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The structure of the magmatic system beneath subaerial volcanos, including the architecture and distribution of the bodies where magma is stored and the network of conduits that transport melt between these accumulations and the surface, plays a fundamental role in all aspects of volcano construction and evolution, from igneous differentiation to hazard assessment. However, due to inaccessibility, little is known about the geometry of the magma bodies residing beneath subaerial volcanos. Mid-ocean ridges host the most extensive magmatic system on Earth, with 98% of its length below the ocean surface, which makes them an ideal target to be scanned by controlled-source marine seismic techniques. Beneath some portions of this vast system, the shallowest magma bodies are present and represented by long-linear Axial Magma Lenses (AML). It is at these shallow-most AMLs where dikes nucleate and connect the magma accumulations to the surface to result in an eruption. To explore the magma plumbing systems at mid-ocean ridges, we use 3-D multichannel seismic data across a mid-ocean ridge environment and apply advanced marine seismic techniques to develop the highest resolution reflection images of the AMLs so far. The data were collected across a magmatically dynamic portion of the East Pacific Rise at 9°50’N with documented dike intrusion and eruptions in 1991/1992 and 2005/06.The observations indicate that the magma reservoirs in the shallow crust are not represented by smooth bodies, but show strongly lineated topography that is spatially linked to the distribution of eruptive fissures and erupted lavas above. In the detailed topography, we find evidence for: 1) a dike root zone beneath where a caldera-like axial eruptive fissure zone is present, 2) deep excavation of this root zone within the primary eruption site for the last documented eruption, and 3) dikes rupturing from edges as well as the center of magma lenses. We also demonstrate that the distribution of additional, off-axis crustal magma accumulations further impact the stresses and melt budget at shallow-level magma accumulations leading to more frequent eruptions. Our results show that the mechanism behind eruptions along mid-ocean ridges is predominantly bottom-up and not fundamentally different from the eruptions’ mechanism at subaerial volcanoes. Considering the fine-scale morphology of shallow magma bodies will be critical for future generations of more realistic numerical models to aid in effective global volcanic hazard assessment and mitigation.

The promotion of fortified towns, as Serbia’s significant cultural heritage, represents a major element of tourism development. The main goals of this paper are to highlight the tourism potential of fortifications in Serbia and to investigate the prospect of creating a cultural route of fortified towns. The route is comprised of six fortresses. This article applies CREM (Cultural Route Evaluation Model) to assess the tourism potential of fortified towns and the possibility of linking them in a thematic route. The CREM model provided principal information about the possibilities of developing cultural routes, and details about the sites’ requirements. Furthermore, it identified the main areas in need of improvement at each fortress to be visited by a substantial number of tourists in the upcoming period.

The main goal of this study is to emphasise the geotourism potential and the values of geoethics as drivers of rural development in the territory of the Knjaževac municipality, which is one of the richest areas in Serbia in terms of geoheritage. Numerous objects of geomorphological and hydrological heritage stand out in an area of 1,202 km2. Despite this richness in geoheritage, the potential of geotourism development has been ignored by many stakeholders, and the geoheritage of this area has not been sufficiently explored and proposed for tourism purposes. This study makes an inventory of geosites in the municipality of Knjaževac. The selected sites were evaluated by applying the Modified Geosite Assessment Model to discover the most suitable geosites for future geotourism development, in order to select the geosite that possesses the greatest geotourism potential to support rural development. The results uncover information about the major areas of improvement for each evaluated geosite. Moreover, areas that demand more attention and better management in the upcoming period to become recognisable geotourism destinations were identified. It is pointed out that geoethical implications in geosite management can contribute to sustainable geoconservation in Eastern Serbia.

The Gornje Polimlje has all characteristics of the geographical region, which some of the areas, or just part of them, left many author's works of impassable value. The northeastern part of Montenegro possesses, in qualitative and quantitative aspects, an enormous wealth of natural values. It was unexpectedly and unacceptably economically neglected in the last fifty years in Montenegro's development. The paper aims to present the natural resources of the Gornje Polimlje region and the way of their valorization in the function of equal development of this region. Tourism is seen as an activity that would produce great economic results with the least negative impact on nature. The conclusion is that natural resources are either underutilized or utilized in the wrong way. Further development should be based on the exploitation of natural resources, first of all on the development of sustainable tourism and the use of renewable energy sources.

Mt. Stara Planina is located in the eastern part of the Republic of Serbia and represents the westernmost part of the large mountain massif of the Balkans. Both endogenous and exogenous forces created interesting geomorphological and hydrological features for geotourism development in this area. This article proposes a preliminary list of geomorphological and hydrological sites and analyses them to reveal which geosite possesses geotourism potential. This research was carried out by applying the modified geosite assessment model. In this article, ten geosites were singled out based on the degree of their attractiveness for geotourism development. The results reveal information about the key fields of improvement for each evaluated geosite, and identify which areas require more attention and better management in the upcoming period for Mt. Stara Planina to become a well-known geotourism destination that would attract a large number of tourists in the future.

150 145 М30 М33 Rockfalls are common in hilly and mountainous areas, especially along roads with engineered slopes and cuts. Such is the case for most of the state and local road routes in Central, Serbia, which was the subject in this case study. A road network of 276 km covering roughly 1700 km2 between the cities of Kraljevo, Čačak and Ivanjica is presented. Assessing of such wide areas needs to be conducted from large to site-specific scale, i.e., using GIS spatial tools and 2D-3D stability models, respectively. The regional scale of assessment using GIS tools was in focus. The primary input was the Digital Terrain Model, obtained from open data ALOS mission at 12.5 m resolution, as well as appropriate sheets of geological maps at 100k scale. The first step was to delineate areas that can host unstable blocks by inspecting planar sliding kinematic condition against available data. These included raster data (slope angle and azimuth) but also, point-based data (discontinuities’ strike, dip and friction angle) which had to be estimated or interpolated across the area by various GIS operations. In total, there were nearly 5000 potential detachments delineated. Further step was to run the rockfall simulation by using these detachment zones as initiation sources in a simple kinetic model CONEFALL, standalone software. The output model simulated several thousands of rockfalls, with various runout distance (

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In a time of fierce competition in the tourist services market, it is very important to pay attention to businesses' service orientation towards end users. Service orientation can be considered as a competitive advantage on the demanding tourism market. In this study, the relationship between service orientation, job satisfaction and empowerment among the employees of Serbian travel agencies is examined. A survey was conducted through an online questionnaire. The survey included a total of 94 respondents. The study is aimed at investigating the connection between employee service orientation, job satisfaction and empowerment. The paper also investigates whether there are significant differences between the measured variables among the employees with and without tourism education. The results showed that job satisfaction had a significant impact on service orientation. The impact of empowerment on service orientation proved to be a less significant statistical variable. According to the research study, job satisfaction occurs as a mediator between empowerment and service orientation. Also, there is no statistically significant relationship between the measured variables and tourism-related education.

In this paper, the assessment of the sensitivity of the soil in the rural area of Čukarica municipality to the processes of degradation is considered. Land areas, especially in the vicinity of large cities, are exposed to numerous processes of degradation: soil erosion, urban and industrial zone expansion at the expense of fertile agricultural soils, activation of landslides and a number of other significant ecological problems. Based on the characteristics of the research area, the MEDALUS (Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use) model was applied, and for the assessment of sensitivity to the processes of degradation the main quality indicators were considered: soil, climate, vegetation and management. For each of the analyzed quality indicators, parameter groups were identified. Each parameter is quantified according to the defined method by giving them a sensitivity coefficient between 1.0 and 2.0. ArcGIS 10.0 has been applied to analyze and prepare layers of quality maps. Subsequently, the geometric mean for all four quality indicators was used to generate the map of environmental sensitivity to degradation. The results obtained show that 41.54% of the study area is classified as critical; 22.34% of the surface as fragile; 8.47% of the areas are potentially endangered and 9.58% not threatened to degradation processes. The results have also shown that MEDALUS model is a functional tool for simulations which support sustainable land management in the areas prone to degradation. Keywords: MEDALUS, Land degradation, Landslides, Human pressures, GIS mapping

The turbulent geological past of the southeastern part of Serbia, along with the influence of the Nišava River, has created a rich and complex geodiversity. However, the geotourism potential of this area remains fully unrevealed. This paper proposes an inventory of geosites in the Niš City area (southeast Serbia) and analyses them to reveal which geosite possesses the greatest geotourism potential. The selected sites were evaluated by applying the Modified Geosite Assessment Model (M-GAM) to discover the most suitable geosites for future geotourism development. The main goal of this study is to emphasize the geotourism potential of the Niš City area and establish the current state and geotourism potential of geosites located there. The results point out that further geotourism development should primarily be focused on Cerjanska cave and Sićevo gorge. The results reveal information about the key fields of improvement for each evaluated geosite. Also, results identify which areas require more attention and better management in the upcoming period for this area to become a geotourism destination that would attract a larger number of tourists in the future.

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М30 М33 In the climate-changing conditions, geological environment interacts more dramatically with the urban fabric than before. The urbanization is expansive and more aggressive than before, but so are the weather extremes and long-term climate trends. In effect, many processes which can be triggered by either side, nature or engineering, are becoming more pervasive than before, and such is the case with landslides. Dealing and managing landslides requires few crucial steps, starting from collecting data on landslide location and typology – inventorying, estimating zones of their spatial probability exceedance, appending zones of their increased temporal probability for a given return period, and finally, estimating which elements at risk these exceeded probabilities can affect and at what level. In this work, a practical case is represented to illustrate all these steps and demonstrate successful implementation of complete landslide assessment (from landslide inventory to risk or early-warning system). The practical example considers the case of the City of Tuzla in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is known for instabilities due to rugged steep slopes, but also destabilizing effects of underground and open pit mining, which has a long tradition in Tuzla. However, the main motive for considering this case study lies in severe landslidng episode triggered during the heavy rainstorm in mid-May 2014. The landslide inventory was compiled by a combination of historic and post-2014 field reports, while all other inputs, including geological, geomorphologic and environmental factors were coming from a separate detailed study on flooding and landsliding hazard in the City of Tuzla. The inventory of element at risk, in this case the housing sector, represented by weighted population density, was also very important input, which needed to be prepared cautiously, using as realistic estimations on population distribution as possible. Eventually, overlapping spatial and temporal dimension of the process, as well as detailed element at risk inventory, resulted in a very detailed, very realistic landslide risk map. The map depicts realistic risk distribution over the populated areas. Intermediate models, such as susceptibility, exposure, hazard etc., as well as the final risk model suggests good performance, both visually and numerically (high accurancy >75% and AUC of >0.85) and justifies landslide assessment in the future for many aspects of urban planning and related decision-making.

М30 М33 The Selanac debris flow is a very huge event triggered after extreme rainfall caused by Cyclone Tamara activity in the Republic of Serbia in May 2014. The Selanac case study was already modelling in different programs using Voellmy rheology assumptions like RAMMS software. In this paper research are focusing particularly on the process of debris flowing from initiation zone to main deposition area using Geoflow SPH two-phase model considering frictional rheology law. Main rheological parameters are back-calculated using also Voellmy turbulent coefficient where best-fitted parameter was 1000 m/s2. The amount of entrainment material was included and calculated using Hungr approach. Apart from detail engineering geological mapping of debris flow, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) are used for validation of models, since depths and dimension of occurrence do not allow using regular geotechnical investigations. Validation of results was made by comparing against the field investigation and high resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM), also. Final models show accurate results comparing to the depths in deposition zone, but actual run-out distance of debris flow was longer than the measured run-out distance obtained by the SPH simulation model. Also, simulation results show heights and volume change as well as depths of eroded material, which are in accordance with previous research results. It can be concluded that the SPH simulation model is capable to obtain reasonable results and properly back-calculate the deposition depth and run-out distance.

Danas se mehanika stena posebno brzo razvija u oblasti: monitoringa optičkim i drugim postupcima, eksploatacije čvrstih, tečnih i gasovitih mineralnih sirovina, diskretnog modelovanja (Discrete Element Modeling) sa mrežama pukotina (Discrete Fracture Network) i interpretaciji strukturnih i petrografskih podataka iz fotogrametrijskih i laserskih metoda. Vrše se i ispitivanja u oblasti interpretacije rezultata infracrvenih termalnih merenja za potrebe detektovanja npr. materijalnih mostova unutar stenske mase, kao i ispitivanje šupljina unutar stenske mase kosmičkim zracima (mionima). Tehnološki razvoj omogućio je primenu 3D štampača, a skorija ispitivanja ukazuju na mogućnost primene 3D štampe na nivou mineralnih zrna. Veliki napredak ostvaren je u segment rezanja i bušenja kroz čvrstu stensku masu, gde se primenjuju termalni, laserski i plazmeni postupci topljenja i zamaranja stene. Primena veštačke inteligencije danas je sve prisutnija u mehanici stena. U monografiji se izučavaju teorijski i praktični aspekti primene mehanike stena za rešavanje problema stabilnosti kosina. Knjiga je jednim svojim delom prilagođena studentima master studija Rudarsko-geološkog fakulteta kao i inženjerima – geotehničarima u praksi, ali je mogu koristiti i rudarski i građevinski inženjeri u obimu koji im je potreban. Veliki deo materije prevazilazi obim koji je neophodan studentu ili inženjeru i pogodan je za onoga ko želi da se dalje usavršava u ovoj oblasti. Reference navedene na kraju knjige omogućavaju zainteresovanom čitaocu da produbi svoje znanje iz oblasti koja ga zanima. Knjiga je podeljena u šest poglavlja i koncipirana je tako da se, pored teorijskih znanja, savladaju i osnovni principi projektovanja u stenskoj masi. М40 М42

This paper is representing a successful application and comparison of heuristic and deterministic landslide hazard assessment modelling. The advantages of deterministic model, which quantify hazard more plainly and more transparently, are herein emphasized, as they are usually better accepted by potential end users, i.e., decision makers. However, applying deterministic model on large scale is always challenging due to data shortage and uncertainty. Presented example appears to be applicable in road management, i.e. assessment of landslide hazard exposure of the road network. The case study involved Polog region in North Macedonia, modeled for two types of landslides by two different models. The first included shallow translational sliding mechanism and implementation of SINMAP model, while the second included flow mechanism and implementation of RAMMS model. Both models resulted in concurrent map products, suitable for further use in road network decision making. The latter was identified particularly useful when it can be back analyzed on the basis of recent real flow example with sufficient documentation, such as examples from Polog region in 2015 when massive failures occurred following rainstorm and flooding. In comparison to conventional heuristic map which was created in previous research for the same area, the new maps were more difficult to parameterize, with sufficient certainty, so back analysis is a very useful convenience of this particular case study. In conclusion, regional scale deterministic landslide assessment is desirable tool for standard applications in planing and decision making, but it is also recommendable to use it in combination with expert-driven heuristic outputs.

The results of material entrainment analysis in RAMMS debris flow software, as well as numerical models of final flow heights for two case studies from the Republic of Serbia are presented. Both cases were triggered after extreme rainfall period in May 2014. These debris flow processes started with initial sliding of huge volume block, prolonging to behave as flowing process. They are situated in different regions of country and quite different in sense of geology, gravel size, geometry etc. Results of the analysis showed that entrainment material affects final results of transportation model, runout distance, deposition area and volume of debris flow. In both cases entrainment volume is very huge, but it is much less than initial volume (about 11% of total volume in both case studies). Final results are validated with pre- and post- event DEMs (Digital Elevation Models and analysis of ERT geophysical results.

The main results of recent activities on IPL210 Project summarize rainfall event, rainfall-induced landslides and their characteristics including type of movement, type of material involved and state of activity in two different regions in Serbia both affected by same extreme rainfall event in May 2014. In both regions dominant type of movement was sliding, but with different ratio between debris and soil as material involved. The analysis showed that there are no significant differences between first activated and reactivated landslides if two regions are compared. 273 267 M10 М14

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) is an invasive oligophagous pest native to southeastern Asia. The first documented report of this pest in Serbia was in 2014. The insect is a pest of healthy and physiologically mature (ripening) soft fruits. The aim of the study was to determine the efficiency of different types of baited traps in mass trapping specimens of this species in raspberry plantings. Five types of blends (attractants) were used for mass trapping. The experiment was set up on May 27th, 2017. Inspection and sample collections were carried out at 7-10 day intervals from June 4th to July 31st, 2017. Based on the analysed field data, we confirmed that standard trap S was the most efficient, with 8099 specimens caught in the experimental period. The number of caught specimens decreased in the deployed traps, as follows: trap T4 (695), trap T3 (682), trap T2 (643), and trap T1 (482) as the least efficient. Statistical analyses showed very significant differences between the standard trap and trap T1, and significant differences between the standard trap and the other trap types in the average number of caught specimens. No significant differences in trapping were found between the other trap types.

The main goal of this study is to explore the motivation and constraints among domestic geotourists in Serbia. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 303 respondents from Serbia who have visited geosites within the Middle and Lower Danube region in Serbia during the past three years. The initial results were obtained through an exploratory factor analysis which revealed five motivating factors (Visiting attractions, Research and prestige, Rest and relaxation, Acquiring new knowledge and Friends) and four constraints factors (Structural, Lack of time, Lack of information and recommendation and Inter/Intrapersonal). Ranking the factors further revealed that “Acquiring new knowledge” motivates geotourists the most while Structural constraints are the main demotivator. Further analysis by using ANOVA and T-test for independent samples revealed significant differences between gender and educational groups, and the results show that women are more motivated than men by the factor related to acquiring new knowledge, while those with master’s or doctoral degrees consider the factor related to friends less important than those with lower degrees. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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The Sokobanja basin is an area in Eastern Serbia with diverse geological and geomorphological features. Also, it is an area with developed spa tourism. The Sokobanja basin has numerous geoheritage features, which tourist potential has not been discovered yet. In this article, several geosites were analyzed, which present significant geoheritage formations. Geosites were selected by authors of this article based on the degree of their attractiveness for the geotourism development. The main goal of this article is to emphasize the geotourism potential of the Sokobanja basin and to determine the current state and geotourism potential of evaluated geosites by applying the modified geosite assessment model (M-GAM). A total of seven geosites were evaluated throughout the basin. The values of the investigated parameters were entered into the matrix of the M-GAM based on the number of points. Based on the research and the results obtained, it can be concluded that the Sokobanja basin has the potential for the development of geotourism, but it is necessary to improve additional values to become a true geotourism destination.

“Praktikum iz inženjerske geologije” namenjen je: studentima Osnovnih akademskih studija na Studijskom program Geotehnika za obavezne pred mete “Principi inženjerkse geologije”, “Metode inženjerskogeoloških istraživanja” i “Inženjerska geodinamika”; zatim studentima Osnovnih akademskih studija Studijskih programa Geofizika, Hidrogeologija i Geologija (odnosno ekvivalentnim programima koji su trenutno u procesu akreditovanja) koji slušaju izborni predmet “Inženjerska geologija”; kao i studentima Diplomskih (Master) akademskih studija Studijskog programa Geotehnika za obavezni predmet “Geološki hazardi”. Praktikum sadrži ukupno 33 vežbe, koje se sastoje od tekstualnog uvoda i zadataka i odgovarajućih pratećih materijala (u digitalnom formatu) potreb nih za njihovu realizaciju. Uz ove materijale priložena je i odgovarajuća do datna literatura, tehničko uputstvo za izradu vežbi i formulari evidencije vežbi. Organizacija i sadržaj vežbi u svemu prati nastavne jedinice koje su predviđene kurikulumom navedenih predmeta. Predviđena je kabinetska realizacija vežbi, ali je za pojedine vežbe potreban i organizovan terenski obilazak. Većina vežbi je koncipirana tako da se može uraditi u terminu prema planu i program kursa (u standardnim ili računarskim učionicama), ali postoji i izvestan broj vežbi koji od studenata zahteva dodatni angažman i rad od kuće u vidu seminarskih radova i domaćih zadataka, kao i rad na terenu. “Praktikum iz inženjerske geologije” je elektronska publikacija, urađena u licenciranom program Mediator 9 (MatchWare). Uz CD je dato i uputstvo za korišćenje sadržaja Praktikuma. Без категорије Без категорије

98 91 М30 М33 Клизиште Умка је једно од највећих насељених активних клизишта у Србији. Активност клизишта Умка се прати већ више од 85 година, различитим геотехничким и геодетским техникама. Од 2010. године, активност kлизишта се континуирано прати у реалном времену аутоматизованим перманентним системом за праћење базираним на Глобалним навигационим сателитским системима (ГНСС). Поред тога, од 2018. године активност клизишта се додатно прати кинематичким ГНСС одређивањем положаја скупа карактеристичних тачака као и применом UAV фотограметрије. Главни циљ овог рада је приказ резултата опажања три мерне епохе добијених ГНСС кинематичким позиционирањем карактеристичних тачака клизишта Умка. The Umka landslide is one of the biggest inhabited active landslides in Serbia. The Umka landslide activity has been monitored for a period longer than 85 years, by various geotechnical and geodetic techniques. Since 2010, landslide activity has been continuously monitored by automated permanent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based monitoring system in real time. Furthermore, since 2018 landslide activity has been monitored by GNSS kinematic positioning of a set of characteristic points as well as by UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) photogrammetry. The main issue of this paper is the presentation of the results gained with GNSS kinematic positioning of characteristic points of Umka landslide within three observation epochs.

This paper presents the results of laboratory research of physical and mechanical properties of fly ash and mixtures of fly ash and slag from landfills of thermal power plants “Nikola Tesla” and “Kostolac” in terms of their use for road embankments construction. Following mechanical material properties were tested: unified compressive strength (UCS), shear strength, deformability, CBR, and resistance to frost. Results of the study have shown that waste materials from Serbian thermal power plants can be successfully used as the building and reconstruction material for road subgrade. This can bring multiple economic benefits, such as: saving of natural materials, lower energy consumption, lower pollution of environment, and less waste landfill areas.

In this article, we are elaborating an example of predictive rockfall assessment by using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) in monitoring a road cut, hosted in flysch rock formation, near Ljig in Serbia. A sequence of rockfall events from 2013-2019 is presented, while the cut has been more broadly investigated in our earlier work. Beside occasional rockfalls which are routinely detected by annual TLS monitoring, it was possible to track the pre-failure deformations preceding a series of rockfalls, reaching 0.3 m3 in volume with 0.5 annual reoccurrence probability. Monitoring enabled identification of subtle displacements of about 1 cm after the first event in 2014 and keeping track of its progression. After a series of events in the following years, we were able to define the pre-failure threshold which can be applied to the adjacent rock blocks, assuming a similar block volume. It also enabled us to anticipate and simulate the event before it happens. This approach allows planning, prevention and protection, and there is a great deal of interest to standardize it for high-risk slopes and cuts in rock masses.