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From the past decades, rodent models have played role in evaluating the use of several drugs for the treatment of brain diseases. Generally, these tests are performed by recoding a video and examine to carry out various annotation about the behavior and activities of the rodents. However, the video must be executed continuously to ensure proper annotation that causes time complexity and increases the human observation error. Conventional techniques for rodent behavioral analysis process are not affordable for the research purpose due to increase cost and poor interpretability. To tackle this issue, a new and effective deep learning (DL) technique is introduced to analyze the multiclass behaviors in rodents under real-time scenario. At first, the video captured from camera is preprocessed by performing frame conversion and noise removal process. For removing the noise, the Butterworth-amended unsharp mask filtering (B_UMF) technique is emphasized thereby improving the image quality. Finally, the Evolutionary Gravity Neocognitron Neural Network (EGravity-NCNN) model is proposed to classify multiple rodent behaviours using adaptive feature learning. The simulation process for the developed method is carried out via the Python platform and various performance like accuracy, precision and recall are scrutinized and compared with conventional schemes. The developed method achieved the overall accuracy of 97.33 %, precision of 96.29 %, and recall of 97.02 % for the classification of rodent behaviours accurately.

Human inborn errors of thymic T cell tolerance underlie the production of autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs, which predispose to severe viral diseases. We analyze 131 female patients with X-linked dominant incontinentia pigmenti (IP), heterozygous for loss-of-function (LOF) NEMO variants, from 99 kindreds in 10 countries. Forty-seven of these patients (36%) have auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α and/or IFN-ω, a proportion 23 times higher than that for age-matched female controls. This proportion remains stable from the age of 6 years onward. On imaging, female patients with IP have a small, abnormally structured thymus. Auto-Abs against type I IFNs confer a predisposition to life-threatening viral diseases. By contrast, patients with IP lacking auto-Abs against type I IFNs are at no particular risk of viral disease. These results suggest that IP accelerates thymic involution, thereby underlying the production of auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs in at least a third of female patients with IP, predisposing them to life-threatening viral diseases.

BACKGROUND: Poor memory for treatment is associated with poorer treatment adherence and poorer patient outcomes. The memory support intervention (MSI) was developed to improve patient memory for treatment with the goal of improving patient outcomes. The aim of this study protocol is to conduct a confirmatory efficacy trial to test whether a new, streamlined, and potent version of the MSI improves outcomes for midlife and older adults. This streamlined MSI is comprised of constructive memory supports that will be applied to a broader range of treatment content. The platform for this study is the Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction (TranS-C). We will focus on midlife and older adults who are low income and experiencing mobility impairments. METHODS: Participants (N = 178) will be randomly allocated to TranS-C + MSI or TranS-C alone. Both intervention arms include eight 50-min weekly sessions. Assessments will be conducted at pre-treatment, post-treatment, 6-, and 12-month follow-up (6FU and 12FU). Aim 1 will compare the effects of TranS-C + MSI versus TranS-C alone on sleep and circadian functioning, daytime functioning, well-being, and patient memory. Aim 2 will test whether patient memory for treatment mediates the relationship between treatment condition and patient outcomes. Aim 3 will evaluate if previously reported poor treatment response subgroups will moderate the relationship between treatment condition and (a) patient memory for treatment and (b) treatment outcome. Exploratory analyses will compare treatment condition on (a) patient adherence, patient-rated treatment credibility, and patient utilization of treatment contents, and (b) provider-rated acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. DISCUSSION: This study has the potential to provide evidence for (a) the efficacy of a new simplified version of the MSI for maintaining health, well-being, and functioning, (b) the wider application of the MSI for midlife and older adults and to the treatment of sleep and circadian problems, and (c) the efficacy of the MSI for sub-groups who are likely to benefit from the intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05986604. Registered on 2 August 2023.

We identified a cluster of mpox exposures among key populations in Kenya through retrospective serologic screening. We identified strong seropositivity among sex workers and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. These findings demonstrate the need for increased mpox surveillance among mpox-endemic and mpox-endemic-adjacent regions in Africa.

An algebraic model uses a set of algebraic equations to describe a situation. Constructing such models is a fundamental skill, but many students still lack the skill, even after taking several algebra courses in high school and college. For such students, we developed instruction that taught students to decompose the to-be-modelled situation into schema applications, where a schema represents a simple relationship such as distance-rate-time or part-whole. However, when a model consists of multiple schema applications, it needs some connection among them, usually represented by letting the same variable appear in the slots of two or more schemas. Students in our studies seemed to have more trouble identifying connections among schema applications than identifying the schema applications themselves. We developed several tutoring systems and evaluated them in university classes. One of them, a step-based tutoring system called OMRaaT (One Mathematical Relationship at a Time), was both reliably superior (p = 0.02, d = 0.67) to baseline and markedly superior (p < 0.001, d = 0.84) to an answer-based tutoring system using only commercially available software (MATLAB Grader).

ImportanceMost research to understand postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or long COVID, has focused on adults, with less known about this complex condition in children. Research is needed to characterize pediatric PASC to enable studies of underlying mechanisms that will guide future treatment.ObjectiveTo identify the most common prolonged symptoms experienced by children (aged 6 to 17 years) after SARS-CoV-2 infection, how these symptoms differ by age (school-age [6-11 years] vs adolescents [12-17 years]), how they cluster into distinct phenotypes, and what symptoms in combination could be used as an empirically derived index to assist researchers to study the likely presence of PASC.Design, setting, and participantsMulticenter longitudinal observational cohort study with participants recruited from more than 60 US health care and community settings between March 2022 and December 2023, including school-age children and adolescents with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection history.ExposureSARS-CoV-2 infection.Main outcomes and measuresPASC and 89 prolonged symptoms across 9 symptom domains.ResultsA total of 898 school-age children (751 with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection [referred to as infected] and 147 without [referred to as uninfected]; mean age, 8.6 years; 49% female; 11% were Black or African American, 34% were Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish, and 60% were White) and 4469 adolescents (3109 infected and 1360 uninfected; mean age, 14.8 years; 48% female; 13% were Black or African American, 21% were Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish, and 73% were White) were included. Median time between first infection and symptom survey was 506 days for school-age children and 556 days for adolescents. In models adjusted for sex and race and ethnicity, 14 symptoms in both school-age children and adolescents were more common in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection history compared with those without infection history, with 4 additional symptoms in school-age children only and 3 in adolescents only. These symptoms affected almost every organ system. Combinations of symptoms most associated with infection history were identified to form a PASC research index for each age group; these indices correlated with poorer overall health and quality of life. The index emphasizes neurocognitive, pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms in school-age children but change or loss in smell or taste, pain, and fatigue/malaise-related symptoms in adolescents. Clustering analyses identified 4 PASC symptom phenotypes in school-age children and 3 in adolescents.Conclusions and relevanceThis study developed research indices for characterizing PASC in children and adolescents. Symptom patterns were similar but distinguishable between the 2 groups, highlighting the importance of characterizing PASC separately for these age ranges.

We evaluate the relative impact of three sources of epistemic uncertainty on probabilistic seismic hazard analyses in California: source model uncertainty, ground motion model (GMM) uncertainty, and site parameter uncertainty. Seismic source model uncertainty is inherently contained in the source model framework applied by the USGS in the 2023 National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM23); we have added tools to extract this uncertainty for California sites in the open-source seismic hazard software OpenSHA. GMM uncertainty is generally accounted for using alternative models in PSHA or a single backbone model with a defined uncertainty. Site parameter uncertainty refers to uncertainty in the shear wave velocity of the upper 30 meters of the site profile (VS30) and potentially other independent site parameters.We demonstrate the impacts of these major sources of epistemic uncertainty at the sites of two UC campuses, Berkeley, which is located near the active Hayward fault, and Davis, which is located in the relatively quiescent Central Valley. We investigate potential correlations between the different sources of uncertainty and find that source uncertainty is practically independent of GMM and VS30 uncertainty at Berkeley but dependent on GMM and VS30 at Davis. At both locations, GMM and site parameter uncertainty are correlated (i.e., inter-dependent). We represent epistemic uncertainty in ground motion with a period-dependent log-normal standard deviation term that is specific to a given site location, site condition, and exceedance frequency. We show that at Berkeley, the total epistemic uncertainty can be well approximated by the square root sum of squares (SRSS) of source uncertainty (i.e., uncertainty in ground motions related solely to the source model) and the combined GMM and site parameter uncertainty. We find that combined GMM and VS30 uncertainty is comparable to or greater than the source uncertainty at many oscillator periods at both sites. Combined uncertainties range from natural log standard deviations of about 0.2 at short periods to 0.6 at Berkeley and 0.3-0.7 at Davis at long periods.

Recent studies suggest that cavitation effect following laser induced vapor bubble collapse is more dominant than the photothermal effect in stone ablation during laser lithotripsy. Our research aims to introduce an experimental study design that precisely measures each effect's contribution using gypsum phantom stones. To isolate the cavitation-only mechanism after the collapse of the laser-induced vapor bubble, a phantom stone was submerged in a dye solution. The dye solution absorbed all laser light, generating cavitation, with additional experiments confirming the absence of any photothermal effect when the dye was not used. The fiber was positioned both parallel to the stone surface and perpendicular at a 1mm distance, exposing it solely to cavitation. In another set of experiments, a phantom stone was submerged in water and 2μm light from a thulium yttrium aluminum garnet (Tm:YAG) laser was delivered via the same optical fiber positioned (this time) perpendicular to the stone surface. In this case, both optical absorption and cavitation effect from laser-induced vapor bubble collapses were observed but the measured pressure transients showed significantly lower peak pressures compared to the first set. In a final set of experiments, these conditions remained constant, except the fiber was positioned parallel to the stone surface, once again exposing it to only the cavitation from the collapse of the laser induced vapor bubble. Craters created by all methods were imaged using an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. Measured volumes showed that stone ablation was dominated by photo-thermal, and not by cavitation from the vapor bubble collapse. In fact, in two of the three trials of stone experiments (n=5, each trial) that were subjected to cavitation-only, there was no observable ablation. One trial produced an average volume that was 50% smaller than the average resulting from a single photo-thermal-only case (p = 0.0022 < 0.05). Our results suggest that finetuning of lithotripsy procedures with focus on energy transmission to the stone can provide optimal results.

Diamine-appended Mg2(dobpdc) (dobpdc4- = 4,4'-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate) metal-organic frameworks are promising candidates for carbon capture that exhibit exceptional selectivities and high capacities for CO2. To date, CO2 uptake in these materials has been shown to occur predominantly via a chemisorption mechanism involving CO2 insertion at the amine-appended metal sites, a mechanism that limits the capacity of the material to ∼1 equiv of CO2 per diamine. Herein, we report a new framework, pip2-Mg2(dobpdc) (pip2 = 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidine), that exhibits two-step CO2 uptake and achieves an unusually high CO2 capacity approaching 1.5 CO2 per diamine at saturation. Analysis of variable-pressure CO2 uptake in the material using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) reveals that pip2-Mg2(dobpdc) captures CO2 via an unprecedented mechanism involving the initial insertion of CO2 to form ammonium carbamate chains at half of the sites in the material, followed by tandem cooperative chemisorption and physisorption. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis, supported by van der Waals-corrected density functional theory, reveals that physisorbed CO2 occupies a pocket formed by adjacent ammonium carbamate chains and the linker. Based on breakthrough and extended cycling experiments, pip2-Mg2(dobpdc) exhibits exceptional performance for CO2 capture under conditions relevant to the separation of CO2 from landfill gas. More broadly, these results highlight new opportunities for the fundamental design of diamine-Mg2(dobpdc) materials with even higher capacities than those predicted based on CO2 chemisorption alone.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the agreement and cost of two recall methods for estimating childrens minimum dietary diversity (MDD). DESIGN: We assessed childs dietary intake on two consecutive days: an observation on day one, followed by two recall methods (list-based recall and multiple-pass recall) administered in random order by different enumerators at two different times on day two. We compared the estimated MDD prevalence using survey-weighted linear probability models following a two one-sided test equivalence testing approach. We also estimated the cost-effectiveness of the two methods. SETTING: Cambodia (Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, Battambang, and Pursat provinces) and Zambia (Chipata, Katete, Lundazi, Nyimba, and Petauke districts). PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 6-23 months: 636 in Cambodia and 608 in Zambia. RESULTS: MDD estimations from both recall methods were equivalent to the observation in Cambodia but not in Zambia. Both methods were equivalent to the observation in capturing most food groups. Both methods were highly sensitive although the multiple-pass method accurately classified a higher proportion of children meeting MDD than the list-based method in both countries. Both methods were highly specific in Cambodia but moderately so in Zambia. Cost-effectiveness was better for the list-based recall method in both countries. CONCLUSION: The two recall methods estimated MDD and most other infant and young child feeding indicators equivalently in Cambodia but not in Zambia, compared to the observation. The list-based method produced slightly more accurate estimates of MDD at the population level, took less time to administer and was less costly to implement.

IMPORTANCE: The prevalence, pathophysiology, and long-term outcomes of COVID-19 (post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 [PASC] or Long COVID) in children and young adults remain unknown. Studies must address the urgent need to define PASC, its mechanisms, and potential treatment targets in children and young adults. OBSERVATIONS: We describe the protocol for the Pediatric Observational Cohort Study of the NIHs REsearching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Initiative. RECOVER-Pediatrics is an observational meta-cohort study of caregiver-child pairs (birth through 17 years) and young adults (18 through 25 years), recruited from more than 100 sites across the US. This report focuses on two of four cohorts that comprise RECOVER-Pediatrics: 1) a de novo RECOVER prospective cohort of children and young adults with and without previous or current infection; and 2) an extant cohort derived from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (n = 10,000). The de novo cohort incorporates three tiers of data collection: 1) remote baseline assessments (Tier 1, n = 6000); 2) longitudinal follow-up for up to 4 years (Tier 2, n = 6000); and 3) a subset of participants, primarily the most severely affected by PASC, who will undergo deep phenotyping to explore PASC pathophysiology (Tier 3, n = 600). Youth enrolled in the ABCD study participate in Tier 1. The pediatric protocol was developed as a collaborative partnership of investigators, patients, researchers, clinicians, community partners, and federal partners, intentionally promoting inclusivity and diversity. The protocol is adaptive to facilitate responses to emerging science. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: RECOVER-Pediatrics seeks to characterize the clinical course, underlying mechanisms, and long-term effects of PASC from birth through 25 years old. RECOVER-Pediatrics is designed to elucidate the epidemiology, four-year clinical course, and sociodemographic correlates of pediatric PASC. The data and biosamples will allow examination of mechanistic hypotheses and biomarkers, thus providing insights into potential therapeutic interventions. CLINICAL TRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: Clinical Trial Registration: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT05172011.

Management of intracoronary calcium (ICC) continues to be a challenge for interventional cardiologists. There have been significant advances in calcium treatment devices. However, there still exists a knowledge gap regarding which devices to choose for the treatment of ICC. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the principles of intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) and clinical data. The technique of IVL will then be compared to alternative calcium treatment devices. Clinical data will be reviewed concerning the treatment of coronary, peripheral artery and valvular calcifications. Controversies to be discussed include how to incorporate IVL into your practice, what is the best approach for treating calcium subtypes, how to approach under-expanded stents, what is the ideal technique for performing IVL, how safe is IVL, whether imaging adds value when performing IVL, and how IVL fits into a treatment program for peripheral arteries and calcified valves.

School autonomy with accountability (SAWA) reforms have developed in diverse forms in Northern Europe. Following processes of decentralization to the municipal and school levels, quality assurance and inspection became key to the test-based accountability agendas of Denmark and England respectively. With an abductive approach, we explore the epistemological potential of a hybrid theoretical framework, which combines assemblage theory with critical realism, to analyze the production stories of these two policy instruments. Drawing on data from an international comparative research project, and more recent policy document analyses, we examine the arrangement of social entities – discourses, instruments, technologies, artefacts, and actors – that led to particular accountability outcomes within these specific educational assemblages. We argue that, despite distinctions in their social entities, the dominant state assemblages of accountability in Denmark and England have been captured by the global SAWA and capitalist assemblages at distinct times. Although school actors are incorporated into, and antagonistic towards, the state assemblages, change is limited due to the resilience of the underlying logic of epistemic governance and the desire to improve educational standards for a global knowledge economy. We conclude briefly with an assessment of the utility of the hybrid framework to the comparison of SAWA.

Movies have long been used for teaching in undergraduate science courses. However, embedding movie references (EMR) in science videos is a new trend. This study explored how EMR in YouTube science videos might affect the nature of comments and the process of learning science. Using constructivist grounded theory, we compared comments on two videos. "Up and Atom's" (UA) video presented quantum tunneling conventionally, while "Because Science"'s (BS) video used "Harry Potter" to illustrate the same concept. Content analysis revealed that comments on UA's video are more formal and focused on specific scientific concepts, while comments on BS's video are more casual and diverse, engaging more broadly with the science and video topic. Although conventional science videos may facilitate knowledge exchange and collaborative learning in the comments, these comments may spread misinformation when they lack context, authority, and expertise. Yet, science videos EMR connect scientific concepts with popular culture, and offer unique learning opportunities, including critique, creative thinking, and self-reflection. We argue, however, that EMR in science videos risks diverting attention away from the science content.

Tissue resident memory CD8+ T (TRM) cells offer rapid and long-term protection at sites of reinfection1. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes with characteristics of TRM cells maintain enhanced effector functions, predict responses to immunotherapy and accompany better prognoses2,3. Thus, an improved understanding of the metabolic strategies that enable tissue residency by T cells could inform new approaches to empower immune responses in tissues and solid tumours. Here, to systematically define the basis for the metabolic reprogramming supporting TRM cell differentiation, survival and function, we leveraged in vivo functional genomics, untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cell populations. We found that memory CD8+ T cells deployed a range of adaptations to tissue residency, including reliance on non-steroidal products of the mevalonate-cholesterol pathway, such as coenzyme Q, driven by increased activity of the transcription factor SREBP2. This metabolic adaptation was most pronounced in the small intestine, where TRM cells interface with dietary cholesterol and maintain a heightened state of activation4, and was shared by functional tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in diverse tumour types in mice and humans. Enforcing synthesis of coenzyme Q through deletion of Fdft1 or overexpression of PDSS2 promoted mitochondrial respiration, memory T cell formation following viral infection and enhanced antitumour immunity. In sum, through a systematic exploration of TRM cell metabolism, we reveal how these programs can be leveraged to fuel memory CD8+ T cell formation in the context of acute infections and enhance antitumour immunity.