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In this work, we propose a 3D dynamic optimization model that enables the design of an underground mine ore pass system with uncertainties. Ore transportation costs and ore pass development costs are quantified by triangular fuzzy numbers. Transportation costs are treated as production costs, and they vary over the duration of mining operation, while development costs of ore passes are treated as an investment, and they are treated as constant. The developed model belongs to the class of fuzzy 0–1 linear programming models, where the fuzzy objective cost function achieves a minimum value, with respect to given set of techno-dynamic constraints. Searching for optimal value in the fuzzy environment is a hard task, and because of that, we developed a new ranking function which transforms the fuzzy optimization model into a crisp one. A triangular fuzzy number can be presented as a triangular graph G(V,E) composed of vertices and edges. The x-coordinate of the Torricelli point of a triangular graph presents the crisp value of a triangular fuzzy number. The use of this model lets us know the optimal number of ore passes, optimal location of ore passes, and optimal dynamic ore transportation plan.

Praktikum iz Тehnologije materijala napisan je saglasno nastavnom programu za predmet Tehnologija materijala, koji se izučava na Rudarsko-geološkom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu. Pisan je sa ciljem da studentima II godine osnovnih akademskih studija na studijskim programima: Rudarsko inženjerstvo, Inženjerstvo zaštite životne sredine i Inženjerstvo nafte i gasa, pruži potrebne informacije za rešavanje računskih zadataka i praćenje eksperimentalnih vežbi koje obrađuju sve oblasti koje se izučavaju u okviru kursa. Без категорије Без категорије

Excessive delays of railway traffic at border crossing points as a consequence of poor planning of border crossing procedures lower the performance of train service, increase its cost and reduce the satisfaction of shippers. Mid-term prediction of traffic flows may improve the process of planning border-crossing activities. In this paper, we model the intensity of cross-border railway traffic on the Alpine-Western Balkan Rail Freight Corridor (AWB RFC). For each of the four border crossing points: Dimitrovgrad, Presevo, Sid and Subotica, time series composed of 102 monthly export and import railway freight traffic observations are used for training and testing of alternative forecasting models. Traditional ARIMA, Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network, hybrid ARIMA-LSTM and Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) models, are fitted to each of the eight time series. To enable the practical applicability of the proposed approach the “Best fit forecast” tool is developed.

As a way of exploitation in mining operation, mass blasting has the more application. However, usage the large amount of explosives leads to increasing the negative blasting effects. By the negative blasting effects, we mean seismic effect of blasting, sound effect, scattering of blasted rock mass, etc. In order to protect environment from shock when performing blasting it is necessary to define rock mass oscillation equation for each working site. This paper offers the analysis of the method for defining parameters of the oscillation equation. To define parameters in the rock mass oscillation equation, we have used five models. The first model represents a usual model – method of Least Squares. The second model is based on the quotient of the value of the equal number of experimental data of oscillation velocity and corresponding reduced distances. The third model is based on defining parameters of oscillation equation by applying Lagrange’s theorem. The fourth model is based on defining parameters for oscillation equation by applying the quotient of relative oscillation velocity increments and reduced distances. As the result of numerous measuring’s there has been noted that the value of one of the parameters in the oscillation equation is within the limits from 1 to 3, however most frequently from 1 to 2. On the basis of this as well as on the basis of oscillation equation characteristic, the value of one parameter was adopted. Thus, we got a new rock mass 292 oscillation equation which is now simpler, and we designated it as the fifth model. On the basis of calculation on concrete example of mass blasting, it has been stated that all mentioned models may be used in order to calculate rock mass oscillation velocity

102 96 М30 М33 Savremeno rudarstvo, a pogotovo masovna eksploatacija metaličnih ležišta, ne bi se mogla zamisliti bez primene eksploziva. Rudarstvo je privredna grana, gde su eksplozivi našli najširu primenu za eksploataciju čvrstih mineralnih sirovina. Primena energije eksploziva dovodi do poboljšanja tehničkoekonomskih pokazatelja pri eksploataciji mineralnih sirovina, ali i do pojave negativnih efekata koji prate radove na miniranju. Eksplozivni materijali u rudarstvu, geologiji i drugim delatnostima, svojim dejstvom narušavaju prirodnu sredinu u vidu drobljenja, razbacivanja komada stene, vazdušnih udara, pojave sezmičkih efekata, pojave gasova itd. Najvažniji uslov, pri korišćenju eksplozivnih sredstava, je da pomenuti efekti pre svega ne utiču nepovoljno na ljude, kao i da ne oštećuju stambene ili industrijske objekte, koji se mogu naći u polju njihovog dejstva. U ovom radu prikazana je analiza seizmičkog dejstva eksplozije na okolne objekte, koje je nastalo kao posledica miniranja pri izradi tunela Golubac kod Golupca, Istočna Srbija. S obzirom da u našoj zemlji još nisu doneti propisi kojima se reguliše nivo potresa koji nastaje kao posledica miniranja, ocena seizmičkog dejstva miniranja određena je na osnovu kriterijuma IFZ Akademije nauka Rusije, kriterijuma u SR Nemačkoj i kriterijuma prema USA normama. Modern mining cannot be imagined without usage the explosives, especially the mass mining of metal deposits. Mining is an economic branch where explosives found the extensive application for exploitation the hard mineral raw materials. Usage the energy of explosive leads to technical-economic indicators improvement during the mineral raw materials mining but also leads to appearance of negative effects that follow blasting works. Explosive materials in mining, geology and other activities violate the natural environment by their effect in sight of crushing, scattering of rock pieces, air strikes, appearance the seismic effects, appearance the harmful gases etc. During the usage of explosives, the most important requirement is that the mentioned effects primarily do not unfavourable influence on people, as well as that they do not damage the residential and industrial objects that can be found in the field of their effect. This paper presents an analysis of seismic effect of explosion on the surrounding objects that is caused as a result of blasting works during the tunnel construction Golubac near Golubac, East Serbia. Considering that standards that regulate the level of shock caused by blasting still not created in our country, the seismic effect evaluation of blasting is determined based on criterion of IFZ Russian Academic of Science, criterion of SR in Germany and criterion according to USA standards.

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Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) is a supporting tool which is widely spread in different areas of science and industry. Many researchers have confirmed that MCDM methods can be useful for selecting the best solution in many different problems. In this paper, two novel methods are presented and applied on existing decision-making processes in the mining industry. The first method is multiple criteria ranking by alternative trace (MCRAT) and the second is ranking alternatives by perimeter similarity (RAPS). These two novel methods are demonstrated in decision-making problems and compared with the ranking of the same alternatives by other MCDM methods. The mining process often includes drilling and blasting operations as the most common activities for exploitation of raw materials. For optimal blasting design it is important to select the most suitable parameters for the blasting pattern and respect characteristics of the working environment and production conditions. By applying novel methods, how to successfully select the most proper blasting pattern respecting all conditions that must be satisfied for economic aspects and the safety of employees and the environment is presented.

172 167 М30 М33 Metamorphites of the series “Vranjska banja” built predominantly of high crystallinity schist series, alternately layered double mica, gneiss, leptonite and micaschist. For the construction of the “Prvonek” dam were carried out laboratory investigations of dynamic and static elastic properties on micashist and gneiss samples in the perpendicular and parallel direction to the foliation. These investigations provided monitoring of the rock mass anisotropy properties and greater reliability of the design parameteres. As the design of mining and construction facilities becomes more demanding, such investigations are becoming increasingly standard in complicated geological environments.

М60 М63 Primena energije eksploziva tj. miniranje, predstavlja osnovni način eksploatacije čvrstih mineralnih sirovina u rudarstvu. Miniranjem se postižu vrlo povoljni tehnoekonomski pokazatelji, koje nažalost prate i negativni efekti miniranja. U cilju zaštite životne sredine potrebno je za svaku radnu sredinu odrediti jednačinu oscilovanja stenske mase pri miniranju. Ova jednačina definiše promenu brzine oscilovanja stenske mase u zavisnosti od rastojanja, količine eksploziva, uslova izvođenja miniranja i geoloških karakteristika stenske

М30 М31

Accurate metal price forecasting is the precondition for optimal and sustainable mine production planning. This paper combined two methods for time series analysis. The developed model represents the combination of the Grey System Theory and a Stochastic differential equation. More precisely, we added stochastic term to the first-order whitenization differential equation. Solution of this equation represents the time response function which is capable of creating artificial evolving paths of the metal price. The simulation process resulted in a distribution and adequate expected value at every single point. Further, model efficiency was increased by adding residuals modeled by the Singular Spectrum Analysis method. The model was tested on the monthly lead metal price series. Mean absolute percentage error is 4.37% and the model can be classified as a high-performance model.

This paper presents a review of the advantages of application of JKSimBlast 2DFace software in design phase of underground premises. The aim of this research was to show possibilities of the software and possibility of its application in design of underground premises with suggestions for further work. A model of a drift “TIP 5” was developed and analysed in the software to show all the possibilities of the application of software in underground construction. Further work would require a detailed field work to gather input data required for more detail analysis of the effects of blasting in the software itself, as well as validation of the results given by software on the field.

Production planning in an underground mine plays a key activity in the mining company business. It is supported by the fact that mineral industry is unique and volatile environment. There are two uncertain parameters that cannot be managed by planners, metal price, and operating costs. Having ability to quantify and incorporate them in the process of planning can help companies to do their business in much easier way. We quantify these uncertainties by the simulation of mean reverting process and Itô-Doob stochastic differential equation, respectively. Mineral deposit is represented as a set of mineable blocks and room and pillar mining method is selected as a way of mining. Multicriteria clustering algorithm is used to create areas inside of mineral deposit that have technological characteristics required by the planners. We also developed a way to forecast the volatility of economic values of these areas through the planning period. Fuzzy 0-1 linear programming model is used to define the sequence of mining of these areas by maximization of the expected value of the fuzzy future cash flow. Model was tested on small hypothetical lead-zinc mineral deposit and results showed that our approach was able to solve such complex problem.

34 25 11 M50 М51 Knowing mechanical properties of rocks incorporated with ultrasonic waves velocities investigations provide a secure basis for mine modelling. Uniaxial compressive strength, dynamic elastic modulus and ultrasonic waves velocities are just some of the rock properties that indicate on presence of discontinuities, stratification and fissures of rocks. Determining the relationship of these rock properties testing the rock samples that are corresponding to different rock types extracted from different mineral deposits represents the core of this study. In this paper, we statistically analyzed measured and calculated rock properties. We established the connection between these parameters creating empirical correlation equations. Using least squares method and simple linear regression analysis, we defined correlation coefficients and also developed empirical correlation equations.

Meeting investment and operating goals with presence of different sources of uncertainties and operational constraints is critical for a successful underground mining operation and even for a mining company to survive. Small and large mining businesses are all affected by business environment. Production planning that takes into account real strength of the mining company requires from the owner or management of the company to set up acceptable and achievable investment goals (targets). In this paper we propose the production planning model that minimizes deviation from Acceptable Rate Of Return (AROR). Besides the AROR, there are operating goals success that should be also realized with minimum deviation from target values. Accordingly, the production planning can be treated as a multi-objective problem. All these objectives are integrated in multi-variable weighted Frobenius distance function that measures the deviation from established targets. Ore body is represented as a set of mineable blocks and room and pillar mining method is selected as a way of mining. We apply a multi-objective iterated greedy algorithm to define a set of blocks that should be mined every year such that deviations from target values are less than or equal to given errors of minimization. Uncertainty of metal price and operating costs are treated by mean reversion process and Geometric Brownian motion respectively. Algorithm was tested on small hypothetical lead-zinc ore body.

Almost all of rock masses are more or less anisotropic medium. Foliation, layering, cracking and cleavage are some of the rock attributes that indicate to anisotropy presence. Due to the existence of these discontinuities, elastic waves propagation velocities along certain directions are extremely different. In this paper, we investigated total of 50 samples which are divided into two groups of samples, isotropic and anisotropic samples. Longitudinal elastic waves propagation velocities are measured in the three normal directions and three orthogonal planes, respectively. The main scope of this study is related to interval numbers in order to express uncertainties of the longitudinal elastic waves propagation velocities. Based on this, we have determined quantitative indicators of anisotropy. Obtained results are represented in graphic form.

Demolition represents a sequence of operations that are referring to removal of the objects. Defect, damage or deformations of the objects are just some of the reasons why it accesses different demolition of building structures. The goal of demolition includes the construction of new objects or simply freeing up space for other purposes. For all these reasons, special emphasis should be placed on the technology of the performance of works. The most dominant technologies that are now successfully applied are demolition technology using explosives and demolition technology using mechanization. In this paper, we will try to select optimal demolition technology of silo that has a specific location.

The main aim of a coal deposit model is to provide an effective basis for mine production planning. The most applied approach is related to block modeling as a reasonable global representation of the coal deposit. By selection of adequate block size, deposits can be well represented. A block has a location in XYZ space and is characterized by adequate attributes obtained from drill holes data. From a technological point of view, i.e., a thermal power plant’s requirements, heating value, sulfur and ash content are the most important attributes of coal. Distribution of attributes’ values within a coal deposit can vary significantly over space and within each block as well. To decrease the uncertainty of attributes’ values within blocks the concept of fuzzy triangular numbers is applied. Production planning in such an environment is a very hard task, especially in the presence of requirements. Such requirements are considered as target values while the values of block attributes are the actual values. To make production planning easier we have developed a coal deposit model based on clustering the relative closeness of actual values to the target values. The relative closeness is obtained by the TOPSIS method while technological clusters are formed by fuzzy C-mean clustering. Coal deposits are thus represented by multi-attribute technological mining cuts.