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13. Introduction

Author

Rogers, Wendy A., primary, Scully, Jackie Leach, additional, Carter, Stacy M., additional, Entwistle, Vikki A., additional, and Mills, Catherine, additional

Published
2022
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14. Against epigenetic responsibility: The problem of causality in ‘foetal programming’ science.

Author

McMahon, Courtney and Mills, Catherine

Subjects
*RESPONSIBILITY, *PREGNANCY outcomes, *ANTHROPOSOPHY, *ENVIRONMENTAL exposure, *EPIGENETICS
Abstract

Emerging evidence that intrauterine exposures to environmental stressors can ‘programme’ epigenetic modifications in offspring, leading to long‐lasting health risks, has generated debate about whether prospective mothers have a specific ‘epigenetic’ moral responsibility. However, to date, proposals for maternal epigenetic responsibility have failed to grapple adequately with the uncertainty of scientific evidence, and specifically, whether the causal basis for intrauterine epigenetic effects is sufficiently established to ground claims of moral responsibility. Causality is widely considered a necessary condition for the attribution of moral responsibility. In this paper, we show that much foetal programming science in humans has yet to establish a causal epigenetic connection between intrauterine exposures and subsequent offspring health impacts. This research struggles to establish that the relationship between such exposures and offspring health risks is in fact causal, neither has it been able to evince the causal significance of exposures during pregnancy to such outcomes. We argue that these two challenges to establishing causality in foetal programming research seriously undercut the idea that prospective mothers may have a moral responsibility to ensure the epigenetics of their offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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15. Performance of Fentanyl Immunoassays in an ED Patient Population.

Author

Mills, Catherine M., Dryja, Parker C., Champion-Lyons, Elizabeth, Keppler, Charles, and Babic, Nikolina

Subjects
TOXICITY testing, DRUG standards, SYNTHETIC fuels, OPIOID epidemic, HOSPITAL emergency services, FENTANYL, COCAINE
Abstract

Background: Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid fueling the current opioid crisis in the United States. While emergency department (ED) visits due to opioid-related overdoses, injection complications, and withdrawals become increasingly more frequent, fentanyl is not detected in routine toxicology testing. We evaluated 2 FDAapproved fentanyl immunoassays in a sampled ED population. Methods: De-identified, remnant urine specimens (n = 213) collected from patients presenting to a large ED were analyzed using ARK Fentanyl II (ARK II) and Immunalysis SEFRIA (SEFRIA) fentanyl immunoassays on an Architect c16000 (Abbott) analyzer. All discrepant specimens were evaluated by LC-MS/MS. Additionally, polysubstance abuse patterns and trends were analyzed. Results: While intra-assay imprecision was comparable for ARK II and SEFRIA, inter-assay imprecision for ARK II and SEFRIA varied from 8.0% to 1.8% and from 37% to 12.5%, respectively. SEFRIA had a marginally higher falsepositivity rate (3%) than ARK II (1%). Both assays had equivalent sensitivity of 95%, with ARK II (99%) having greater specificity than SEFRIA (97%). Fentanyl was detected in 13.7% of drug-panel-positive patient samples and most frequently observed in patients also testing positive for amphetamines and cocaine. Notably, fentanyl was detected in 5.3% of patient samples that were negative for all other drugs in our standard toxicology panel. Conclusions: A sizable portion of drug-positive samples from our ED were positive for fentanyl, with a subset of patients testing positive for fentanyl alone. Implementation of fentanyl testing into routine toxicology panels can elucidate polysubstance abuse paradigms and capture ED patients that would go undetected in standard panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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17. Competition between specialist and generalist species in computational and experimental model ecosystems

Author

Mills, Catherine, Blythe, Richard, and Allen, Rosalind

Subjects
577, theoretical ecology, microbiology
Abstract

An ecological community is complex and the mechanisms behind the assembly of such a community are still poorly understood. Here, we concentrate on the question of what mechanisms affect the proportion of specialists and the proportion of generalists in a community. First, we use an individual-based model to explore the effects of the available resource spectrum on the specialist-generalist balance in well-mixed and spatially structured environments. In the well-mixed model, we uncover a new mechanism which we term `resource spectrum engineering', in which opportunistic specialists occupying small niches in a mostly generalist community can change the resource spectrum that is experienced by other species strongly disfavouring generalists and causing a community-wide shift towards specialist strategies. Extending to a spatially structured model in which the dispersal distance of species may be limited, we find that specialism is linked to intermediate dispersal lengths, whereas generalism is linked to short and long dispersal lengths. We then investigate two real microbial systems, using 16rRNS sequence data. In the first experiment, we identify functional groups of specialists and generalists by perturbing the microbial environment with variable nutrient concentrations and establishing which groups survive across different concentrations and which do not. In the second experiment we use many replicates of samples from the same source to find co-occur find that generalist species may be more likely to be dependant on the presence of each other than on specific environmental conditions.

Published
2017

18. Contributors

Author

Bodor, Marko, primary, Buford, Don, additional, Desai, Rahul Naren, additional, Malanga, Gerard, additional, Markle, Jason, additional, Mautner, Ken, additional, Andersen, Wyatt, additional, Atluri, Sairam, additional, Bean, Allison C., additional, Berkoff, David J., additional, Bishop, Virlyn, additional, Black, Carolyn, additional, Blaichman, Jason Ian, additional, Blatz, Brice W., additional, Boddu, Navneet, additional, Bodor, Marko, additional, Bohart, Zach, additional, Borg-Stein, Joanne, additional, Bowen, Jay E., additional, Bowers, Robert, additional, Centeno, Christopher J., additional, Chan, Otto, additional, Colberg, Ricardo E., additional, Conley, Kevin, additional, Cui, Di, additional, Davis, Brian, additional, De Luigi, Arthur Jason, additional, Derrington, Stephen, additional, D’Hemecourt, Pierre, additional, Elbaridi, Nidal, additional, Epstein, Max H., additional, Erickson, Michael, additional, Everts, Peter A., additional, Finnoff, Jonathan T., additional, Foster, Lisa, additional, Hackel, Josh, additional, Hall, Mederic M., additional, Hayano, Todd, additional, Haym, Romain, additional, Henning, Phillip, additional, Hirahara, Alan M., additional, Hoffman, Douglas, additional, Hyde, Nicola, additional, Iwan, Katarzyna, additional, Jamali, Amir A., additional, Jayaram, Prathap, additional, Jerome, Mairin A., additional, Jones, Jacob, additional, Jurado, Javier A., additional, Keogh, Brian Hart, additional, Kneer, Lee, additional, Kruse, Ryan C., additional, Lal, Sonali, additional, Lam, Stanley K.H., additional, Landrum, Orlando, additional, Lee, Kenneth S., additional, Lockrem, Justin R., additional, Lueders, Daniel, additional, Maffulli, Nicola, additional, Manocha, Vivek, additional, Mills, Catherine, additional, Monfared, Hassan, additional, Negron, Giorgio A., additional, Olufade, Oluseun, additional, Onishi, Kentaro, additional, Panero, Alberto J., additional, Patel, Jaymin, additional, Patel, Shiv J., additional, Patel, Shounuck I., additional, Perone, Abby, additional, Pitts, John, additional, Podesta, Luga, additional, Pourcho, Adam M., additional, Rabago, David, additional, Reeves, Kenneth D., additional, Reisner, Jacob, additional, Saffel, Heather Lynn, additional, Sajkowicz, Natalie, additional, Sampson, Steven, additional, Sandhu, Diya, additional, Schroeder, Allison N., additional, Sellon, Jacob, additional, Sherrier, Matthew, additional, Shiple, Brian J., additional, Smith, Alyssa A., additional, Smith, Jay, additional, Speciale, Alyssa Neph, additional, Stafford, Cleo D., additional, Strakowski, Jeffrey A., additional, Street, Adam, additional, Sussman, Walter I., additional, Takyi, Selorm L., additional, Tefera, Yodit, additional, Vincent, Hunter, additional, Williams, Chris J., additional, Wolfson, John J., additional, Wood, Colton L., additional, Yeh, Peter Chia, additional, and Zielinski, Maria-Cristina, additional

Published
2022
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25. Stochastic oscillations of adaptive networks: application to epidemic modelling

Author

Rogers, Tim, Clifford-Brown, William, Mills, Catherine, and Galla, Tobias

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Physics - Physics and Society, Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
Abstract

Adaptive-network models are typically studied using deterministic differential equations which approximately describe their dynamics. In simulations, however, the discrete nature of the network gives rise to intrinsic noise which can radically alter the system's behaviour. In this article we develop a method to predict the effects of stochasticity in adaptive networks by making use of a pair-based proxy model. The technique is developed in the context of an epidemiological model of a disease spreading over an adaptive network of infectious contact. Our analysis reveals that in this model the structure of the network exhibits stochastic oscillations in response to fluctuations in the disease dynamic., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

Published
2012
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33. The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Bioethics

Author

Rogers, Wendy, Scully, Jackie Leach, Carter, Stacy M., Entwistle, Vikki A., and Mills, Catherine

Subjects
Philosophy, Ethics, Bioethics, Feminism, Feminist, Health, Human Rights, Moral Theory, Social Care, Women, Justice, bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPQ Ethics & moral philosophy
Abstract

The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Bioethics is an outstanding resource for anyone with an interest in feminist bioethics, with chapters covering topics from justice and power to the climate crisis. Comprising forty-two chapters by emerging and established scholars, the volume is divided into six parts: I Foundations of feminist bioethics II Identity and identifications III Science, technology and research IV Health and social care V Reproduction and making families VI Widening the scope of feminist bioethics The volume is essential reading for anyone with an interest in bioethics or feminist philosophy, and will prove an invaluable resource for scholars, teachers and advanced students.

Published
2023
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44. Should the scope of NIPT be limited by a ‘threshold of seriousness’?

Author

Taylor-Sands, Michelle, Johnston, Molly, and Mills, Catherine

Abstract

Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has the potential to screen for a wider range of genetic conditions than is currently possible at an early stage of pregnancy and with minimal risks. As such, there have been calls to apply a ‘threshold of seriousness’ to limit the scope of conditions being tested. This approach is based on concerns about society at large and the potential impact on specific groups within it. In this paper, we argue that limiting the scope of NIPT using the criterion of ‘seriousness’ is arbitrary, potentially stigmatises certain disabilities over others and fails to respect reproductive autonomy. We contend that concerns about expanded NIPT are more appropriately addressed by the provision of adequate information, counselling and consent procedures. We recommend a decision-making process that helps healthcare providers support prospective parents to make informed decisions about the nature and scope of NIPT screening based on their own values and social context. In addition to addressing concerns about expanded NIPT screening, this process would help clinicians to obtain legally valid consent and discharge their duty of care (including the duty to inform) in the prenatal context.

Published
2024
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45. Unconditional access to non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for adult-onset conditions: a defence

Author

Marks, India R, Mills, Catherine, and Devolder, Katrien

Abstract

Over the past decade, non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has been adopted into routine obstetric care to screen for fetal sex, trisomies 21, 18 and 13, sex chromosome aneuploidies and fetal sex determination. It is predicted that the scope of NIPT will be expanded in the future, including screening for adult-onset conditions (AOCs). Some ethicists have proposed that using NIPT to detect severe autosomal AOCs that cannot be prevented or treated, such as Huntington’s disease, should only be offered to prospective parents who intend to terminate a pregnancy in the case of a positive result. We refer to this as the ‘conditional access model’ (CAM) for NIPT. We argue against CAM for NIPT to screen for Huntington’s disease or any other AOC. Next, we present results from a study we conducted in Australia that explored NIPT users’ attitudes regarding CAM in the context of NIPT for AOCs. We found that, despite overall support for NIPT for AOCs, most participants were not in favour of CAM for both preventable and non-preventable AOCs. Our findings are discussed in relation to our initial theoretical ethical theory and with other comparable empirical studies. We conclude that an ‘unconditional access model’ (UAM), which provides unrestricted access to NIPT for AOCs, is a morally preferable alternative that avoids both CAM’s fundamental practical limitations and the limitations it places on parents’ reproductive autonomy.

Published
2024
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