prijatia Protokolu k Dohovoru CMR a jeho vplyv na konkurencieschopnosť v prípade ak dopravcovi hrozí riziko z vykonania neutralizácie.

The paper deals with the issue of efficiency of public passenger transport through financial support from public funds from the perspective of improving road safety. The aim is to verify the hypothesis that financing public passenger transport from public funds is a significant tool to influence the number of passengers carried by individual automobile transport, and thus it can be used a tool for influencing road safety in a particular territory. The first part of the paper analyses the sources for financial support of public passenger transport. The next part describes the assumptions for improving road safety through increasing the support of public passenger transport. The last part analyses possible impacts of financing public passenger transport on the road safety in relation to the specified hypothesis.

This paper provides a description of driver testing in a simulator. As young drivers are more susceptible to collisions, this was done to determine how young drivers behaved in simulated road situations on a motorway. One of the traffic safety concerns is the failure to keep a proper distance from the vehicle in front, which may result in a rearend collision. The tests simulated car-following situations in which the preceding vehicle performed emergency braking. The experiments were conducted for two scenario variants using different distances from the vehicle in front. The drivers could perform the following emergency manoeuvres: braking with steering away or only braking. The driver response times were compared and analysed statistically. The results were used to determine the emergency manoeuvres performed by the drivers in the simulated road situations. The study reveals that the vehicle surroundings may have a considerable influence on the type of emergency manoeuvres and the driver response time.

There are many factors to make the price of road freight transport. A transport company that has been defined as the main business aktivity like a mediation of the transport of goods and services, has a difficult position to succeed in the market, where many companies have the same focus. It is the transport price that is important for the customer, for which the shipment is carried out. Being a transport company, the cheapest for the customer, that means getting it to carry out the transport. In this article the authors look at one of the tools more specifically, which acts on the price of making the price in road freight transport, namely the tax on motor vehicles, through which some carriers can be more competitive as other carriers on the EU transport market.

The paper deals with the issue of the influence of contract form choice of the transport services ensuring on performance contracting entity requirement. In the first part, it describes the current state of transport services financing in the Slovak Republic and risk analysis, which is related to conclusion of the service contract in the transport services ensuring. The rest of the paper defines the impact of services contracts of ensuring the transport services on performance contracting entity requirement.

The paper deals with the issue of the impact of procurement method of the transport services to the financial requirement of performance contracting entity. In the first part, it describes the current state of transport services financing in the Slovak Republic and risk analysis, which is related to transport services procurement and conclusion of the service contract in the transport services ensuring. The rest of the paper defines the impact of procurement method of the transport services to the financial requirement of performance contracting entity.

The paper defines the problem of pricing in general cargo by impact of toll in the first section. Different usage of a vehicle in individual transportation causes that it is not possible to calculate the toll uniformly for every cargo by constant price for the customer in the same transportation. The next part analyses the existing processes of the toll share for general transport described in Austria, Bohemia and Germany. None of the processes can be used for another state in general. The rest is a draft of the new method of toll share for general transport determination. Key words: transportation, pricing, cargo, toll, road

Tento článok sa zaoberá problematikou bezpečnosti v cestnej doprave a faktormi ovplyvňujúcimi bezpečnosť v cestnej premávke. Tieto faktory sú rozdelené do troch skupín: správanie vodiča, konštrukcia a stav vozidla a stav dopravnej infraštruktúry. Článok sa taktiež venuje problematike užívania alkoholu, ktorý taktiež ovplyvňuje bezpečnosť v cestnej doprave.

Príspevok rozoberá problematiku zmlúv s uvedením čistých nákladov pri obstarávaní dopravnej obslužnosti z pozície obstarávateľa dopravnej obslužnosti. Prvá časť popisuje aktuálnu situáciu vo vybraných krajinách a formy zmlúv, ktoré je možné uzatvoriť medzi obstarávateľom a dopravcom z hľadiska rizika. Ďalšia časť popisuje vplyv konkrétnej formy zmluvy na kvalitu a rozsah dopravnej obslužnosti.

Príspevok popisuje vplyv sociálneho práva v cestnej doprave na náklady konkrétneho dopravcu a tým aj na jeho cenotvorbu. Príspevok porovnáva požiadavky sociálneho práva kladené na vodičov cestnej dopravy v EÚ a porovnáva ich s požiadavkami vo vybraných ďalších štátoch (USA, Kanada, Austrália, Nový Zéland). V ostatnej časti príspevok na konkrétnych modeloch poukazuje na vplyv predpisov na náklady dopravcu a následne na cenotvorbu v cestnej doprave.

Príspevok obsahuje analýzu rizík, ktoré ovplyvňujú primeraný zisk. Riziká sú rozdelené na dve skupiny: nákladové a výnosové riziká. Príspevok popisuje možnosti rozdelenia rizík medzi zmluvné strany zabezpečenia dopravnej obslužnosti. V ostatnej časti príspevku je definovaný vzťah medzi primeraným ziskom a rizikom v hromadnej osobnej doprave.

Príspevok rozoberá problematiku optimalizácie dopravnej obslužnosti hromadnou osobnou dopravou. V prvej časti rozoberá postavenie hromadnej osobnej dopravy v SR. Ďalšia časť príspevku popisuje požiadavky na zabezpečenie dopravnej obsluž-nosti v regionálnej hromadnej osobnej doprave.

The paper deals with analysis of market access in forwarding. The paper analyzes the market access for forwarding the following countries: Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Austria and U. S. A.

Príspevok rozoberá problematiku nízko-emisných zón v Európe. V súčasnosti v Európe existuje viacej ako 270 nízko-emisných zón, v ktorých je obmedzený alebo spoplatnený vjazd niektorých vozidiel. Cieľom príspevku je poukázať na zmeny, ktoré v rámci nízko-emisných zón nastali na konci roku 2011, resp. s platnosťou od januára 2012.

Príspevok rozoberá problematiku udržania cestujúcich v hromadnej osobnej doprave. V prvej časti sa venuje politike tvorby cestovných dokladov. Poukazuje na výhody časových cestovných dokladov pre dopravcu a pre cestujúceho. V ostatnej časti predstavuje ďalšie možnosti získania zákazníkov.

The goal of this paper is to present the possibilities for optimalization of public financial sources for provision of public transport. This paper proposes to cancel financing of operations and public financial sources on financing of transport service. The transport service has to be depended on transportation flow in region.

Príspevok rozoberá problematiku preukazovania odpočinku vodiča v cestnej doprave. V úvode príspevok uvádza dôvody, kedy je možné použiť formulár. Príspevok upozorňuje, že formulár sa nepoužíva pri pravidelných denných a týždenných odpočinkoch. V ďalšej časti príspevok obsahuje návod preukazovania odpočinku vodiča pri analógových aj digitálnych tachografoch.

The submission defines a problem of pricing in general cargo by impact of toll in the first part. A different usage of the vehicle in individual transportation causes that it is not possible to calculated the toll uniformly for all cargos by constant price for customer in same transportation keeping. In the rest part is a draft of the new method of toll share for general transport determination processed.

Príspevok rozoberá problematiku zadávania zmlúv o službách vo verejnom záujme. V prvej časti analyzuje požiadavky nariadenia (ES) č. 1370/2007 o službách vo verejnom záujme v železničnej a cestnej osobnej doprave. Druhá časť uvádza odporúčaný postup pri zadávaní zmlúv o službách vo verejnom záujme. Postup pozostáva zo štyroch krokov: identifikácia cieľov, vypracovanie zmluvy, zadanie zmluvy a monitorovanie.

The paper deals with the issue of tariff-making of national road freight transport in the SR. It describes the possibility of using the indicative rates up of association ČESMAD Slovakia through its conversion The contribution shows the possibility to apply to use their own average speed of the carrier in the preparation of tariffs The paper elaborated a model example of conversion rates.

Príspevok rozoberá problematiku odmeňovania vodičov v cestnej nákladnej doprave. V prvej časti príspevok popisuje problémy nedostatku vodičov. Ďalšia časť príspevku popisuje proces personálneho plánovania vo vzťahu k získaniu nových vodičov a udržaniu existujúcich vodičov. Ostatná časť príspevku popisuje mzdové formy v podniku cestnej dopravy.

Náklady na elektronické mýto predstavujú dôležité náklady dopravcu. Tento príspevok analyzuje vývoj poplatkov za používanie cestnej siete vo vybraných štátoch: Nemecku, Českej republike, Rakúsku, Poľsku, Maďarsku, Belgicku, Holandsku, Luxembursku, Švédsku, Dánsku a Švajčiarsku.Príspevok tiež analyzuje vývoj sadzieb a rozsah spoplatnenia cestnej siete v Slovenskej republike.

Príspevok rozoberá problematiku vývoja prepravných výkonov v hromadnej osobnej doprave. Analyzuje mestskú hromadnú dopravu, regionálnu dopravu a diaľkovú dopravu. V ostatnej časti príspevok porovnáva jednotlivé druhy dopravy z hľadiska času prepravy s individuálnym motorizmom.

Príspevok sa zaoberá problematikou zasielateľstva a sprostredkovania prepravy. Príspevok poukazuje na správne používanie pojmov predovšetkým v právnej oblasti a taktiež poukazuje na možné problémy súvisiace s nesprávne používanými pojmami. V ostatnej časti príspevku je uvedený rozdiel medzi zasielateľstvom a sprostredkovaním prepravy z pohľadu objednávateľa.