Search

This study proposed a millimetre‐wave integrated substrate gap waveguide (ISGW) filtering antenna featuring four adjustable radiation nulls, with two located within each of its upper and lower stop bands. These nulls can be tuned by altering the dimensions of stepped‐impedance resonators, complementary U‐slots, and passive coplanar parasitic patches. Antennas offer the benefits of individually adjustable radiation nulls and the flexible modification of selectivity and gain curve roll‐off. Simulation results indicated that the antenna operated at a central frequency of 25.4 GHz, with a relative bandwidth of 14.3% (23.76–27.04 GHz), and attained an average gain of 7.6 dBi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A circular polarization (CP) compact single-layer millimeter-wave antenna is proposed for 5G communication systems. The antenna is excited by a microstrip line. Its design is inspired by the Exotic Tri Shakti shape (L = 35.44 mm, W = 45.65 mm), which combines three different shapes: Trishul, Om and Swastik. The primary objective of this research is to design a CP antenna. The antenna is designed using RT/Duroid 5880 (ɛr = 2.2) substrate material, The choice of this substrate material is crucial in achieving the desired antenna performance. The proposed antenna shows multiple resonant frequencies with the max gain produced by the antenna are 15.03 dBi, 14.51 dBi, and 14.27 dBi at frequencies 40.42 GHz, 41.38 GHz and 53.43 GHz respectively and the max efficiency of 99% at the frequency 30.41 GHz (VSWR ≤ 2). The max impedance bandwidth is 3.05 GHz for the frequency range (25 GHz-60 GHz) and the Axial ratio bandwidths are 60 MHz and 13 MHz at frequencies 40.42 GHz and 57.19 GHz respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and analysis of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for 5G millimeter wave technology applications. The dimensions of the proposed patch are 5.959 mm × 5.959 mm × 1.400 mm. The antenna exhibits a resonant frequency of 28 GHz, a return loss of -45 dB, a bandwidth of 1.7638 GHz, and a gain of 0.1573. In order to meet the requirements of 5G applications at 28 GHz, a compact, high-gain, and large bandwidth antenna is necessary. The principal objective of this study is to enhance the performance of the antenna parameters, thereby achieving an optimal balance between size, gain, and bandwidth. A notable improvement in bandwidth and gain is achieved. The design, analysis, and optimization processes were conducted using the High Frequency Surface Structure (HFSS) software, which employs the Finite Element Method (FEM) numerical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The millimeter wave communication technology used for drones could combine the advantages of drones and millimeter waves, providing high-speed data transmission and wide area network coverage capabilities, and has broad application prospects in military and civilian communication systems. Millimeter wave active antennas have the advantages of miniaturization, high frequency band, and flexible shaping, which is of great significance for ensuring the high-speed dynamic communication ability of drone platforms. In this paper, a millimeter wave active antenna suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is designed and verified, operating in 24.75-27.5 GHz and adopting Antenna in Package (AiP) design. Frequency band test and communication performance test is conducted. To open and close the RF channels, the antenna's operating frequency range can be shown in the vector network analyzer which meets the design frequency band 24.75-27.5 GHz requirements. By loading 5G millimeter wave standard signals, the antenna can achieve real-time demodulation of 100 MHz, 256QAM signals. The test shows that the system can meet the requirements of beam tracking and real-time information transmission during high-speed dynamic flight of UAVs. It has broad application prospects in UAV communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New communication paradigms have emerged to make better use of the available wireless spectrum due to its scarcity. Millimeter wave high-frequency spectrum could offer a viable solution to the problem of spectrum scarcity. Millimeter wave devices and antennas are becoming increasingly popular and are used in a wide variety of applications and planned Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communication networks. In this work, we develop a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) based antenna array and millimeter-wave feeding network with the aim of achieving optimal performance. A microstrip array antenna is developed for use at millimeter wave frequencies of 28 GHz and 38 GHz. Next, an SIW array antenna will be created. For high-frequency uses, SIW technology excels due to its low loss, easy integration and high quality factor. The two unequal longitudinal slots in a slotted SIW antenna cause the structure to resonate at 28 GHz and 38 GHz. The SIW structure is fabricated by making two parallel rows of metallic vias, carefully determined through sizes to ensure minimal internal losses. A microstrip line that transitions into a SIW feeds into the proposed layout. In this paper, the authors investigate the design and construction of an integrated waveguide antenna array for use at dual millimeter-wave frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A double-stub matching technique is used to design a dual-band monopole antenna at 28 and 38 GHz. The transmission line stubs represent the matching elements. The first matching network comprises series capacitive and inductive stubs, causing impedance matching at the 28 GHz band with a wide bandwidth. On the other hand, the second matching network has two shunt inductive stubs, generating resonance at 38 GHz. A Smith chart is utilized to predict the stub lengths. While incorporating their dimensions physically, some of the stub lengths are fine-tuned. The proposed antenna is compact with a profile of 0.75 λ 1 × 0.66 λ 1 (where λ 1 is the free-space wavelength at 28 GHz). The measured bandwidths are 27–28.75 GHz and 36.20–42.43 GHz. Although the physical series capacitance of the first matching network is a slot in the ground plane, the antenna is able to achieve a good gain of 7 dBi in both bands. The proposed antenna has a compact design, good bandwidth and gain, making it a candidate for 5G wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper present the design of an X-shaped compact wideband patch antenna with extended corners having dual slots on the patch surface for better performance suitable for millimeter frequency band. This antenna has got a novel design and is of small size to be used in wearable applications. It operates at millimeter wave band frequency, i.e., at 28.1 GHz and 43.49 GHz. The overall size of the antenna is 3.90mmx 2.90mm x 0.25mm. It is found that the proposed antenna has wideband characteristics with impedance bandwidth of 83.91% at 28.1GHz. The antenna also showed better radiation properties and low value voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) having better efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new broadband microstrip slot antenna operated at millimeter wave (mm-wave) band and utilized in 5G systems is introduced. The suggested radiator composed of a rectangular slot etched on the ground plane with internal embedded L-shaped stub inside it. Parametric studies were done on three major dimensions of the proposed antenna to study the effect of these parameters on the bandwidth. The proposed radiator operates from 23.78 GHz to 50 GHz with impedance bandwidth of 26.22 GHz. Therefore, the proposed antenna supports the new 5G millimeter wave bands that cover (24.25 - 29.5) GHz, (37 - 43.5) GHz, (45.5 - 47) GHz, and (47.2 - 48.2) GHz bands. The gain of the proposed slot antenna element varies from 4.3 dBi to 8 dBi with average value of 5.5 dBi. A novel 6×6 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) structure is introduced. The proposed MIMO radiator was fabricated on Roger4003C substrate. The isolation between each two adjacent antennas is below -35dB over the required 5G mm-Wave spectrum. The value of the envelope correlation coefficient between the antenna elements does not exceed 0.011. The diversity gains (DG) between the radiators exceeds 9.94 dB. There is a good agreement between the simulated and the measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the community has seen a rise in interest and development regarding holographic antennas. The planar hologram is made of subwavelength metal patches printed on a grounded dielectric board, constituting flat metasurfaces. When a known reference wave is launched, the hologram produces a pencil beam towards a prescribed direction. Most earlier works on such antennas have considered only a single beam. For the few later ones that studied multiple beams, they were achieved either by having each beam taken care of by a distinct frequency or by partitioning the hologram, thereby depriving each beam of the directivity it could have had it not shared the holographic aperture with other beams. There have been recent studies related to the use of tensor surface impedance concepts for the synthesis of holograms which have attained control over the polarizations and intensities of the beams. However, this approach is complicated, tedious, and time-consuming. In this paper, we present a method for designing a planar holographic leaky-wave multi-beam metasurface antenna, of which each simultaneous beam radiating at the same frequency towards any designated direction has a tailorable amplitude, phase, and polarization, all without hologram partitioning. Most importantly, this antenna is exempted from the need for the cumbersome technique of tensor impedance. Such features of beam configurability are useful in selective multiple-target applications that require differential gain and polarization control among the various beams. Only a single source is needed, which is another benefit. In addition, effective methods to mitigate sidelobes are also proposed here. Designs by simulations according to the method are herein validated with measurements performed on fabricated prototypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Propagation characteristics of millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies that are being explored for implementing 5G network are quite different from sub 3GHz frequencies in which 4G network is operating, and hence antenna design for mmW 5G network is going to be significantly different. The purpose of this paper is to bring forth the unique challenges and opportunities of planar antenna design for mmW 5G network. Design/methodology/approach: A lot of notable contemporary work has been investigated for this study and reported in this paper. A comparison of 4G and 5G technologies has been carried out to understand the difference between the air interface of two technologies that governs the antenna design. Important research gaps found after collating the work already done in the field have been bullet pointed for the use by many researchers working in this direction. Findings: Several antenna design considerations have been laid out by the authors of this work, and it has been claimed that mmW 5G antenna design must satisfy these design considerations. In addition, prominent research gaps have been identified and thoroughly discussed. Originality/value: As research in the field of mmW antenna design for 5G applications is still evolving, a lot of work is currently being done in this area. This study can prove to be important in understanding different challenges, opportunities and current state-of-art in the field of mmW planar antenna design for 5G cellular communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research reports a conformal ultra-compact millimeter-Wave microwave access narrowband four-port MIMO60.0 GHz antenna designed for 60.0 GHz future high-speed wireless applications. The proposed 60.0 GHz MIMO60.0 GHz antenna radiating electromagnetic energy occupies a minimal space of 16 × 16 mm2 with a rectangular patch connected to defected microstrip structure on one-plane of RogersRTDuroidTM5880 substrate with a thickness of 0.254 mm and complete-ground on the opposite plane. The proposed MIMO60.0 GHz EM-wave antenna offers measured impedance bandwidth of 58.925 GHz–60.66 GHz with S11 = −35.79 dB at 59.945 GHz. The proposed MIMO60.0 GHz technology antenna offers a peak gain of 10.56dBi at 60.0 GHz. The thin substrate is characterized for conformal bending at 15◦, 30◦, and 45◦ with no change in the center resonance frequency which is centered at 60.0 GHz. The MIMO60.0 GHz antenna also offers good diversity performance including ECC60.0 GHz ≤ 0.50 , DG60.0 GHz ≅ 10.0 dB, TARC60.0 GHz ≤ 0.0 dB, CCL60.0 GHz ≤ 0.40 b/s/Hz and MEGport1/MEGport1 ≅ 0.0 dB which values are under the standard-ideal values. The SAR values for single and four-port MIMO antenna corresponds to ≤ 1.60 W/Kg and all the above features of the proposed MIMO60.0 GHz antenna make it suitable for wearable (conformal) wireless applications and future mobile users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, gain augmentation of a microstrip antenna (MSA) operating at 28 GHz has been enunciated in a cost-effective manner using a phase-graded index lens. Different metamaterial unit cells with transmissive characteristics have been designed and placed in an array to create a radial phase graded metalens with locally varying refractive index and spatially varying surface impedance. Transformation of spherical wavefronts into planar wavefronts results in beam collimation which helps in obtaining a directive beam in the 5G frequency band. The ratio of focal length to the diameter (f/d) of the lens is 0.38. The gain of MSA is enhanced by 4.4 dB with radiation efficiency above 95% due to the focusing effect of the lens placed vertically above the antenna. The proposed planar lens is compact in size and easy to fabricate when compared with the conventional 3-D lens reported in existing works. The microstrip patch integrated lens prototype exhibits a gain of 12.4 dBi operating at 28 GHz. The performance of the lens has been analyzed theoretically and evaluated further by conducting experiments on the fabricated prototype. Measured results validate the full–wave simulation results carried out using finite element method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact MIMO antenna has been designed explicitly for Ka-band for 5G wireless networks. The antenna uses four P-shaped radiating patches in E-shaped slots for polarization variety in the 20-40 GHz frequency band. The Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate (26 × 25 × 1.6) supports each patch and defective ground for each element. Polarization diversity lowers radiating element interference, making this antenna design advantageous. Therefore, the antenna has a wide bandwidth of 20 GHz. A high isolation level of over -20 dB has been attained by carefully examining the mutual connection between antenna radiators. After a detailed analysis of the radiation patterns, a gain of 17.6 dBi is found. Both total and radiating efficiency exceed 87% and 91%. MIMO system dependability is evaluated by assessing diversity characteristics including ECC, DG, CCL, MEG, and TARC, yielding findings of 0.0035, 9.98 dB, 0.013 bits/sec/Hz, -3 dB, and -10 dB. Simulations and observations show a significant agrement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The millimeter wave spectrum fulfills the demand for higher data rates with low latency. Moreover, futuristic wearable gadgets demand flexible antennas operating at these frequencies, such that they can easily be accommodated. Therefore, the article focuses on designing a compact and highly flexible antenna with the aid of characteristic mode analysis (CMA). A thin polyimide substrate of 0.1 mm thickness is used to maintain flexibility. The overall antenna profile is 0.61 λ 0 × 0.61 λ 0 . The design evolves through four stages, where, in each stage, the solution to the surface current through eigenvalue leads to significant modes. The final stage design generated Mode 2 fundamental mode at 30.5 GHz along with contributing Modes 3 and 5 with a bandwidth range of 28-31.5 GHz. Further, the design is simulated using electromagnetic simulation software, and the prototype is fabricated. The simulated and measured reflection coefficient |S11| > 10 dB in 28.72-32 GHz and 28.9-31.75 GHz. The CMA analyzed, simulated, and measured gain is 4.82 and 5.6 dBi, respectively. The proposed antenna has a stable response for conformal orientations along the x and y-axis. The antenna has resulted in bidirectional radiation in the XZ plane with simulated and measured half-power-beam-width (HPBW) of 58° and 54°. In the YZ plane, it resulted in omnidirectional radiation. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement. The article also performs the link budget analysis. It suggested that the antenna can communicate 100 Mbps of data to a distance of 100 m and 1 Gbps of data up to 70 m. Thus, the proposed antenna structure is suitable for wearable, IoT, and other 5G wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work introduces a cost-effective photonics-based approach for fast-implementing horn antennas operating in millimeter-wave frequencies (mm-waves). Instead of using conventional metallic guiding structures, we employed an all-dielectric quarter-wave stack Bragg mirror photonic design. As a proof-of-concept, we used five semi-spherical air-polylactic acid bilayers stacked with a conical (horn-like) aperture fabricated through a one-step 3D printing process. The prototype, with a bandwidth of 2.6 GHz (from 24.96 to 27.50 GHz), was fed by the WR28 standard waveguide mechanism with measured gain ranging from 10.6 to 13.9 dBi (between 25 and 27 GHz). These outcomes demonstrate our idea's suitability for alternative design of high-frequency antennas for future 5G and 6G wireless communications systems, overcoming the precision constraints of traditional manufacturing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phase‐graded multibeam high gain digital metasurface reflector array (DMSRA) antenna for 5G millimeter wave communication is proposed in this letter. The DMSRA unit‐cell element is composed of a dipole loaded with endstubs. The variation of load across the diploe manipulates the reflection phase response of the incoming electromagnetic wave. A discretized phase state of 0° and 180° is obtained for an optimized loaded dipole. The phase states mimic the binary meta bit‐0 and meta bit‐1. The metabits are distributed along the reflecting surface using a digital coding sequence to form multiple beams in the desired direction. A coding sequence of 010101... is employed to design a two‐dimensional phase‐graded metasurface to generate a four‐beam radiation pattern. The designed digital metasurface reflectarray antenna of dimensions 3.9λo×3.9λo ${3.9\lambda }_{o}\times 3.9{\lambda }_{o}$ is fabricated and measured to validate the performance. The DMSRA is excited by an antipodal Vivaldi antenna positioned at an optimized focal point of 28 mm. The measured results show a four‐beam radiation pattern obtained over the frequency range of 27.5–28.5 GHz along azimuthal and elevation planes, with a peak beam gain of 10.5 dBi at 28 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high‐gain digital metasurface reflectarray antenna for 5G FR‐2 band is presented in this letter. The digital metasurface reflector is composed of single‐layered phase quantized meta‐bit unit cell elements. The metabit consists of a split square integrated with a circular ring. Two discretized phase states are obtained by varying the dimensions of the split square and the circular ring, which mimic the metabit‐0 and metabit‐1, respectively. A digital metasurface reflectarray having dimensions of 5.3λo ${{\boldsymbol{\lambda }}}_{{\boldsymbol{o}}}$ × ${\boldsymbol{\times }}$ 5.3λo ${{\boldsymbol{\lambda }}}_{{\boldsymbol{o}}}$ operating in the frequency range of 37–39 GHz is designed, fabricated, and characterized. A linearly polarized antipodal vivaldi antenna spatially feeds the digital metasurface reflectarray. A maximum measured gain of 19.1 dBi is obtained at 38 GHz, with an aperture efficiency of 23%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A slotted microstrip patch antenna for fifth‐generation (5G) mobile applications is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna addresses the intrinsic narrow bandwidth of patch antennas by introducing rectangular slots in the form of a disjointed H‐slot to broaden the bandwidth. The patch design and the slots introduce two extra resonances to broaden the bandwidth of the antenna. An impedance bandwidth of 26.6% from 24.95 to 32.6 GHz was achieved. A measured peak gain of 9.44 dBi was also achieved with a minimum half‐power beamwidth of 36° over the entire bandwidth. The proposed slotted patch antenna is implemented on a 44.6 mm × 26.3 mm × 0.8 mm RT5880 Printed Circuit Board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, a compact circular cavity‐backed, circularly polarized substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) multiband antenna is proposed. In the outer circular cavity, an array of two periodic metal slots, tilted at an angle, resonate at 25.32, 26.44, and 28.83 GHz, and the inner circular cavity's periodic slots radiate at 28.01 GHz. Two concentric SIW cavities are structured in such a distinct manner that no loss due to leakage takes place thus, achieving a maximum isolation of −43.8 dB at 28.83 GHz. The miniaturized antenna has dimensions of 2.2λo × 2.2λo × 0.1λo where λo is the operating wavelength. It achieves a maximum gain of 9.1 dBi at 26.44 GHz, and VSWR < 2 is achieved at all frequency bands. The antenna is circularly polarized at 26.44 and 28.01 GHz as well. The design results are plotted in the Ansys high‐frequency structure simulator version EM19.2 tool. The proposed antenna is fabricated and tested using an Anritsu Vector Network Analyzer version v4.0 with an anechoic chamber setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A form of antenna system that can function at both microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies is known as Dual Microwave and Millimeter Wave Planar Shared-Aperture (DM2W). In this technique, microwave and millimeter wave circuits share a single aperture to minimize system size, weight, and cost. Communication systems that need a lot of bandwidth and fast data rates might benefit greatly from the dual microwave and millimeter wave planar sharedaperture technology. With the use of this technique, it is feasible to create antennas with a single aperture that can function throughout a broad frequency range, from microwave to millimeter wave frequencies. V2V communication, a crucial element of the future intelligent transportation system (ITS), has the potential to be enabled and improved by 5G technology. Real-time information transmission between cars is made possible through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, which can increase safety, lessen traffic, and improve the driving experience. Overall, 5G technology has transformed V2V communication and made driving safer, more effective, and more pleasant. In the upcoming years, we may anticipate seeing a wider use of V2V communication as 5G networks continue to develop and grow. A planar substrate-integrated wideband dual port microwave/millimeter wave antenna is the subject of the proposed study. It comprises of a millimeter-wave Parallel Plate Resonator Antenna (PPRA) and a microwave magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna. The antenna is created and constructed using planar laminate substrates. It is simple to merge the planar structure with the electronics. Because the two antenna components share the same radiation aperture, the design will be small. A dual-frequency antenna encompassing the 5.9 GHz V2V band and the 28 GHz 5G band will be designed. The observed lower and higher band bandwidths will be significantly wider than those of the conventional substrate- integrated devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing volumes of data generated by social networking, cloud computing, e-commerce, and online video broadcasting necessitate the implementation of higher data rates. As the current 4G network encounters congestion and potentially struggles to accommodate the substantial data demand, there is a growing interest in millimeter wave (mmWave) technology. The 30-300 GHz mmWave spectrum is characterized by its broad bandwidth and low latencyÍ? it is having many applications in communication domains, also includes 5G cellular. Despite its atmospheric attenuation and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation, the majority of nations have begun to implement mmWave 5G in the band of 28/38 GHz as a result of its reduced path loss exponent, minimal signal spread, and decreased atmospheric attenuation. While the patch antenna (single-element) is a compact and easily transportable choice for mmWave applications, its radiation efficiency, gain, and bandwidth are all subpar. Array antennas have effectively addressed these limitations by exhibiting significant enhancements in bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency. It is still limited in the maximum data rates it can accommodate. The rate of data can be increased by a factor of one thousand using Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology, which is enabled by geographical diversity and multiplexing techniques. As a result, the comprehension of structures of MIMO antennas operating at mmWave is imperative for the continued enhancement of performance. In comparing the efficacy of these designs, bandwidth, isolation, efficiency, gain, and radiation pattern are considered. In this paper, the most recent planar MIMO antenna designs, which are categorized as defected ground structures, Slot/Patch/Stub, MIMO Antenna Array, Dielectric Resonator Antenna, and Meta-Surface/Metamaterial Structures, are described. This paper also addresses the effects that slots, partial ground, and decoupling structures have on levels of isolation, bandwidth, and impedance matching. A comprehensive analysis of the design considerations and subsequent advancements is also provided in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimeter wave bands (30–300 GHz) are attracting a lot of research attention because they can possibly lead to data rates of nearly 10 Gbits/s, a lot of accessible bandwidth, narrow beam, good transmission quality, and excellent detection abilities compared to microwave frequencies which are restricted to 1 Gbits/s. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the recent research developments on antenna designing specifically at 30, 60 and 120 GHz mmWave wireless communication bands along with their characteristics, applications, limitations, material selection, challenges, and proposed solutions. Several mmWave antennas published in the literature are covered in this study, including their type, characteristics, design challenges, and future research prospects. A comparison of various mmWave antennas published recently are analysed in terms of gain, bandwidth, efficiency, number of elements and type of antenna technology. At last, the design techniques such as Antenna-in-Package (AiP), Antenna-on-Chip (AoP) and various fabrication technologies are described including their merits as well as demerits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For long-range communication, the directivity and gain of a millimeter wave antenna should be high. The aim of the paper is to design an antenna array that works at higher frequencies X/Kuband (8-12 GHz)/(12-18 GHz) respectively for applications such as RADAR. This can be achieved by an array of antennas as single antenna cannot provide such high gain and directivity. The radiation pattern has directional pencil beam in which the frequency and gain plot is shown at 11.32 GHz. The maximum gain of 29.0994 dB has been achieved at 11.32 GHz frequency. The software High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) has been used for simulation, and the simulated and measured results are found in agreement with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a compact and simplified geometry monopole antenna with high gain and wideband is introduced. The presented antenna incorporates a microstrip feedline and a circular patch with two circular rings of stubs, which are inserted into the reference circular patch antenna to enhance the bandwidth and return loss. Roger RT/Duroid 6002 is used as the material for the antenna, and has overall dimensions of WS × LS = 12 mm × 9 mm. Three designs of two-port MIMO configurations are derived from the reference unit element antenna. In the first design, the antenna element is placed parallel to the reference antenna, while in the second design, the element is placed orthogonal to the reference element of the antenna. In the third design, the antenna elements are adjusted to be opposite each other. In this study, we analyze the isolation between the MIMO elements with different arrangements of the elements. The MIMO configurations have dimensions of 15 mm × 26 mm for two of the cases and 15 mm × 28.75 mm for the third case. All three MIMO antennas are made using similar materials and have the same specifications as the single element antenna. Other significant MIMO parameters, including the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), channel capacity loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG), are also researched. Additionally, the paper includes a table summarizing the assessment of this work in comparison to relevant literature. The results of this study indicate that the proposed antenna is well-suited for future millimeter wave applications operating at 28 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a very compact hexagonal millimeter wave antenna of dimension 9×5×0:25mm³ with defected ground plane for mm-wave applications. The parametric design analysis is done for circular patch and hexagonal antenna on the same defected ground plane, and performance parameters of the antenna are analyzed. The designed hexagonal antenna with defected ground plane is compared with existing planar mm antennas in literature and works in ultra-wideband frequency at 40 GHz to 52 GHz with a minimum gain of 5.3 dBi and maximum gain of 6.5 dBi over the band and has the total efficiency of 80-95.9%. Antenna characteristic behavior is analyzed by varying the length of notches of the ground plane and other parameters such as thickness of the substrate, dielectric constant, and width of the strip of antenna. The antenna equivalent model is presented and is also simulated using Linear Technology (LT Spice). The radiation patterns are analyzed, and S11 impedance of the antenna is studied using the Smith chart. The antenna is simulated using CST Microwave Studio simulation tool and fabricated, and the results are validated using VNA (Vector Network Analyzer). This antenna's low profile enables easy integration with micro-circuits and can be used in applications such as fixed and mobile satellite, earth explorations satellite, space research services, broadcasting satellite services, international mobile telecommunication services, and High-Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS) services in mm-wave domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high‐performance dual‐polarized horn antenna for a 5G millimeter wave compact antenna test range system (CATR) is proposed in this article. The feed antenna is mainly composed of a double‐ridged waveguide junction orthomode transducer (OMT), mode converter, and corrugated horn antenna. Among them, the OMT is the key device for the feed antenna to achieve dual polarization characteristics, and adopts a modular design method to apply the multi‐section impedance transformer in the vertical and horizontal polarization channels with good transmission characteristics. The corrugated horn antenna generates a symmetrical radiation pattern mainly in six corrugated slots. The proposed dual‐polarized corrugated horn antenna impedance matching bandwidth (VSWR < 2) is 24–50 GHz. Moreover, the measured gain is 10–12 dBi, and the measured cross‐polarization level is less than −30 dB within the operating frequency range. Meanwhile, the half‐power beamwidth radiation pattern in the whole operating band has a good symmetry and the beamwidth in both E‐ and H‐plane remains stable. As a practical application, the designed antenna is used as the feed of the CATR system. The measured results show that the amplitude distribution in the quiet zone (QZ) is within ±1 dB, the phase distribution is within ±8°, and the cross‐polarization isolation is better than 27 dB. The performance of the QZ is conducive to the use of the CATR system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's 5G wireless communication evolution system demands millimeter wave frequency range antenna for its uses in several communication device applications. A 2-port Asymmetric Flare-Shape Patch Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna for mm-wave communication system is designed and presented. The antenna structure is constructed on a Rogers RT Duroid 5880 dielectric substrate with 1.6mm thickness, 2.2 dielectric constant, and 0.0009 loss tangent. The constructed MIMO structure has an overall size of 26 x 19:2mm2. The proposed MIMO design has 10 dB return loss performance over a frequency range of 20{40 GHz with more than 20 dB isolation between antenna elements, which shows the low mutual coupling between antenna elements. The performance of the suggested MIMO antenna is reported in terms of return loss, gain, ECC, and radiation pattern. The simulated and measured MIMO antenna performance characteristics are in good agreement. The suggested design achieves more than 20 dB isolation and 8.17 dB gain with an ECC value lower than 0.0001, which meets the diversity performance of the MIMO design with two antenna elements. The proposed MIMO design is compact and the best choice for 5G mm-wave applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach is presented to enhance the isolation of a two-port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna using a decoupling structure and a common defected ground structure (DGS) that physically separates the antennas from each other. The antenna operates in the 24 to 40 GHz frequency range. The innovation in the presented MIMO antenna design involves the novel integration of two arc-shaped symmetrical elements with dimensions of 35 × 35 × 1.6 mm3 placed perpendicular to each other. The benefits of employing an antenna with elements arranged perpendicularly are exemplified by the enhancement of its overall performance metrics. These elements incorporate a microstrip feed featuring a quarter-wave transformer (QWT). This concept synergizes with decoupling techniques and a defected ground structure to significantly enhance isolation in a millimeter wave (mm wave) MIMO antenna. These methods collectively achieve an impressively wide bandwidth. Efficient decoupling methodologies have been implemented, yielding a notable increase of 5 dB in isolation performance. The antenna exhibits 10 dB impedance matching, with a 15 GHz (46.87%) wide bandwidth, excellent isolation of more than 28 dB, and a desirable gain of 4.6 dB. Antennas have been analyzed to improve their performance in mm wave applications by evaluating diversity parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG), with achieved values of 0.0016 and 9.992 dB, respectively. The simulation is conducted using CST software. To validate the findings, experimental investigations have been conducted, affirming the accuracy of the simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Main aim behind this study is to utilize 3D printing technique for designing and fabrication of a flexible wideband Vivaldi antenna for the upcoming 5 G systems. Frequency bands starting from 24 up to 65 GHz are receiving particular attention as they have potential for both high data rate communications and high-resolution radar applications. A Vivaldi antenna is used for its very wideband properties and planar design. The radiating structure covers a bandwidth of 25–65 GHz for a match better than −10 dB and demonstrates reasonably high gain and efficiency performance. The simulated radiation efficiency of the antenna remains above 90% for the entire bandwidth. Hence, the main advantage of this approach is that wideband or switched transceivers for future 5 G communications can be integrated using this concept without the need of complex matching networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirements for the characteristics of phased antenna arrays of radar systems designed to probe the Earth's surface from an aircraft are determined. The design features of an onboard pass-through phased array antenna with a monopulse irradiator are considered. The results of the calculation of the directivity characteristics and the magnitude of the gain coefficient losses of the phase-controlled antenna array are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the community has seen a rise in interest and development regarding holographic antennas. The planar hologram is made of subwavelength metal patches printed on a grounded dielectric board, constituting flat metasurfaces. When a known reference wave is launched, the hologram produces a pencil beam towards a prescribed direction. Most earlier works on such antennas have considered only a single beam. For the few later ones that studied multiple beams, they were achieved either by having each beam taken care of by a distinct frequency or by partitioning the hologram, thereby depriving each beam of the directivity it could have had it not shared the holographic aperture with other beams. There have been recent studies related to the use of tensor surface impedance concepts for the synthesis of holograms which have attained control over the polarizations and intensities of the beams. However, this approach is complicated, tedious, and time-consuming. In this paper, we present a method for designing a planar holographic leaky-wave multi-beam metasurface antenna, of which each simultaneous beam radiating at the same frequency towards any designated direction has a tailorable amplitude, phase, and polarization, all without hologram partitioning. Most importantly, this antenna is exempted from the need for the cumbersome technique of tensor impedance. Such features of beam configurability are useful in selective multiple-target applications that require differential gain and polarization control among the various beams. Only a single source is needed, which is another benefit. In addition, effective methods to mitigate sidelobes are also proposed here. Designs by simulations according to the method are herein validated with measurements performed on fabricated prototypes.

Due to the growing scarcity of spectrum resources in the low-frequency band, the requirement of beam-reconfigurable antennas in the millimeter wave band is urgent. In this paper, a W-band graphene-based metasurface working in a broad bandwidth is proposed with reflective amplitude coding. Here, graphene sheets play a dual role in radiating and regulating electromagnetic waves. By adjusting the Fermi levels of graphene, the reflective amplitude and phase of the metasurface can be modulated simultaneously, enabling multi-beam switching and beam deflection in far-field. The proposed metasurface achieves amplitude-phase modulation within a significantly wide bandwidth which covers 75–91.5 GHz and 99.3–115 GHz. By optimizing the coding patterns, the proposed graphene-based metasurfaces are able to not only realize 2-D beam steering, but also achieve beam switching from single beam to four beams at 87 GHz. The proposed design provides a novel solution for the flexible manipulation of millimeter waves, which can be applied to various fields such as vehicle radar, satellite communication, 6G wireless communication, and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimeter wave antennas have the advantage of high directivity, miniaturization, high resolution and data transfer speed, wide bandwidth, and lower latency. In this work, a millimeter wave planar array antenna (PAA) with the characteristics of wideband and low sidelobes, which consists of eight identical linear array antenna (LAA) based on Ti3C2 MXene, is designed and fabricated. It is the first time that MXene antennas are proposed for a 5G millimeter wave antenna application. MXene PAA has a high realized gain of 22.22 dBi and a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of measurement covering the range from 24 GHz to 28 GHz, including the 5G FR2—n258 frequency band. With Chebyshev current distribution, the MXene PAA has a half-power beam width of 10.2° and 10.8° in the xoz-plane and yoz-plane radiation patterns with the sidelobes levels below −20 dB, respectively. Therefore, MXene PAA is suitable for 5G mobile communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a simple and novel Ultra-wideband (UWB) micro strip patch antenna is developed with a compact dimension (15 x 12 x 0.8) mm³ and low complexity. This design improves a number of microwave circuit features, including wide bandwidth, and achieved optimum gain, among others. The proposed antenna is intended to operate in the frequency range from 22 to 29.6 GHz, the antenna is mounted on a Rogers RT Duroid 5880 compact dielectric substrate with a thickness of 0.8 mm and a dielectric constant of (εr = 2.2). Elliptical slots have been added in the simple capsule shape radiating patch to achieve wideband performance for the proposed antenna structure. The proposed antenna, with a frequency range from 22 to 29.6 GHz, has a wide bandwidth of 7.6 GHz. As a result, the proposed antenna design is small and appropriate for higher frequencies. The results of the simulation confirm that the antenna model is appropriate. In comparison to conventional patch, performance parameters like reflection coefficient, gain, and VSWR has improved. The EM simulator Ansoft HFSS v.15.0 performs all essential simulations, and a thorough comparative analysis based on the current antennas is performed. The suggested antenna has good impedance matching at |S11| < – 10 dB, VSWR is less than 2 and peak gain is 6.08 dBi at 24 GHz. Since the suggested antenna resonates at millimeter wave frequencies, it can be used for 5G applications. These excellent results in terms of tiny size, UWB operating band, high gain, good impedance matching, desired radiation features suggest that the proposed antenna would be a decent choice for 5G mm-wave applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low cross-polarization microstrip antenna array for millimeter wave (mmW) applications is proposed in this paper. The antenna element is composed of symmetric T-shaped patches with vias. The adoption of a double-sided symmetric radiation patch structure can suppress the cross-polarized electric field, and the vias reduces energy leakage during the power transmission along the antenna patches. To verify the concept, a 1 × 8 antenna array is fabricated and measured. The measured −10 dB impedance of the antenna array is 28.4% (31 GHz–41.5 GHz) and the peak gain is 15 dBi. The cross polarization ratio is above 35 dB and the 3 dB beamwidths on E-plane and H-plane are 7.5° and 135°, respectively. The proposed compact size and low cross-polarization antenna array might be a good choice for phased array radar and 5th generation (5G) mobile communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of a patch array antenna with a High Impedance Surface (HIS) metasurface at mmWave frequencies has been studied. The antenna is intended for a collision avoidance imaging application, which will help blind or visually impaired people in their daily lives. A compact and cost-effective uniplanar design, operating in the mmWave unlicensed frequency band (24.05–24.25 GHz), has been reached. Multiple arrangements and dispositions of the HIS unit-cells with the array have been explored in order to improve the radiation parameters of the basic design. Both, the basic array and the array-HIS combination, have been manufactured using laser micromachining. Prototypes have been measured in an anechoic chamber and measurement results have been confronted with the simulation ones in terms of bandwidth and radiation properties. A comparison with the state-of-the-art antennas at 24 GHz has been performed to endorse the achievements of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a compact dual-band two element multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) antenna design for fifth generation (5G) IoT applications. The antenna covers the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies of 26.5 to 27.1 GHz and 39.15 to 40.69 GHz. Each MIMO element consists of meandered patch with ground plane defected by two symmetrical rectangular slots. The antenna is realised using Rogers 5880 substrate and excited by a 50 Ω coaxial feed. The size of the antenna is 10 × 28 × 0.787 mm3 and offers a peak gain of 7.29 dBi and 7.45 dBi respectively at 26.8 and 39.8 GHz resonant frequencies. The MIMO parameters of the antenna also show the good performance characteristics across the two operating bands. The antenna prototype is fabricated to verify the experimental results, which show an excellent agreement with that of simulation results. The proposed antenna outperforms the related antenna designs with features like compact design, low ECC and higher gain, isolation and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates a Turbinella-shaped super wideband monopole antenna designed to accommodate the attributes of the fifth-generation (5G) technology which is the enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB). The antenna is designed to work with the current millimetre wave bands, including n77, n78, and n258, and it provides the increased data rate needed for eMBB applications. The proposed antenna comprises a Turbinella-shaped patch, a 50O tapered feed line, and a multi-slotted partial ground plane. The self-similarity and space-filling nature of circular geometrical fractal is employed in a novel way to acquire antenna compactness and broadband performances. Further with the design of a tuning fork-shaped Defective Ground Structure (DGS), super wideband characteristics to incorporate 5G millimeter bands are obtained. The proposed antenna has a compact size of 0.25λ × 0:32λ along with a bandwidth of 173.33% along the frequency ranging from 3 to 41.97 GHz and has achieved a compactness of 81%. Moreover, the fundamental dimension limit theorem is used to demonstrate the antenna's compactness. Time domain analysis is also studied in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a small-size broadband slot monopole chip antenna for millimeter wave application. Using a 0.18 μm CMOS process, through metal_1, the artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) of the metal layer increased the impedance bandwidth of the chip antenna. The additional inverted C branch was used to achieve a better reflection coefficient. By adding an AMC and inverted C branch, the operating frequency of the chip antenna went to 33.8–110 GHz below the reflection coefficient of −10 dB, and its fractional bandwidth was 103.4%. The maximum gain was −6.3 dBi at 72 GHz. The overall chip size was 1.2 × 1.2 (mm2). Through measurement and verification, the proposed antenna reflection coefficient was close to the simulation trend and had better resonance. The frequency range of the chip antenna proposed in this paper covered the 5G NR FR2 band (24.2 GHz–52.6 GHz) and W-band (75 GHz–110 GHz). The proposed chip antenna can be applied to the Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, biomedical electronics, near field sensing and other related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a small-size broadband triangular monopole chip antenna for millimeter wave band applications. Process using 0.18 μm CMOS process and antenna design using Met-al_6. Triangular patch design and feed line length analysis to achieve a better reflection coefficient and also dig three circular slots at the grounding point to achieve better impedance matching. The operating frequency of the chip antenna is 62–100 GHz below the reflection coefficient −10 dB standard, with a fractional bandwidth of 54%. The maximum gain is −0.4 dBi at 64 GHz. The efficiency is 40.9%. The overall chip size is 1.2 × 1.2 (mm2). After measurement and verification, the proposed antenna reflection coefficient is similar to the simulation trend and has better resonance. The chip antenna frequency range proposed in this article covers the 5G NR FR2 frequency band. The proposed chip antenna can be applied in related fields such as the Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and biomedical electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing demand of mobile and wireless users, there is a need to switch from fourth generation (4G) to fifth generation (5G) wireless technology for better data rate, coverage, and spectral efficiency. In 4G technology, data rate is around 1.0 Gbps, but in 5G technology data rate is more than 1.0 Gbps to reduce delay and latency. A properly implemented array can enhance the gain in 5G technology. A 2:1 VSWR-based array antenna with a single element is designed on the Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate to cover the 27.06–28.35 GHz frequency band for 5G application. The dimension of the substrate is 51.44 × 18.34 mm2. The approximate size of each patch is 3.8 × 4.5 mm2. The proposed array antenna has 16.07 dBi gain, 93.5% radiation efficiency, and 93.5% total efficiency at the 28.0 GHz resonant frequency. MEG for Gaussian medium with XPR = 0 dB is in the range of −9.85– −13.05 dB, while with XPR = 6.0 dB, MEG for Gaussian medium lies in the range −7.50– −10.71 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Guangdong University of Technology is the property of Journal of Guangdong University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Millimeter wave applications gives an efficient solution to furnish peak data rates in indoor wireless access systems. Propagation of the signal will get up-shot because of few considerations in advanced communication appliances. Superior output and high directivity antennas are mandatory to overcome these consequences. By installing unequal slots in the structure, the tree-shaped unequal slotted antenna is analyzed for the variations in impedance, directivity changes and reflection coefficient. The better quality results have been observed for the proposed structure while compare with existing structures. The maximum simulation reflection coefficient(S11) of tree-shaped unequal slotted antenna is 45.12 dB, directivity is 6.54 dBi with the efficiency of 60 % and at 60 GHz, and the measurement value of 36.35 is observed which covers the complete RADAR applications which have an unlicensed bandwidth. The dimension of tree-shaped unequal slotted antenna is observed as 12*7*0.508 mm3. The proposed tree-shaped unequal slotted antenna is well suited for millimeter-wave appliances such as Microcell, Femtocell and macrocell applications because of its good bandwidth and less dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire bonds are one of the most common interconnects used in microelectronics; however, their application to millimeter wave monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) may severely decrease the overall system performance due to transmission loss, radiation loss, and impedance mismatch. The goal of this work was to optimize a wire-bonded patch antenna to minimize losses and maximize the gain in the frequency range from 81 to 83 GHz. Optimization was based on electromagnetic simulations of different variants of the wire bond. Results show that the optimized structure demonstrates two major advantages. Firstly, it does not require any external matching network; hence, it can be directly connected to a contact pad of an MMIC die. Secondly, the wire bond radiation effect is utilized to enhance the patch antenna gain at the broadside direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter proposes an ultra‐wideband planar patch antenna array in a millimeter wave (mmW) band. The radiation element consists of a pair of symmetrical E‐shaped patches and two pairs of grounded metallic vias. A microstrip line is selected to excite the antenna element through an H‐shaped coupling slot. The entire structure is designed on two substrates, which makes it have a relatively low cost. The periodic boundaries are adopted in element simulation to achieve good agreement of performances between the element and the final array. The proposed element exhibits triple‐resonant characteristics and achieves a working bandwidth of 62%. By employing the proposed element, an 8 × 8 array with a 1‐to‐64 full‐corporate feeding network is designed, manufactured, and measured. The measured results demonstrate that the fabricated array prototype realizes an impedance bandwidth of 71% from 22 to 46.3 GHz covering all 5G mmW bands in the K/Ka band, a gain from 18.2 to 23.4 dBi over the whole operating bandwidth, and cross‐polarization levels below –30 dB. With the merits of an ultra‐wideband, stable radiation, and a low cost, the proposed array can be applied to long‐distance mmW communications and related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]