18 results on '"Miller-Petrie, M"'
Search Results
2. The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children
- Author
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Reiner, R, Welgan, C, Troeger, C, Baumann, M, Weiss, D, Deshpande, A, Blacker, B, Miller-Petrie, M, Earl, L, Bhatt, S, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Aghaali, M, Aji, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alhassan, R, Ali, S, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amini, S, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, C, Ansari, F, Anvari, D, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Ausloos, F, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Azene, Z, Badawi, A, Baig, A, Banach, M, Bedi, N, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Birhanu, T, Bitew, Z, Boloor, A, Brady, O, Butt, Z, Car, J, Carvalho, F, Casey, D, Chattu, V, Chowdhury, M, Chu, D, Coelho, C, Cook, A, Damiani, G, Daoud, F, Gela, J, Darwish, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Davis Weaver, N, Deribe, K, Desalew, A, Dharmaratne, S, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Dubljanin, E, Duko, B, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Effiong, A, El Sayed Zaki, M, El Tantawi, M, Enany, S, Fattahi, N, Feigin, V, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Foroutan, M, Frostad, J, Fukumoto, T, Gaidhane, A, Gebrekrstos, H, Gebremeskel, L, Gebreslassie, A, Gething, P, Gezae, K, Ghadiri, K, Ghashghaee, A, Golechha, M, Gubari, M, Hadgu, F, Hamidi, S, Handiso, D, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hayat, K, Herteliu, C, Ho, H, Holla, R, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Hussain, R, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Irvani, S, Jaafari, J, Javaheri, T, Jha, R, Johnson, K, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Karch, A, Kayode, G, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, M, Khan, G, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Kianipour, N, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kissoon, N, Kochhar, S, Koolivand, A, Kopec, J, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kumar, P, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Lal, D, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Lasrado, S, La Vecchia, C, Lazzar-Atwood, A, Lee, P, Legrand, K, Lewycka, S, Li, B, Lim, S, Lindstedt, P, Liu, X, Longbottom, J, Lopez, A, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahasha, P, Maleki, A, Mamun, A, Mansournia, M, Marczak, L, Martins-Melo, F, Mayala, B, Meharie, B, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Moazen, B, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Moradi, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mosser, J, Murray, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, H, Nnaji, C, Noubiap, J, Nunez-Samudio, V, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omer, M, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Peprah, E, Pham, H, Pigott, D, Pirestani, M, Postma, M, Pottoo, F, Pourjafar, H, Quazi Syed, Z, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rao, S, Rao, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Regassa, L, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Ribeiro, A, Rickard, J, Rios-Gonzalez, C, Rumisha, S, Sabour, S, Sajadi, S, Salomon, J, Samadi Kafil, H, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sartorius, B, Saxena, D, Schaeffer, L, Senthilkumaran, S, Sha, F, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Il Shin, J, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Smith, D, Soheili, A, Sokhan, A, Spurlock, E, Sreeramareddy, C, Sufiyan, M, Swartz, S, Tadesse, D, Tamiru, A, Tefera, Y, Temsah, M, Tessema, Z, Titova, M, Tran, B, Truong, P, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Violante, F, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Wassie, E, Welay, F, Wickramasinghe, N, Wiens, K, Wijeratne, T, Wiysonge, C, Wondmeneh, T, Yamada, T, Yaya, S, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yusefzadeh, H, Zaidi, Z, Zamanian, M, Zangeneh, A, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Y, Ziapour, A, Hay, S, Reiner R. C., Welgan C. A., Troeger C. E., Baumann M. M., Weiss D. J., Deshpande A., Blacker B. F., Miller-Petrie M. K., Earl L., Bhatt S., Abolhassani H., Abosetugn A. E., Abu-Gharbieh E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O. O., Aghaali M., Aji B., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alhassan R. K., Ali S., Alizade H., Aljunid S. M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H. M., Altirkawi K. A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A. T., Amini S., Amugsi D. A., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C. L., Ansari F., Anvari D., Appiah S. C. Y., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Atout M. M. W., Ausloos M., Ausloos F., Ayanore M. A., Aynalem Y. A., Azene Z. N., Badawi A., Baig A. A., Banach M., Bedi N., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z. A., Bijani A., Birhanu T. T. M., Bitew Z. W., Boloor A., Brady O. J., Butt Z. A., Car J., Carvalho F., Casey D. C., Chattu V. K., Chowdhury M. A. K., Chu D. -T., Coelho C. H., Cook A. J., Damiani G., Daoud F., Gela J. D., Darwish A. H., Daryani A., Das J. K., Davis Weaver N., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dharmaratne S. D., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Dorostkar F., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Effiong A., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Enany S., Fattahi N., Feigin V. L., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Fischer F., Foigt N. A., Folayan M. O., Foroutan M., Frostad J. J., Fukumoto T., Gaidhane A. M., Gebrekrstos H. G. G. K., Gebremeskel L., Gebreslassie A. A., Gething P. W., Gezae K. E., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Golechha M., Gubari M. I. M., Hadgu F. B., Hamidi S., Handiso D. W., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hayat K., Herteliu C., Ho H. C., Holla R., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hussain R., Hwang B. -F., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Irvani S. S. N., Jaafari J., Javaheri T., Jha R. P., Johnson K. B., Jonas J. B., Jozwiak J. J., Kabir A., Kalhor R., Kanchan T., Karch A., Kayode G. A., Keiyoro P. N., Khader Y. S., Khalil I. A., Khan M. N., Khan M., Khan G., Khatab K., Khater M. M., Khatib M. N., Kianipour N., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kissoon N., Kochhar S., Koolivand A., Kopec J. A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Kumar P., Kurmi O. P., Kusuma D., Lal D. K., Lami F. H., Landires I., Lansingh V. C., Lasrado S., La Vecchia C., Lazzar-Atwood A., Lee P. H., LeGrand K. E., Lewycka S., Li B., Lim S. S., Lindstedt P. A., Liu X., Longbottom J., Lopez A. D., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Mahasha P. W., Maleki A., Mamun A. A., Mansournia M. A., Marczak L. B., Martins-Melo F. R., Mayala B. K., Meharie B. G., Melese A., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha E. W., Mensah G. A., Meretoja T. J., Mestrovic T., Miller T. R., Mirrakhimov E. M., Moazen B., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi S., Mohammed S., Mokdad A. H., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser J. F., Murray C. J. L., Naderi M., Nagarajan A. J., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J. W., Nguyen Q. A. P., Nguyen H. L. T., Nnaji C. A., Noubiap J. J., Nunez-Samudio V., Olagunju A. T., Olusanya J. O., Olusanya B. O., Omer M. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Owolabi M. O., P A M., Padubidri J. R., Pana A., Peprah E. K., Pham H. Q., Pigott D. M., Pirestani M., Postma M. J., Pottoo F. H., Pourjafar H., Quazi Syed Z., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M. H. U., Rao S. J., Rao P. C., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D. L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Regassa L. D., Renzaho A. M. N., Rezaei N., Rezai M. S., Ribeiro A. I., Rickard J., Rios-Gonzalez C. M., Rumisha S. F., Sabour S., Sajadi S. M., Salomon J. A., Samadi Kafil H., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Sartorius B., Saxena D., Schaeffer L. E., Senthilkumaran S., Sha F., Shaheen A. A., Shaikh M. A., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shibuya K., Shigematsu M., Il Shin J., Simonetti B., Singh J. A., Smith D. L., Soheili A., Sokhan A., Spurlock E. E., Sreeramareddy C. T., Sufiyan M. B., Swartz S. J., Tadesse D. B., Tamiru A. T., Tefera Y. G., Temsah M. -H., Tessema Z. T., Titova M. V., Tran B. X., Truong P. N., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Vasankari T. J., Vasseghian Y., Violante F. S., Vu G. T., Waheed Y., Wamai R. G., Wassie E. G., Welay F. T., Wickramasinghe N. D., Wiens K. E., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C. S., Wondmeneh T. G., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yeshitila Y. G., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yuce D., Yusefzadeh H., Zaidi Z., Zamanian M., Zangeneh A., Zhang Z. -J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay S. I., Reiner, R, Welgan, C, Troeger, C, Baumann, M, Weiss, D, Deshpande, A, Blacker, B, Miller-Petrie, M, Earl, L, Bhatt, S, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Aghaali, M, Aji, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alhassan, R, Ali, S, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amini, S, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, C, Ansari, F, Anvari, D, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Ausloos, F, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Azene, Z, Badawi, A, Baig, A, Banach, M, Bedi, N, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Birhanu, T, Bitew, Z, Boloor, A, Brady, O, Butt, Z, Car, J, Carvalho, F, Casey, D, Chattu, V, Chowdhury, M, Chu, D, Coelho, C, Cook, A, Damiani, G, Daoud, F, Gela, J, Darwish, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Davis Weaver, N, Deribe, K, Desalew, A, Dharmaratne, S, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Dubljanin, E, Duko, B, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Effiong, A, El Sayed Zaki, M, El Tantawi, M, Enany, S, Fattahi, N, Feigin, V, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Foroutan, M, Frostad, J, Fukumoto, T, Gaidhane, A, Gebrekrstos, H, Gebremeskel, L, Gebreslassie, A, Gething, P, Gezae, K, Ghadiri, K, Ghashghaee, A, Golechha, M, Gubari, M, Hadgu, F, Hamidi, S, Handiso, D, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hayat, K, Herteliu, C, Ho, H, Holla, R, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Hussain, R, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Irvani, S, Jaafari, J, Javaheri, T, Jha, R, Johnson, K, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Karch, A, Kayode, G, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, M, Khan, G, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Kianipour, N, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kissoon, N, Kochhar, S, Koolivand, A, Kopec, J, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kumar, P, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Lal, D, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Lasrado, S, La Vecchia, C, Lazzar-Atwood, A, Lee, P, Legrand, K, Lewycka, S, Li, B, Lim, S, Lindstedt, P, Liu, X, Longbottom, J, Lopez, A, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahasha, P, Maleki, A, Mamun, A, Mansournia, M, Marczak, L, Martins-Melo, F, Mayala, B, Meharie, B, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Moazen, B, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Moradi, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mosser, J, Murray, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, H, Nnaji, C, Noubiap, J, Nunez-Samudio, V, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omer, M, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Peprah, E, Pham, H, Pigott, D, Pirestani, M, Postma, M, Pottoo, F, Pourjafar, H, Quazi Syed, Z, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rao, S, Rao, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Regassa, L, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Ribeiro, A, Rickard, J, Rios-Gonzalez, C, Rumisha, S, Sabour, S, Sajadi, S, Salomon, J, Samadi Kafil, H, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sartorius, B, Saxena, D, Schaeffer, L, Senthilkumaran, S, Sha, F, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Il Shin, J, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Smith, D, Soheili, A, Sokhan, A, Spurlock, E, Sreeramareddy, C, Sufiyan, M, Swartz, S, Tadesse, D, Tamiru, A, Tefera, Y, Temsah, M, Tessema, Z, Titova, M, Tran, B, Truong, P, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Violante, F, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Wassie, E, Welay, F, Wickramasinghe, N, Wiens, K, Wijeratne, T, Wiysonge, C, Wondmeneh, T, Yamada, T, Yaya, S, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yusefzadeh, H, Zaidi, Z, Zamanian, M, Zangeneh, A, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Y, Ziapour, A, Hay, S, Reiner R. C., Welgan C. A., Troeger C. E., Baumann M. M., Weiss D. J., Deshpande A., Blacker B. F., Miller-Petrie M. K., Earl L., Bhatt S., Abolhassani H., Abosetugn A. E., Abu-Gharbieh E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O. O., Aghaali M., Aji B., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alhassan R. K., Ali S., Alizade H., Aljunid S. M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H. M., Altirkawi K. A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A. T., Amini S., Amugsi D. A., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C. L., Ansari F., Anvari D., Appiah S. C. Y., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Atout M. M. W., Ausloos M., Ausloos F., Ayanore M. A., Aynalem Y. A., Azene Z. N., Badawi A., Baig A. A., Banach M., Bedi N., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z. A., Bijani A., Birhanu T. T. M., Bitew Z. W., Boloor A., Brady O. J., Butt Z. A., Car J., Carvalho F., Casey D. C., Chattu V. K., Chowdhury M. A. K., Chu D. -T., Coelho C. H., Cook A. J., Damiani G., Daoud F., Gela J. D., Darwish A. H., Daryani A., Das J. K., Davis Weaver N., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dharmaratne S. D., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Dorostkar F., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Effiong A., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Enany S., Fattahi N., Feigin V. L., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Fischer F., Foigt N. A., Folayan M. O., Foroutan M., Frostad J. J., Fukumoto T., Gaidhane A. M., Gebrekrstos H. G. G. K., Gebremeskel L., Gebreslassie A. A., Gething P. W., Gezae K. E., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Golechha M., Gubari M. I. M., Hadgu F. B., Hamidi S., Handiso D. W., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hayat K., Herteliu C., Ho H. C., Holla R., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hussain R., Hwang B. -F., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Irvani S. S. N., Jaafari J., Javaheri T., Jha R. P., Johnson K. B., Jonas J. B., Jozwiak J. J., Kabir A., Kalhor R., Kanchan T., Karch A., Kayode G. A., Keiyoro P. N., Khader Y. S., Khalil I. A., Khan M. N., Khan M., Khan G., Khatab K., Khater M. M., Khatib M. N., Kianipour N., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kissoon N., Kochhar S., Koolivand A., Kopec J. A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Kumar P., Kurmi O. P., Kusuma D., Lal D. K., Lami F. H., Landires I., Lansingh V. C., Lasrado S., La Vecchia C., Lazzar-Atwood A., Lee P. H., LeGrand K. E., Lewycka S., Li B., Lim S. S., Lindstedt P. A., Liu X., Longbottom J., Lopez A. D., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Mahasha P. W., Maleki A., Mamun A. A., Mansournia M. A., Marczak L. B., Martins-Melo F. R., Mayala B. K., Meharie B. G., Melese A., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha E. W., Mensah G. A., Meretoja T. J., Mestrovic T., Miller T. R., Mirrakhimov E. M., Moazen B., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi S., Mohammed S., Mokdad A. H., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser J. F., Murray C. J. L., Naderi M., Nagarajan A. J., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J. W., Nguyen Q. A. P., Nguyen H. L. T., Nnaji C. A., Noubiap J. J., Nunez-Samudio V., Olagunju A. T., Olusanya J. O., Olusanya B. O., Omer M. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Owolabi M. O., P A M., Padubidri J. R., Pana A., Peprah E. K., Pham H. Q., Pigott D. M., Pirestani M., Postma M. J., Pottoo F. H., Pourjafar H., Quazi Syed Z., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M. H. U., Rao S. J., Rao P. C., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D. L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Regassa L. D., Renzaho A. M. N., Rezaei N., Rezai M. S., Ribeiro A. I., Rickard J., Rios-Gonzalez C. M., Rumisha S. F., Sabour S., Sajadi S. M., Salomon J. A., Samadi Kafil H., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Sartorius B., Saxena D., Schaeffer L. E., Senthilkumaran S., Sha F., Shaheen A. A., Shaikh M. A., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shibuya K., Shigematsu M., Il Shin J., Simonetti B., Singh J. A., Smith D. L., Soheili A., Sokhan A., Spurlock E. E., Sreeramareddy C. T., Sufiyan M. B., Swartz S. J., Tadesse D. B., Tamiru A. T., Tefera Y. G., Temsah M. -H., Tessema Z. T., Titova M. V., Tran B. X., Truong P. N., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Vasankari T. J., Vasseghian Y., Violante F. S., Vu G. T., Waheed Y., Wamai R. G., Wassie E. G., Welay F. T., Wickramasinghe N. D., Wiens K. E., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C. S., Wondmeneh T. G., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yeshitila Y. G., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yuce D., Yusefzadeh H., Zaidi Z., Zamanian M., Zangeneh A., Zhang Z. -J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., and Hay S. I.
- Abstract
Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival.
- Published
- 2022
3. Democracies linked to greater universal health coverage compared with autocracies, even in an economic recession
- Author
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Templin, T., Dieleman, J. L., Wigley, Simon, Mumford, J. E., Miller-Petrie, M., Kiernan, S., Bollyky, T. J., and Wigley, Simon
- Subjects
Politics ,National health systems ,Quality of care ,Health service ,COVID-19 ,Universal coverage ,Cost and spending ,Access to care ,Disease ,Mortality ,Pandemics - Abstract
Despite widespread recognition that universal health coverage is a political choice, the roles that a country’s political system plays in ensuring essential health services and minimizing financial risk remain poorly understood. Identifying the political determinants of universal health coverage is important for continued progress, and understanding the roles of political systems is particularly valuable in a global economic recession, which tests the continued commitment of nations to protecting their health of its citizens and to shielding them from financial risk. We measured the associations that democracy has with universal health coverage and government health spending in 170 countries during the period 1990–2019. We assessed how economic recessions affect those associations (using synthetic control methods) and the mechanisms connecting democracy with government health spending and universal health coverage (using machine learning methods). Our results show that democracy is positively associated with universal health coverage and government health spending and that this association is greatest for low-income countries. Free and fair elections were the mechanism primarily responsible for those positive associations. Democracies are more likely than autocracies to maintain universal health coverage, even amid economic recessions, when access to affordable, effective health services matters most.
- Published
- 2021
4. Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))
- Author
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Roth G. 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Ataro, Z, Atique, S, Atre, S, Ausloos, M, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayele, Y, Ayer, R, Azzopardi, P, Babazadeh, A, Bacha, U, Badali, H, Badawi, A, Bali, A, Ballesteros, K, Banach, M, Banerjee, K, Bannick, M, Banoub, J, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barrero, L, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Baynes, H, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bejot, Y, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Belay, E, Belay, Y, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berman, A, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, R, Bertolacci, G, Beuran, M, Beyranvand, T, Bhalla, A, Bhattarai, S, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Biehl, M, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Bililign, N, Bin Sayeed, M, Bisanzio, D, Biswas, T, Blacker, B, Basara, B, Borschmann, R, Bosetti, C, Bozorgmehr, K, Brady, O, Brant, L, Brayne, C, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Briant, P, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Callender, C, Campos-Nonato, I, Campuzano Rincon, J, Cano, J, Car, M, 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Driscoll, T, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duken, E, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Ebrahimi, H, Ebrahimpour, S, Edessa, D, Edvardsson, D, Eggen, A, El Bcheraoui, C, El Sayed Zaki, M, El-Khatib, Z, Elkout, H, Ellingsen, C, Endres, M, Endries, A, Er, B, Erskine, H, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Esteghamati, A, Fakhar, M, Fakhim, H, Faramarzi, M, Fareed, M, Farhadi, F, Farinha, C, Faro, A, Farvid, M, Farzadfar, F, Farzaei, M, Feigin, V, Feigl, A, Fentahun, N, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Ferrari, A, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Finegold, S, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Fornari, C, Frank, T, Fukumoto, T, Fuller, J, Fullman, N, Furst, T, Furtado, J, Futran, N, Gallus, S, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Garcia-Gordillo, M, Gardner, W, Gebre, A, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebremedhin, A, Gebremichael, B, Gebremichael, T, Gelano, T, Geleijnse, J, Genova-Maleras, R, Geramo, Y, Gething, P, Gezae, K, Ghadami, M, Ghadimi, R, Ghasemi Falavarjani, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Ghimire, M, Gibney, K, Gill, P, Gill, T, Gillum, R, Ginawi, I, Giroud, M, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Goldberg, E, Goli, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Gopalani, S, Gorman, T, Goto, A, Goulart, A, Gnedovskaya, E, Grada, A, Grosso, G, Gugnani, H, Guimaraes, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, P, Gupta, T, Gutierrez, R, Gyawali, B, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hagos, T, Hailegiyorgis, T, Hailu, G, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Handal, A, Hankey, G, Harb, H, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, J, Hasan, M, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, R, Hay, S, He, Y, Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A, Hegazy, M, Heibati, B, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Heydarpour, P, Heydarpour, S, Hibstu, D, Hoek, H, Hole, M, Homaie Rad, E, Hoogar, P, Hosgood, H, Hosseini, S, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, P, Hoy, D, Hsiao, T, Hu, G, Huang, J, Husseini, A, Hussen, M, Hutfless, S, Idrisov, B, Ilesanmi, O, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islam, N, Islam, S, Islami, F, Jacobsen, K, Jahangiry, L, 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Kuzin, I, Kyu, H, Lad, D, Lad, S, Lafranconi, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lami, F, Lansingh, V, Lansky, S, Larson, H, Latifi, A, Lau, K, Lazarus, J, Lebedev, G, Lee, P, Leigh, J, Leili, M, Leshargie, C, Li, S, Li, Y, Liang, J, Lim, L, Lim, S, Limenih, M, Linn, S, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lodha, R, Lonsdale, C, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Ma, S, Macarayan, E, Mackay, M, Maclachlan, J, Maddison, E, Madotto, F, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Maghavani, D, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Manda, A, Mandarano-Filho, L, Manguerra, H, Mansournia, M, Mapoma, C, Marami, D, Maravilla, J, Marcenes, W, Marczak, L, Marks, A, Marks, G, Martinez, G, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, Marz, W, Marzan, M, Masci, J, Massenburg, B, Mathur, M, Mathur, P, Matzopoulos, R, Maulik, P, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mcmahon, B, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, M, Mehrotra, R, Mehta, K, Mehta, V, Mekonnen, T, Melese, A, Melku, M, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengistu, D, Mengistu, G, Mensah, G, Mereta, S, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Mezgebe, H, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Millear, A, Miller, T, Miller-Petrie, M, Mini, G, Mirabi, P, Mirarefin, M, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mitiku, H, Moazen, B, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mohan, V, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradinazar, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Velasquez, I, Morgado-Da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Moschos, M, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, S, Muchie, K, Mueller, U, Mukhopadhyay, S, Muller, K, Mumford, J, Musa, J, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Nachega, J, Nagel, G, Naheed, A, Nahvijou, A, Naik, G, Nair, S, Najafi, F, Naldi, L, Nam, H, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Nascimento, B, Natarajan, G, Neamati, N, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Neupane, S, Newton, C, Ngalesoni, F, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, A, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, L, Nguyen, M, Nguyen, T, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, 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A., Abate D., Abate K. H., Abay S. M., Abbafati C., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdela J., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R. S., Abebe H. T., Abebe M., Abebe Z., Abejie A. N., Abera S. F., Abil O. Z., Abraha H. N., Abrham A. R., Abu-Raddad L. J., Accrombessi M. M. K., Acharya D., Adamu A. A., Adebayo O. M., Adedoyin R. A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O. O., Adhena B. M., Adib M. G., Admasie A., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Agesa K. M., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi M., Ahmed M. B., Ahmed S., Aichour A. N., Aichour I., Aichour M. T. E., Akbari M. E., Akinyemi R. O., Akseer N., Al-Aly Z., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Raddadi R. M., Alahdab F., Alam K., Alam T., Alebel A., Alene K. A., Alijanzadeh M., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S. M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Alonso J., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A. T., Aminde L. N., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y. A., Anber N. H., Andrei C. L., Androudi S., Animut M. D., Anjomshoa M., Ansari H., Ansha M. G., Antonio C. A. T., Anwari P., Aremu O., Arnlov J., Arora A., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K. K., Asayesh H., Asfaw E. T., Ataro Z., Atique S., Atre S. R., Ausloos M., Avokpaho E. F. G. A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B. P., Ayele Y., Ayer R., Azzopardi P. S., Babazadeh A., Bacha U., Badali H., Badawi A., Bali A. G., Ballesteros K. E., Banach M., Banerjee K., Bannick M. S., Banoub J. A. M., Barboza M. A., Barker-Collo S. L., Barnighausen T. W., Barquera S., Barrero L. H., Bassat Q., Basu S., Baune B. T., Baynes H. W., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Bekele B. B., Belachew A. B., Belay E., Belay Y. A., Bell M. L., Bello A. K., Bennett D. A., Bensenor I. M., Berman A. E., Bernabe E., Bernstein R. S., Bertolacci G. J., Beuran M., Beyranvand T., Bhalla A., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z. A., Biadgo B., Biehl M. H., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bilano V., Bililign N., Bin Sayeed M. S., Bisanzio D., Biswas T., Blacker B. F., Basara B. B., Borschmann R., Bosetti C., Bozorgmehr K., Brady O. J., Brant L. C., Brayne C., Brazinova A., Breitborde N. J. K., Brenner H., Briant P. S., Britton G., Brugha T., Busse R., Butt Z. A., Callender C. S. K. H., Campos-Nonato I. R., Campuzano Rincon J. C., Cano J., Car M., Cardenas R., Carreras G., Carrero J. J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Castillo Rivas J., Castle C. D., Castro C., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chang J. -C., Charlson F. J., Chaturvedi P., Chiang P. P. -C., Chimed-Ochir O., Chisumpa V. H., Chitheer A., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D. J., Chung S. -C., Cicuttini F. M., Ciobanu L. G., Cirillo M., Cohen A. J., Cooper L. T., Cortesi P. A., Cortinovis M., Cousin E., Cowie B. C., Criqui M. H., Cromwell E. A., Crowe C. S., Crump J. A., Cunningham M., Daba A. K., Dadi A. F., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A. K., Dargan P. I., Daryani A., Das S. K., Gupta R. D., Neves J. D., Dasa T. T., Dash A. P., Davis A. 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- Abstract
GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article.
- Published
- 2018
5. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17
- Author
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Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Miller-Petrie, M. K. (Molly K.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhikari, T. B. (Tara Ballav), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Agudelo-Botero, M. (Marcela), Ahmadi, M. (Mehdi), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Akanda, A. S. (Ali S.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alam, N. (Noore), Alamene, G. M. 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(Francisco Rogerlandio), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Nasab, E. M. (Entezar Mehrabi), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. (Teferi), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Meles, H. G. (Hagazi Gebre), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Metekiya, W. M. (Workua Mekonnen), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, H. (Hassen), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. 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T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris, V), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Pana, A. (Adrian), Park, E.-K. (Eun-Kee), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patle, A. (Ajay), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Pham, H. Q. (Hai Quang), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Poljak, M. (Mario), Pollock, I. (Ian), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prada, S. I. (Sergio, I), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi, S. (Siavash), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, P. C. (Puja C.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rath, G. K. (Goura Kishor), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Saleem, A. (Ahsan), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santos, I. S. (Itamar S.), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Sao Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Sayyah, M. (Mehdi), Sbarra, A. N. (Alyssa N.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shahid, I. (Izza), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Shin, J. I. (Jae Il), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Si, S. (Si), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, V. (Virendra), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, B. B. (Balbir Bagicha Singh), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Sinha, D. N. (Dhirendra Narain), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Smith, D. L. (David L.), Filho, A. M. (Adauto Martins Soares), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Taye, B. (Bineyam), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Tekelemedhin, S. W. (Shishay Wahdey), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), ThekkePurakkal, A. S. (Akhil Soman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thompson, R. L. (Robert L.), Thomson, A. J. (Alan J.), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uthman, O. A. (Olalekan A.), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Whawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wangdi, K. (Kinley), Weiss, D. J. (Daniel J.), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werkneh, A. A. (Adhena Ayaliew), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yaseri, M. (Mehdi), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zar, H. J. (Heather J.), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon, I), Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Miller-Petrie, M. K. (Molly K.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhikari, T. B. (Tara Ballav), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Agudelo-Botero, M. (Marcela), Ahmadi, M. (Mehdi), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Akanda, A. S. (Ali S.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alam, N. (Noore), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Albright, J. (James), Albujeer, A. (Ammar), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Alebel, A. (Animut), Alemu, Z. A. (Zewdie Aderaw), Ali, M. (Muhammad), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Amul, G. G. (Gianna Gayle Herrera), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Ansariadi, A. (Ansariadi), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Asmelash, D. (Daniel), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awasthi, S. (Shally), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azman, A. S. (Andrew S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bagherzadeh, M. (Mojtaba), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barboza, M. A. (Miguel A.), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basu, S. (Sanjay), . (), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Ramirez, D. F. (Diana Fernanda Bejarano), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Benzian, H. (Habib), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Bin Sayeed, M. S. (Muhammad Shahdaat), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Brown, A. (Alexandria), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Rincon, J. C. (Julio Cesar Campuzano), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chalise, B. (Binaya), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Cromwell, E. A. (Elizabeth A.), Dadi, A. F. (Abel Fekadu Fekadu), Dahiru, T. (Tukur), Dahlawi, S. M. (Saad M. A.), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Daoud, F. (Farah), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Weaver, N. D. (Nicole Davis), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), De Neve, J.-W. (Jan-Walter), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Dolecek, C. (Christiane), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa, I), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Enany, S. (Shymaa), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Faraon, E. J. (Emerito Jose A.), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fasil, A. F. (Alebachew Fasil), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fekadu, W. (Wubalem), Fentahun, N. (Netsanet), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Flohr, C. (Carsten), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Frostad, J. J. (Joseph Jon), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Garcia, G. M. (Gregory M.), Gatotoh, A. M. (Augustine Mwangi), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Geramo, Y. C. (Yilma Chisha Dea), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Sherbaf, F. G. (Farzaneh Ghazi), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Girmay, A. (Alem), Gizaw, Z. (Zemichael), Goodridge, A. (Amador), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Grada, A. (Ayman), Green, M. S. (Manfred S.), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Ha, G. H. (Giang Hai), Haagsma, J. A. (Juanita A.), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Haile, M. T. (Michael Tamene), Hall, B. J. (Brian J.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed, I), Hasan, M. (Mehedi), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hayelom, D. H. (Desta Haftu), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed, I), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henok, A. (Andualem), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hollerich, G. I. (Gillian, I), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Humayun, A. (Ayesha), Hussain, S. A. (Syed Ather), Hussen, M. A. (Mamusha Aman A.), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Ivers, R. Q. (Rebecca Q.), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jenabi, E. (Ensiyeh), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karch, A. (Andre), Karki, S. (Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, N. (Nuruzzaman), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B. K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kusuma, D. (Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lal, A. (Aparna), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Lebedev, G. (Georgy), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Lewycka, S. (Sonia), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Lopukhov, P. D. (Platon D.), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Nasab, E. M. (Entezar Mehrabi), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. (Teferi), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Meles, H. G. (Hagazi Gebre), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Metekiya, W. M. (Workua Mekonnen), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, H. (Hassen), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mosser, J. F. (Jonathan F.), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christopher J. L.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naghavi, M. (Mohsen), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, Q. P. (QuynhAnh P.), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris, V), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Pana, A. (Adrian), Park, E.-K. (Eun-Kee), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patle, A. (Ajay), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Pham, H. Q. (Hai Quang), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Poljak, M. (Mario), Pollock, I. (Ian), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prada, S. I. (Sergio, I), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi, S. (Siavash), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, P. C. (Puja C.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rath, G. K. (Goura Kishor), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Saleem, A. (Ahsan), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santos, I. S. (Itamar S.), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Sao Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Sayyah, M. (Mehdi), Sbarra, A. N. (Alyssa N.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shahid, I. (Izza), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Shin, J. I. (Jae Il), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Si, S. (Si), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, V. (Virendra), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, B. B. (Balbir Bagicha Singh), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Sinha, D. N. (Dhirendra Narain), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Smith, D. L. (David L.), Filho, A. M. (Adauto Martins Soares), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Taye, B. (Bineyam), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Tekelemedhin, S. W. (Shishay Wahdey), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), ThekkePurakkal, A. S. (Akhil Soman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thompson, R. L. (Robert L.), Thomson, A. J. (Alan J.), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uthman, O. A. (Olalekan A.), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Whawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wangdi, K. (Kinley), Weiss, D. J. (Daniel J.), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werkneh, A. A. (Adhena Ayaliew), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yaseri, M. (Mehdi), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zar, H. J. (Heather J.), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon, I), and Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.)
- Abstract
Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0)
- Published
- 2020
6. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017
- Author
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Burstein, R., Henry, N. J., Collison, M. L., Marczak, L. B., Sligar, A., Watson, S., Marquez, N., Abbasalizad-Farhangi, M., Abbasi, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdoli, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R. S., Abrigo, M. R. M., Acharya, D., Adebayo, O. M., Adekanmbi, V., Adham, D., Afshari, M., Aghaali, M., Ahmadi, K., Ahmadi, M., Ahmadpour, E., Ahmed, R., Akal, C. G., Akinyemi, J. O., Alahdab, F., Alam, N., Alamene, G. M., Alene, K. A., Alijanzadeh, M., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almalki, M. J., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Altirkawi, K., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amegah, A. K., Amini, S., Amit, A. M. L., Anbari, Z., Androudi, S., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Arefi, Z., Aremu, O., Armoon, B., Arora, A., Artaman, A., Asadi, A., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Ashraf-Ganjouei, A., Assadi, R., Ataeinia, B., Atre, S. R., Quintanilla, B. P. A., Ayanore, M. 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J., Kugbey, N., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, M., Kumar, P., Kuupiel, D., Lacey, B., Lad, S. D., Lami, F. H., Larsson, A. O., Lee, P. H., Leili, M., Levine, A. J., Li, S., Lim, L. -L, Listl, S., Longbottom, J., Lopez, J. C. F., Lorkowski, S., Magdeldin, S., Abd El Razek, H. M., Abd El Razek, M. M., Majeed, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Mamun, A. A., Manafi, N., Manda, A. -L, Mansourian, M., Martins-Melo, F. R., Masaka, A., Massenburg, B. B., Maulik, P. K., Mayala, B. K., Mazidi, M., McKee, M., Mehrotra, R., Mehta, K. M., Meles, G. G., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Miller, T. R., Miller-Petrie, M. K., Mills, E. J., Milne, G. J., Mini, G. K., Mir, S. M., Mirjalali, H., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad, D. K., Darwesh, A. M., Mezerji, N. M. G., Mohammed, A. S., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moodley, Y., Moosazadeh, M., Moradi, G., Moradi, M., Moradi, Y., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradinazar, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Mosapour, A., Mousavi, S. M., Mueller, U. O., Muluneh, A. G., Mustafa, G., Nabavizadeh, B., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nahvijou, A., Najafi, F., Nangia, V., Ndwandwe, D. E., Neamati, N., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Ngunjiri, J. W., Thi Nguyen, H. L., Nguyen, L. H., Nguyen, S. H., Nielsen, K. R., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nirayo, Y. L., Nixon, M. R., Nnaji, C. A., Nojomi, M., Noroozi, M., Nosratnejad, S., Noubiap, J. J., Motlagh, S. N., Ofori-Asenso, R., Ogbo, F. A., Oladimeji, K. E., Olagunju, A. T., Olfatifar, M., Olum, S., Olusanya, B. O., Oluwasanu, M. M., Onwujekwe, O. E., Oren, E., Ortega-Altamirano, D. D. V., Ortiz, A., Osarenotor, O., Osei, F. B., Osgood-Zimmerman, A. E., Otstavnov, S. S., Owolabi, M. O., Mahesh, P. A., Pagheh, A. S., Pakhale, S., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Park, E. -K, Parsian, H., Pashaei, T., Patel, S. K., Pepito, V. C. F., Pereira, A., Perkins, S., Pickering, B. V., Pilgrim, T., Pirestani, M., Piroozi, B., Pirsaheb, M., Plana-Ripoll, O., Pourjafar, H., Puri, P., Qorbani, M., Quintana, H., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi, Z., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahimzadeh, S., Rajati, F., Raju, S. B., Ramezankhani, A., Ranabhat, C. L., Rasella, D., Rashedi, V., Rawal, L., Reiner Jr, R. C., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezaei, S., Rezapour, A., Riahi, S. M., Ribeiro, A. I., Roever, L., Roro, E. M., Roser, M., Roshandel, G., Roshani, D., Rostami, A., Rubagotti, E., Rubino, S., Sabour, S., Sadat, N., Sadeghi, E., Saeedi, R., Safari, Y., Safari-Faramani, R., Safdarian, M., Sahebkar, A., Salahshoor, M. R., Salam, N., Salamati, P., Salehi, F., Zahabi, S. S., Salimi, Y., Salimzadeh, H., Salomon, J. A., Sambala, E. Z., Samy, A. M., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Jose, B. P. S., Saraswathy, S. Y. I., Sarmiento-Suárez, R., Sartorius, B., Sathian, B., Saxena, S., Sbarra, A. N., Schaeffer, L. E., Schwebel, D. C., Sepanlou, S. G., Seyedmousavi, S., Shaahmadi, F., Shaikh, M. A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamshirian, A., Shamsizadeh, M., Sharafi, K., Sharif, M., Sharif-Alhoseini, M., Sharifi, H., Sharma, J., Sharma, R., Sheikh, A., Shields, C., Shigematsu, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shuval, K., Siddiqi, T. J., Silva, J. P., Singh, J. A., Sinha, D. N., Sisay, M. M., Sisay, S., Sliwa, K., Smith, D. L., Somayaji, R., Soofi, M., Soriano, J. B., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Sudaryanto, A., Sufiyan, M. B., Sykes, B. L., Sylaja, P. N., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Tabuchi, T., Taveira, N., Temsah, M. -H, Terkawi, A. S., Tessema, Z. T., Thankappan, K. R., Thirunavukkarasu, S., To, Q. G., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tran, K. B., Ullah, I., Usman, M. S., Uthman, O. A., Vahedian-Azimi, A., Valdez, P. R., van Boven, J. F. M., Vasankari, T. J., Vasseghian, Y., Veisani, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Vu, G. T., Vujcic, I. S., Waheed, Y., Wakefield, J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y. -P, Ward, J. L., Weintraub, R. G., Weldegwergs, K. G., Weldesamuel, G. T., Westerman, R., Wiysonge, C. S., Wondafrash, D. Z., Woyczynski, L., Wu, A. -M, Xu, G., Yadegar, A., Yamada, T., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yilgwan, C. S., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Lebni, J. Y., Younis, M. Z., Yousefifard, M., Yousof, H. -AS. A., Yu, C., Yusefzadeh, H., Zabeh, E., Moghadam, T. Z., Bin Zaman, S., Zamani, M., Zandian, H., Zangeneh, A., Zerfu, T. A., Zhang, Y., Ziapour, A., Zodpey, S., Murray, C. J. L., Hay, S. I., Burstein, R., Henry, N. J., Collison, M. L., Marczak, L. B., Sligar, A., Watson, S., Marquez, N., Abbasalizad-Farhangi, M., Abbasi, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdoli, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R. S., Abrigo, M. R. M., Acharya, D., Adebayo, O. M., Adekanmbi, V., Adham, D., Afshari, M., Aghaali, M., Ahmadi, K., Ahmadi, M., Ahmadpour, E., Ahmed, R., Akal, C. G., Akinyemi, J. O., Alahdab, F., Alam, N., Alamene, G. M., Alene, K. A., Alijanzadeh, M., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almalki, M. J., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Altirkawi, K., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amegah, A. K., Amini, S., Amit, A. M. L., Anbari, Z., Androudi, S., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Arefi, Z., Aremu, O., Armoon, B., Arora, A., Artaman, A., Asadi, A., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Ashraf-Ganjouei, A., Assadi, R., Ataeinia, B., Atre, S. R., Quintanilla, B. P. A., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Babaee, E., Babazadeh, A., Badawi, A., Bagheri, S., Bagherzadeh, M., Baheiraei, N., Balouchi, A., Barac, A., Bassat, Q., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Behzadifar, M., Belay, Y. B., Bell, B., Bell, M. L., Berbada, D. A., Bernstein, R. S., Bhattacharjee, N. V., Bhattarai, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Bijani, A., Bohlouli, S., Breitborde, N. J. K., Britton, G., Browne, A. J., Nagaraja, S. B., Busse, R., Butt, Z. A., Car, J., Cárdenas, R., Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., Cerin, E., Chanie, W. F., Chatterjee, P., Chu, D. -T, Cooper, C., Costa, V. M., Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Daryani, A., Das Gupta, R., Davis, I., Davis Weaver, N., Davitoiu, D. V., De Neve, J. -W, Demeke, F. M., Demoz, G. T., Deribe, K., Desai, R., Deshpande, A., Desyibelew, H. D., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhimal, M., Diaz, D., Doshmangir, L., Duraes, A. R., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Earl, L., Ebrahimi, R., Ebrahimpour, S., Effiong, A., Eftekhari, A., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed, I., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., El-Khatib, Z., Emamian, M. H., Enany, S., Eskandarieh, S., Eyawo, O., Ezalarab, M., Faramarzi, M., Fareed, M., Faridnia, R., Faro, A., Fazaeli, A. A., Fazlzadeh, M., Fentahun, N., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, J. C., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Foroutan, M., Francis, J. M., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gallus, S., Gebre, D. G., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Gebremeskel, G. G., Gessner, B. D., Geta, B., Gething, P. W., Ghadimi, R., Ghadiri, K., Ghajarzadeh, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gill, P. S., Gill, T. K., Golding, N., Gomes, N. G. M., Gona, P. N., Gopalani, S. V., Gorini, G., Goulart, B. N. G., Graetz, N., Greaves, F., Green, M. S., Guo, Y., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hall, B. J., Hamidi, S., Haririan, H., Haro, J. M., Hasankhani, M., Hasanpoor, E., Hasanzadeh, A., Hassankhani, H., Hassen, H. Y., Hegazy, M. I., Hendrie, D., Heydarpour, F., Hird, T. R., Hoang, C. L., Hollerich, G., Rad, E. H., Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, M., Hossain, N., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Hsairi, M., Ilesanmi, O. S., Imani-Nasab, M. H., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, N., Islam, S. M. S., JÌrisson, M., Balalami, N. J., Jalali, A., Javidnia, J., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jenabi, E., Ji, J. S., Jobanputra, Y. B., Johnson, K., Jonas, J. B., Shushtari, Z. J., Jozwiak, J. J., Kabir, A., Kahsay, A., Kalani, H., Kalhor, R., Karami, M., Karki, S., Kasaeian, A., Kassebaum, N. J., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemp, G. R., Khabiri, R., Khader, Y. S., Khafaie, M. A., Khan, E. A., Khan, J., Khan, M. S., Khang, Y. -H, Khatab, K., Khater, A., Khater, M. M., Khatony, A., Khazaei, M., Khazaei, S., Khazaei-Pool, M., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinyoki, D. K., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kolola, T., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kraemer, M. U. G., Krishan, K., Krohn, K. J., Kugbey, N., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, M., Kumar, P., Kuupiel, D., Lacey, B., Lad, S. D., Lami, F. H., Larsson, A. O., Lee, P. H., Leili, M., Levine, A. J., Li, S., Lim, L. -L, Listl, S., Longbottom, J., Lopez, J. C. F., Lorkowski, S., Magdeldin, S., Abd El Razek, H. M., Abd El Razek, M. M., Majeed, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Mamun, A. A., Manafi, N., Manda, A. -L, Mansourian, M., Martins-Melo, F. R., Masaka, A., Massenburg, B. B., Maulik, P. K., Mayala, B. K., Mazidi, M., McKee, M., Mehrotra, R., Mehta, K. M., Meles, G. G., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Miller, T. R., Miller-Petrie, M. K., Mills, E. J., Milne, G. J., Mini, G. K., Mir, S. M., Mirjalali, H., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad, D. K., Darwesh, A. M., Mezerji, N. M. G., Mohammed, A. S., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moodley, Y., Moosazadeh, M., Moradi, G., Moradi, M., Moradi, Y., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradinazar, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Mosapour, A., Mousavi, S. M., Mueller, U. O., Muluneh, A. G., Mustafa, G., Nabavizadeh, B., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nahvijou, A., Najafi, F., Nangia, V., Ndwandwe, D. E., Neamati, N., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Ngunjiri, J. W., Thi Nguyen, H. L., Nguyen, L. H., Nguyen, S. H., Nielsen, K. R., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nirayo, Y. L., Nixon, M. R., Nnaji, C. A., Nojomi, M., Noroozi, M., Nosratnejad, S., Noubiap, J. J., Motlagh, S. N., Ofori-Asenso, R., Ogbo, F. A., Oladimeji, K. E., Olagunju, A. T., Olfatifar, M., Olum, S., Olusanya, B. O., Oluwasanu, M. M., Onwujekwe, O. E., Oren, E., Ortega-Altamirano, D. D. V., Ortiz, A., Osarenotor, O., Osei, F. B., Osgood-Zimmerman, A. E., Otstavnov, S. S., Owolabi, M. O., Mahesh, P. A., Pagheh, A. S., Pakhale, S., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Park, E. -K, Parsian, H., Pashaei, T., Patel, S. K., Pepito, V. C. F., Pereira, A., Perkins, S., Pickering, B. V., Pilgrim, T., Pirestani, M., Piroozi, B., Pirsaheb, M., Plana-Ripoll, O., Pourjafar, H., Puri, P., Qorbani, M., Quintana, H., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi, Z., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahimzadeh, S., Rajati, F., Raju, S. B., Ramezankhani, A., Ranabhat, C. L., Rasella, D., Rashedi, V., Rawal, L., Reiner Jr, R. C., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezaei, S., Rezapour, A., Riahi, S. M., Ribeiro, A. I., Roever, L., Roro, E. M., Roser, M., Roshandel, G., Roshani, D., Rostami, A., Rubagotti, E., Rubino, S., Sabour, S., Sadat, N., Sadeghi, E., Saeedi, R., Safari, Y., Safari-Faramani, R., Safdarian, M., Sahebkar, A., Salahshoor, M. R., Salam, N., Salamati, P., Salehi, F., Zahabi, S. S., Salimi, Y., Salimzadeh, H., Salomon, J. A., Sambala, E. Z., Samy, A. M., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Jose, B. P. S., Saraswathy, S. Y. I., Sarmiento-Suárez, R., Sartorius, B., Sathian, B., Saxena, S., Sbarra, A. N., Schaeffer, L. E., Schwebel, D. C., Sepanlou, S. G., Seyedmousavi, S., Shaahmadi, F., Shaikh, M. A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamshirian, A., Shamsizadeh, M., Sharafi, K., Sharif, M., Sharif-Alhoseini, M., Sharifi, H., Sharma, J., Sharma, R., Sheikh, A., Shields, C., Shigematsu, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shuval, K., Siddiqi, T. J., Silva, J. P., Singh, J. A., Sinha, D. N., Sisay, M. M., Sisay, S., Sliwa, K., Smith, D. L., Somayaji, R., Soofi, M., Soriano, J. B., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Sudaryanto, A., Sufiyan, M. B., Sykes, B. L., Sylaja, P. N., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Tabuchi, T., Taveira, N., Temsah, M. -H, Terkawi, A. S., Tessema, Z. T., Thankappan, K. R., Thirunavukkarasu, S., To, Q. G., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tran, K. B., Ullah, I., Usman, M. S., Uthman, O. A., Vahedian-Azimi, A., Valdez, P. R., van Boven, J. F. M., Vasankari, T. J., Vasseghian, Y., Veisani, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Vu, G. T., Vujcic, I. S., Waheed, Y., Wakefield, J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y. -P, Ward, J. L., Weintraub, R. G., Weldegwergs, K. G., Weldesamuel, G. T., Westerman, R., Wiysonge, C. S., Wondafrash, D. Z., Woyczynski, L., Wu, A. -M, Xu, G., Yadegar, A., Yamada, T., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yilgwan, C. S., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Lebni, J. Y., Younis, M. Z., Yousefifard, M., Yousof, H. -AS. A., Yu, C., Yusefzadeh, H., Zabeh, E., Moghadam, T. Z., Bin Zaman, S., Zamani, M., Zandian, H., Zangeneh, A., Zerfu, T. A., Zhang, Y., Ziapour, A., Zodpey, S., Murray, C. J. L., and Hay, S. I.
- Abstract
Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2âto end preventable child deaths by 2030âwe need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000â2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations. © 2019, The Author(s).
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- 2019
- Full Text
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7. Global Mortality From Firearms, 1990-2016
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Global Burden of Disease 2016 Injury Collaborators, Naghavi M, Marczak LB, Kutz M, Shackelford KA, Arora M, Miller-Petrie M, Aichour MTE, Akseer N, Al-Raddadi RM, Alam K, Alghnam SA, Antonio CAT, Aremu O, Arora A, Asadi-Lari M, Assadi R, Atey TM, Avila-Burgos L, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Behzadifar M, Bennett JR, Bhalla A, Bhutta ZA, Bilal AI, Borges G, Borschmann R, Brazinova A, Campuzano Rincon JC, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dargan PI, De Leo D, Dharmaratne SD, Ding EL, Phuc Do H, Doku DT, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Edessa D, El-Khatib Z, Endries AY, Esteghamati A, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Feigin VL, Fischer F, Foreman KJ, Franklin RC, Fullman N, Futran ND, Gebrehiwot TT, Gutiérrez RA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haghparast Bidgoli H, Hailu GB, Haro JM, Hassen HY, Hawley C, Hendrie D, Híjar M, Hu G, Ilesanmi OS, Jakovljevic M, James SL, Jayaraman S, Jonas JB, Kahsay A, Kasaeian A, Keiyoro PN, Khader Y, Khalil IA, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Ahmad Kiadaliri A, Kieling C, Kim YJ, Kosen S, Krohn KJ, Kumar GA, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Larson HJ, Linn S, Lunevicius R, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Malekzadeh R, Carvalho Malta D, Mason-Jones AJ, Matzopoulos R, Memiah PTN, Mendoza W, Meretoja TJ, Mezgebe HB, Miller TR, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Mori R, Nand D, Tat Nguyen C, Le Nguyen Q, Ningrum DNA, Akpojene Ogbo F, Olagunju AT, Patton GC, Phillips MR, Polinder S, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rai RK, Ranabhat CL, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Safdarian M, Safiri S, Sagar R, Salama JS, Sanabria J, Santric Milicevic MM, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, Sharew NT, Shiue I, Singh JA, Sisay M, Skirbekk V, Soares Filho AM, Stein DJ, Stokes MA, Sufiyan MB, Swaroop M, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tran BX, Thanh Tran T, Ukwaja KN, Vasankari TJ, Vlassov V, Werdecker A, Ye P, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Zaidi Z, El Sayed Zaki M, Hay SI, Lim SS, Lopez AD, Mokdad AH, Vos T, and Murray CJL
- Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Understanding global variation in firearm mortality rates could guide prevention policies and interventions. OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality due to firearm injury deaths from 1990 to 2016 in 195 countries and territories. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This study used deidentified aggregated data including 13?812 location-years of vital registration data to generate estimates of levels and rates of death by age-sex-year-location. The proportion of suicides in which a firearm was the lethal means was combined with an estimate of per capita gun ownership in a revised proxy measure used to evaluate the relationship between availability or access to firearms and firearm injury deaths. EXPOSURES: Firearm ownership and access. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Cause-specific deaths by age, sex, location, and year. RESULTS: Worldwide, it was estimated that 251?000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 195?000-276?000) people died from firearm injuries in 2016, with 6 countries (Brazil, United States, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guatemala) accounting for 50.5% (95% UI, 42.2%-54.8%) of those deaths. In 1990, there were an estimated 209?000 (95% UI, 172?000 to 235?000) deaths from firearm injuries. Globally, the majority of firearm injury deaths in 2016 were homicides (64.0% [95% UI, 54.2%-68.0%]; absolute value, 161?000 deaths [95% UI, 107?000-182?000]); additionally, 27% were firearm suicide deaths (67?500 [95% UI, 55?400-84?100]) and 9% were unintentional firearm deaths (23?000 [95% UI, 18?200-24?800]). From 1990 to 2016, there was no significant decrease in the estimated global age-standardized firearm homicide rate (-0.2% [95% UI, -0.8% to 0.2%]). Firearm suicide rates decreased globally at an annualized rate of 1.6% (95% UI, 1.1-2.0), but in 124 of 195 countries and territories included in this study, these levels were either constant or significant increases were estimated. There was an annualized decrease of 0.9% (95% UI, 0.5%-1.3%) in the global rate of age-standardized firearm deaths from 1990 to 2016. Aggregate firearm injury deaths in 2016 were highest among persons aged 20 to 24 years (for men, an estimated 34?700 deaths [95% UI, 24?900-39?700] and for women, an estimated 3580 deaths [95% UI, 2810-4210]). Estimates of the number of firearms by country were associated with higher rates of firearm suicide (P < .001; R2 = 0.21) and homicide (P < .001; R2 = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study estimated between 195?000 and 276?000 firearm injury deaths globally in 2016, the majority of which were firearm homicides. Despite an overall decrease in rates of firearm injury death since 1990, there was variation among countries and across demographic subgroups.
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- 2018
8. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- Author
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Murray, C, Callender, C, Kulikoff, X, Srinivasan, V, Abate, D, Abate, K, Abay, S, Abbasi, N, Abbastabar, H, Abdela, J, Abdelalim, A, Abdel-Rahman, O, Abdi, A, Abdoli, N, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abebe, H, Abebe, M, Abebe, Z, Abebo, T, Abejie, A, Aboyans, V, Abraha, H, Abreu, D, Abrham, A, Abu-Raddad, L, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Accrombessi, M, Acharya, P, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adedeji, I, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Adhena, B, Adhikari, T, Adib, M, Adou, A, Adsuar, J, Afarideh, M, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agesa, K, Aghayan, S, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, M, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, S, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akanda, A, Akbari, M, Akibu, M, Akinyemi, R, Akinyemiju, T, Akseer, N, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alebel, A, Aleman, A, Alene, K, Al-Eyadhy, A, Ali, R, Alijanzadeh, M, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, S, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Almasi, A, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Ammar, W, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Animut, M, Ansari, H, Ansha, M, Antonio, C, Appiah, S, Aremu, O, Areri, H, Arian, N, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asayesh, H, Asfaw, E, Asgedom, S, Assadi, R, Atey, T, Atique, S, Atteraya, M, Ausloos, M, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayele, Y, Ayer, R, Ayuk, T, Azzopardi, P, Babalola, T, Babazadeh, A, Badali, H, Badawi, A, Bali, A, Banach, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Basaleem, H, Bassat, Q, Basu, A, Baune, B, Baynes, H, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Belay, A, Belay, E, Belay, S, Belay, Y, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Bergeron, G, Berhane, A, Berman, A, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, R, Bertolacci, G, Beuran, M, Bhattarai, S, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bililign, N, Bin Sayeed, M, Birlik, S, Birungi, C, Biswas, T, Bizuneh, H, Bleyer, A, Basara, B, Bosetti, C, Boufous, S, Brady, O, Bragazzi, N, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Brewer, J, Briant, P, Britton, G, Burstein, R, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Campuzano Rincon, J, Cano, J, Car, M, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castillo Rivas, J, Castro, F, Catalá-López, F, Çavlin, A, Cerin, E, Chalek, J, Chang, H, Chang, J, Chattopadhyay, A, Chaturvedi, P, Chiang, P, Chin, K, Chisumpa, V, Chitheer, A, Choi, J, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, D, Cicuttini, F, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Claro, R, Collado-Mateo, D, Constantin, M, Conti, S, Cooper, C, Cooper, L, Cornaby, L, Cortesi, P, Cortinovis, M, Costa, M, Cromwell, E, Crowe, C, Cukelj, P, Cunningham, M, Daba, A, Dachew, B, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, P, Daryani, A, Das Gupta, R, Das Neves, J, Dasa, T, Dash, A, Weaver, N, Davitoiu, D, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, De Neve, J, Degefa, M, Degenhardt, L, Degfie, T, Deiparine, S, Demoz, G, Demtsu, B, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Deribe, K, Dervenis, N, Des Jarlais, D, Dessie, G, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Dicker, D, Ding, E, Dinsa, G, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Doku, D, Dolan, K, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duken, E, Duraes, A, Ebrahimpour, S, Edvardsson, D, El Bcheraoui, C, El-Khatib, Z, Elyazar, I, Enayati, A, Endries, A, Ermakov, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Esteghamati, A, Esteghamati, S, Estep, K, Fakhim, H, Farag, T, Faramarzi, M, Fareed, M, Farinha, C, Faro, A, Farvid, M, Farzadfar, F, Farzaei, M, Fay, K, Fazeli, M, Feigin, V, Feigl, A, Feizy, F, Fenny, A, Fentahun, N, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Finegold, S, Fischer, F, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Fornari, C, Fürst, T, Fukumoto, T, Fuller, J, Fullman, N, Gakidou, E, Gallus, S, Gamkrelidze, A, Ganji, M, Gankpe, F, Garcia, G, Garcia-Gordillo, M, Gebre, A, Gebre, T, Gebregergs, G, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebremedhin, A, Gelano, T, Gelaw, Y, Geleijnse, J, Genova-Maleras, R, Gething, P, Gezae, K, Ghadami, M, Ghadimi, R, Ghadiri, K, Ghasemi Falavarjani, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Ghiasvand, H, Ghimire, M, Ghoshal, A, Gill, P, Gill, T, Giussani, G, Gnedovskaya, E, Goli, S, Gomez, R, Gómez-Dantés, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, S, Goulart, A, Goulart, B, Grada, A, Grosso, G, Gugnani, H, Guo, J, Guo, Y, Gupta, P, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Haagsma, J, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hagos, T, Hailegiyorgis, T, Hailu, G, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Handal, A, Hankey, G, Hao, Y, Harb, H, Haririan, H, Haro, J, Hasan, M, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, He, Y, Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A, Hegazy, M, Heibati, B, Heidari, B, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Hibstu, D, Hole, M, Homaie Rad, E, Hoogar, P, Hosgood, H, Hosseini, S, Hosseini Chavoshi, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsairi, M, Hsiao, T, Hu, G, Huang, J, Iburg, K, Igumbor, E, Ikeda, C, Ilesanmi, O, Iqbal, U, Irenso, A, Irvani, S, Isehunwa, O, Islam, S, Jahangiry, L, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalu, M, James, S, Jassal, S, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Jungari, S, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalani, R, Kapil, U, Karami, M, Matin, B, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi, S, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, D, Kassa, G, Kassa, T, Kassa, Z, Kassebaum, N, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, S, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Karyani, A, Kebede, S, Keiyoro, P, Kemp, G, Kengne, A, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khajavi, A, Khalid, N, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Khanna, T, Khater, M, Khatony, A, Khazaeipour, Z, Khazaie, H, Khoja, A, Khosravi, A, Khosravi, M, Kibret, G, Kidanemariam, Z, Kiirithio, D, Kilgore, P, Kim, D, Kim, J, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kinra, S, Kisa, A, Kivimäki, M, Kochhar, S, Kokubo, Y, Kolola, T, Kopec, J, Kosek, M, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnaswami, S, Krohn, K, Defo, B, Bicer, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, P, Kumsa, F, Kutz, M, Lad, S, Lafranconi, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lami, F, Lang, J, Lanksy, S, Lansingh, V, Laryea, D, Lassi, Z, Latifi, A, Laxmaiah, A, Lazarus, J, Lee, J, Lee, P, Leigh, J, Leshargie, C, Leta, S, Levi, M, Li, S, Li, X, Li, Y, Liang, J, Liang, X, Liben, M, Lim, L, Limenih, M, Linn, S, Liu, S, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Mabika, C, Macarayan, E, Mackay, M, Madotto, F, Mahmood, T, Mahotra, N, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, M, Mamun, A, Manamo, W, Manda, A, Mangalam, S, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Mapoma, C, Marami, D, Maravilla, J, Marcenes, W, Marina, S, Martins-Melo, F, März, W, Marzan, M, Mashamba-Thompson, T, Masiye, F, Mason-Jones, A, Massenburg, B, Mathur, M, Maulik, P, Mazidi, M, Mcgrath, J, Mehata, S, Mehendale, S, Mehndiratta, M, Mehrotra, R, Mehrzadi, S, Mehta, K, Mehta, V, Mekonnen, T, Meles, H, Meles, K, Melese, A, Melku, M, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, M, Mengistu, D, Mengistu, G, Mensah, G, Mereta, S, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Mezgebe, H, Miangotar, Y, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Miller, T, Miller-Petrie, M, Mini, G, Mirabi, P, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Moazen, B, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Mola, G, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Montañez, J, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradinazar, M, Moraga, P, Morgado-Da-Costa, J, Mori, R, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Moschos, M, Mousavi, S, Muche, A, Muchie, K, Mueller, U, Mukhopadhyay, S, Muller, K, Murphy, T, Murthy, G, Musa, J, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Nachega, J, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Nahvijou, A, Naik, G, Naik, P, Najafi, F, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Nascimento, B, Nawaz, H, Ncama, B, Neamati, N, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Neupane, S, Newton, C, Ngalesoni, F, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, L, Nguyen, T, Ningrum, D, Nirayo, Y, Nisar, M, Nixon, M, Nomura, S, Noroozi, M, Noubiap, J, Nouri, H, Shiadeh, M, Nowroozi, M, Nyandwi, A, Nyasulu, P, Odell, C, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogah, O, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olivares, P, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Ong, S, Ortiz, A, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Ota, E, Otieno, B, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, Oyekale, A, P A, M, Pakhale, S, Pakhare, A, Pana, A, Panda, B, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Park, E, Parsian, H, Patel, S, Patil, S, Patle, A, Patton, G, Paturi, V, Paudel, D, Pedroso, M, Peprah, E, Pereira, D, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petri, W, Petzold, M, Pierce, M, Pigott, D, Pillay, J, Pirsaheb, M, Polanczyk, G, Postma, M, Pourmalek, F, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Prakash, S, Prasad, N, Purcell, C, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Quansah, R, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, S, Rai, R, Rajati, F, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Ranjan, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Ray, S, Razo-García, C, Reiner, R, Reis, C, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, S, Rezai, M, Riahi, S, Rios-Blancas, M, Roba, K, Roberts, N, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Rubagotti, E, Ruhago, G, Sabde, Y, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Safari, H, Safari, Y, Safari-Faramani, R, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, H, Salahshoor, M, Salam, N, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Saldanha, R, Saleem, Z, Salimi, Y, Salimzadeh, H, Salomon, J, Salvi, S, Salz, I, Sambala, E, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Niño, M, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sao Jose, B, Sardana, M, Sarker, A, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Saroshe, S, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sartorius, B, Sarvi, S, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Sawant, A, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Schaeffner, E, Schelonka, K, Schneider, I, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Sekerija, M, Sepanlou, S, Serván-Mori, E, Shabaninejad, H, Shackelford, K, Shafieesabet, A, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shakir, R, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsi, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, H, Sharafi, K, Sharif, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shiue, I, Shokraneh, F, Shukla, S, Si, S, Siabani, S, Sibai, A, Siddiqi, T, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silpakit, N, Silva, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Singam, N, Singh, J, Singh, N, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Sliwa, K, Soares Filho, A, Sobaih, B, Sobhani, S, Soofi, M, Soriano, J, Soyiri, I, Sreeramareddy, C, Starodubov, V, Steiner, C, Stewart, L, Stokes, M, Strong, M, Subart, M, Sufiyan, M, Sulo, G, Sunguya, B, Sur, P, Sutradhar, I, Sykes, B, Sylaja, P, Sylte, D, Szoeke, C, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, K, Tadakamadla, S, Tandon, N, Tassew, A, Tassew, S, Taveira, N, Tawye, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekalign, T, Tekle, M, Temsah, M, Terkawi, A, Teshale, M, Tessema, B, Teweldemedhin, M, Thakur, J, Thankappan, K, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thomson, A, Tilahun, B, To, Q, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Torre, A, Tortajada-Girbés, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Toyoshima, H, Tran, B, Tran, K, Tripathy, S, Truelsen, T, Truong, N, Tsadik, A, Tsegay, A, Tsilimparis, N, Tudor Car, L, Ukwaja, K, Ullah, I, Usman, M, Uthman, O, Uzun, S, Vaduganathan, M, Vaezi, A, Vaidya, G, Valdez, P, Varavikova, E, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasconcelos, A, Venketasubramanian, N, Villafaina, S, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Vosoughi, K, Vujcic, I, Wagnew, F, Waheed, Y, Walson, J, Wang, Y, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Weldegwergs, K, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Whiteford, H, Widecka, J, Widecka, K, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Wolfe, C, Wu, S, Wyper, G, Xu, G, Yamada, T, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yasin, Y, Ye, P, Yentür, G, Yeshaneh, A, Yimer, E, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Younis, M, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Zadnik, V, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zare, Z, Zeleke, M, Zenebe, Z, Zerfu, T, Zhang, X, Zhao, X, Zhou, M, Zhu, J, Zimsen, S, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Lopez, A, Lim, S, Murray, Christopher J L, Callender, Charlton S K H, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Srinivasan, Vinay, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdoli, Nasrin, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abreu, Daisy Maria Xavier, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alebel, Animut, Aleman, Alicia V, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi, Ali, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Aremu, Olatunde, Areri, Habtamu Abera, Arian, Nicholas, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari Mehari, Atique, Suleman, Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan, Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide F G A, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayele, Yohanes, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe B, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Bali, Ayele Geleto, Banach, Maciej, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H, Basaleem, Huda, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Arindam, Baune, Bernhard T, Baynes, Habtamu Wondifraw, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Belay, Aregawi Gebreyesus, Belay, Ezra, Belay, Saba Abraham, Belay, Yihalem Abebe, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bergeron, Gilles, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berman, Adam E, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S, Bertolacci, Gregory J, Beuran, Mircea, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bililign, Nigus, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Birungi, Charles, Biswas, Tuhin, Bizuneh, Hailemichael, Bleyer, Archie, Basara, Berrak Bora, Bosetti, Cristina, Boufous, Soufiane, Brady, Oliver J, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D, Briant, Paul Svitil, Britton, Gabrielle, Burstein, Roy, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar, Cano, Jorge, Car, Mate, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan J, Carvalho, Félix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Çavlin, Alanur, Cerin, Ester, Chalek, Julian, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chattopadhyay, Aparajita, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chin, Ken Lee, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal, Choi, Jee-Young J, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam J, Cicuttini, Flavia M, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Claro, Rafael M, Collado-Mateo, Daniel, Constantin, Maria-Magdalena, Conti, Sara, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Costa, Megan, Cromwell, Elizabeth, Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Cukelj, Petra, Cunningham, Matthew, Daba, Alemneh Kabeta, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, Daryani, Ahmad, Das Gupta, Rajat, Das Neves, José, Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Weaver, Nicole Davis, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, Davletov, Kairat, De Leo, Diego, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Degefa, Meaza Girma, Degenhardt, Louisa, Degfie, Tizta Tilahun, Deiparine, Selina, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Demtsu, Balem, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dinsa, Girmaye Deye, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Dolan, Kate A, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Duraes, Andre R, Ebrahimpour, Soheil, Edvardsson, David, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, El-Khatib, Ziad, Elyazar, Iqbal Rf, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey 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- Abstract
Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with th
- Published
- 2018
9. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- Author
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- Abstract
Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes d
- Published
- 2018
10. Global mortality from firearms, 1990-2016
- Author
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Naghavi, M, Marczak, LB, Kutz, M, Shackelford, KA, Arora, M, Miller-Petrie, M, Aichour, MTE, Akseer, N, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alam, K, Alghnam, SA, Antonio, CAT, Aremu, O, Arora, A, Asadi-Lari, M, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Behzadifar, M, Bennett, JR, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, ZA, Bilal, AI, Borges, G, Borschmann, R, Brazinova, A, Campuzano Rincon, JC, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, PI, De Leo, D, Dharmaratne, SD, Ding, EL, Phuc Do, H, Doku, DT, Doyle, KE, Driscoll, TR, Edessa, D, El-Khatib, Z, Endries, AY, Esteghamati, A, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Fischer, F, Foreman, KJ, Franklin, RC, Fullman, N, Futran, ND, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gutiérrez, RA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hailu, GB, Haro, JM, Hassen, HY, Hawley, C, Hendrie, D, Híjar, M, Hu, G, Ilesanmi, OS, Jakovljevic, M, James, SL, Jayaraman, S, Jonas, JB, Kahsay, A, Kasaeian, A, Keiyoro, PN, Khader, Y, Khalil, IA, Khang, Y-H, Khubchandani, J, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Kieling, C, Kim, YJ, Kosen, S, Krohn, KJ, Kumar, GA, Lami, FH, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Linn, S, Lunevicius, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Malekzadeh, R, Carvalho Malta, D, Mason-Jones, AJ, Matzopoulos, R, Memiah, PTN, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mohammed, S, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Mori, R, Nand, D, Tat Nguyen, C, Le Nguyen, Q, Ningrum, DNA, Akpojene Ogbo, F, Olagunju, AT, Patton, GC, Phillips, MR, Polinder, S, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rai, RK, Ranabhat, CL, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rowhani-Rahbar, A, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Salama, JS, Sanabria, J, Santric Milicevic, MM, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Sharew, NT, Shiue, I, Singh, JA, Sisay, M, Skirbekk, V, Soares Filho, AM, Stein, DJ, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Sufiyan, MB, Swaroop, M, Sykes, BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadese, F, Tran, BX, Thanh Tran, T, Ukwaja, KN, Vasankari, TJ, Vlassov, V, Werdecker, A, Ye, P, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Hay, SI, Lim, SS, Lopez, AD, Mokdad, AH, Vos, T, Murray, CJL, Naghavi, M, Marczak, LB, Kutz, M, Shackelford, KA, Arora, M, Miller-Petrie, M, Aichour, MTE, Akseer, N, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alam, K, Alghnam, SA, Antonio, CAT, Aremu, O, Arora, A, Asadi-Lari, M, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Behzadifar, M, Bennett, JR, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, ZA, Bilal, AI, Borges, G, Borschmann, R, Brazinova, A, Campuzano Rincon, JC, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, PI, De Leo, D, Dharmaratne, SD, Ding, EL, Phuc Do, H, Doku, DT, Doyle, KE, Driscoll, TR, Edessa, D, El-Khatib, Z, Endries, AY, Esteghamati, A, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Fischer, F, Foreman, KJ, Franklin, RC, Fullman, N, Futran, ND, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gutiérrez, RA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hailu, GB, Haro, JM, Hassen, HY, Hawley, C, Hendrie, D, Híjar, M, Hu, G, Ilesanmi, OS, Jakovljevic, M, James, SL, Jayaraman, S, Jonas, JB, Kahsay, A, Kasaeian, A, Keiyoro, PN, Khader, Y, Khalil, IA, Khang, Y-H, Khubchandani, J, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Kieling, C, Kim, YJ, Kosen, S, Krohn, KJ, Kumar, GA, Lami, FH, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Linn, S, Lunevicius, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Malekzadeh, R, Carvalho Malta, D, Mason-Jones, AJ, Matzopoulos, R, Memiah, PTN, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mohammed, S, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Mori, R, Nand, D, Tat Nguyen, C, Le Nguyen, Q, Ningrum, DNA, Akpojene Ogbo, F, Olagunju, AT, Patton, GC, Phillips, MR, Polinder, S, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rai, RK, Ranabhat, CL, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rowhani-Rahbar, A, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Salama, JS, Sanabria, J, Santric Milicevic, MM, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Sharew, NT, Shiue, I, Singh, JA, Sisay, M, Skirbekk, V, Soares Filho, AM, Stein, DJ, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Sufiyan, MB, Swaroop, M, Sykes, BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadese, F, Tran, BX, Thanh Tran, T, Ukwaja, KN, Vasankari, TJ, Vlassov, V, Werdecker, A, Ye, P, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Hay, SI, Lim, SS, Lopez, AD, Mokdad, AH, Vos, T, and Murray, CJL
- Published
- 2018
11. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- Author
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Roth, G, Abate, D, Abate, K, Abay, S, Abbafati, C, Abbasi, N, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdela, J, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abebe, H, Abebe, M, Abebe, Z, Abejie, A, Abera, S, Abil, O, Abraha, H, Abrham, A, Abu-Raddad, L, Accrombessi, M, Acharya, D, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adedoyin, R, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Adhena, B, Adib, M, Admasie, A, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agesa, K, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, M, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, S, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akbari, M, Akinyemi, R, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Alahdab, F, Alam, K, Alam, T, Alebel, A, Alene, K, Alijanzadeh, M, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, S, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Alonso, J, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Aminde, L, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, Y, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Animut, M, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, H, Ansha, M, Antonio, C, Anwari, P, Aremu, O, Arnlov, J, Arora, A, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asayesh, H, Asfaw, E, Ataro, Z, Atique, S, Atre, S, Ausloos, M, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayele, Y, Ayer, R, Azzopardi, P, Babazadeh, A, Bacha, U, Badali, H, Badawi, A, Bali, A, Ballesteros, K, Banach, M, Banerjee, K, Bannick, M, Banoub, J, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barrero, L, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Baynes, H, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bejot, Y, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Belay, E, Belay, Y, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berman, A, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, R, Bertolacci, G, Beuran, M, Beyranvand, T, Bhalla, A, Bhattarai, S, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Biehl, M, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Bililign, N, Bin Sayeed, M, Bisanzio, D, Biswas, T, Blacker, B, Basara, B, Borschmann, R, Bosetti, C, Bozorgmehr, K, Brady, O, Brant, L, Brayne, C, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Briant, P, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Callender, C, Campos-Nonato, I, Campuzano Rincon, J, Cano, J, Car, M, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carter, A, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castillo Rivas, J, Castle, C, Castro, C, Castro, F, Catala-Lopez, F, Cerin, E, Chaiah, Y, Chang, J, Charlson, F, Chaturvedi, P, Chiang, P, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chisumpa, V, Chitheer, A, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Chung, S, Cicuttini, F, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Cohen, A, Cooper, L, Cortesi, P, Cortinovis, M, Cousin, E, Cowie, B, Criqui, M, Cromwell, E, Crowe, C, Crump, J, Cunningham, M, Daba, A, Dadi, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dang, A, Dargan, P, Daryani, A, Das, S, Gupta, R, Neves, J, Dasa, T, Dash, A, Davis, A, Davis Weaver, N, Davitoiu, D, Davletov, K, De La Hoz, F, De Neve, J, Degefa, M, Degenhardt, L, Degfie, T, Deiparine, S, Demoz, G, Demtsu, B, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Deribe, K, Dervenis, N, Des Jarlais, D, Dessie, G, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dicker, D, Dinberu, M, Ding, E, Dirac, M, Djalalinia, S, Dokova, K, Doku, D, Donnelly, C, Dorsey, E, Doshi, P, Douwes-Schultz, D, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duken, E, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Ebrahimi, H, Ebrahimpour, S, Edessa, D, Edvardsson, D, Eggen, A, El Bcheraoui, C, El Sayed Zaki, M, El-Khatib, Z, Elkout, H, Ellingsen, C, Endres, M, Endries, A, Er, B, Erskine, H, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Esteghamati, A, Fakhar, M, Fakhim, H, Faramarzi, M, Fareed, M, Farhadi, F, Farinha, C, Faro, A, Farvid, M, Farzadfar, F, Farzaei, M, Feigin, V, Feigl, A, Fentahun, N, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Ferrari, A, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Finegold, S, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Fornari, C, Frank, T, Fukumoto, T, Fuller, J, Fullman, N, Furst, T, Furtado, J, Futran, N, Gallus, S, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Garcia-Gordillo, M, Gardner, W, Gebre, A, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebremedhin, A, Gebremichael, B, Gebremichael, T, Gelano, T, Geleijnse, J, Genova-Maleras, R, Geramo, Y, Gething, P, Gezae, K, Ghadami, M, Ghadimi, R, Ghasemi Falavarjani, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Ghimire, M, Gibney, K, Gill, P, Gill, T, Gillum, R, Ginawi, I, Giroud, M, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Goldberg, E, Goli, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Gopalani, S, Gorman, T, Goto, A, Goulart, A, Gnedovskaya, E, Grada, A, Grosso, G, Gugnani, H, Guimaraes, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, P, Gupta, T, Gutierrez, R, Gyawali, B, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hagos, T, Hailegiyorgis, T, Hailu, G, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Handal, A, Hankey, G, Harb, H, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, J, Hasan, M, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, R, Hay, S, He, Y, Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A, Hegazy, M, Heibati, B, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Heydarpour, P, Heydarpour, S, Hibstu, D, Hoek, H, Hole, M, Homaie Rad, E, Hoogar, P, Hosgood, H, Hosseini, S, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, P, Hoy, D, Hsiao, T, Hu, G, Huang, J, Husseini, A, Hussen, M, Hutfless, S, Idrisov, B, Ilesanmi, O, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islam, N, Islam, S, Islami, F, Jacobsen, K, Jahangiry, L, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalu, M, James, S, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jenkins, K, Jha, R, Jha, V, Johnson, C, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Joshi, A, Jozwiak, J, Jungari, S, Jurisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalani, R, Karami, M, Karami Matin, B, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi-Sari, H, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, D, Kassa, G, Kassa, T, Kassebaum, N, Katikireddi, S, Kaul, A, Kazemi, Z, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kazi, D, Kefale, A, Keiyoro, P, Kemp, G, Kengne, A, Keren, A, Kesavachandran, C, Khader, Y, Khafaei, B, Khafaie, M, Khajavi, A, Khalid, N, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Khater, M, Khoja, A, Khosravi, A, Khosravi, M, Khubchandani, J, Kiadaliri, A, Kibret, G, Kidanemariam, Z, Kiirithio, D, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, A, Kocarnik, J, Kochhar, S, Kokubo, Y, Kolola, T, Kopec, J, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishan, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, P, Kutz, M, Kuzin, I, Kyu, H, Lad, D, Lad, S, Lafranconi, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lami, F, Lansingh, V, Lansky, S, Larson, H, Latifi, A, Lau, K, Lazarus, J, Lebedev, G, Lee, P, Leigh, J, Leili, M, Leshargie, C, Li, S, Li, Y, Liang, J, Lim, L, Lim, S, Limenih, M, Linn, S, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lodha, R, Lonsdale, C, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Ma, S, Macarayan, E, Mackay, M, Maclachlan, J, Maddison, E, Madotto, F, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Maghavani, D, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Manda, A, Mandarano-Filho, L, Manguerra, H, Mansournia, M, Mapoma, C, Marami, D, Maravilla, J, Marcenes, W, Marczak, L, Marks, A, Marks, G, Martinez, G, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, Marz, W, Marzan, M, Masci, J, Massenburg, B, Mathur, M, Mathur, P, Matzopoulos, R, Maulik, P, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mcmahon, B, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, M, Mehrotra, R, Mehta, K, Mehta, V, Mekonnen, T, Melese, A, Melku, M, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengistu, D, Mengistu, G, Mensah, G, Mereta, S, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Mezgebe, H, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Millear, A, Miller, T, Miller-Petrie, M, Mini, G, Mirabi, P, Mirarefin, M, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mitiku, H, Moazen, B, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mohan, V, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradinazar, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Velasquez, I, Morgado-Da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Moschos, M, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, S, Muchie, K, Mueller, U, Mukhopadhyay, S, Muller, K, Mumford, J, Musa, J, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Nachega, J, Nagel, G, Naheed, A, Nahvijou, A, Naik, G, Nair, S, Najafi, F, Naldi, L, Nam, H, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Nascimento, B, Natarajan, G, Neamati, N, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Neupane, S, Newton, C, Ngalesoni, F, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, A, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, L, Nguyen, M, Nguyen, T, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nirayo, Y, Nixon, M, Nolutshungu, N, Nomura, S, Norheim, O, Noroozi, M, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nouri, H, Shiadeh, M, Nowroozi, M, Nyasulu, P, Odell, C, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olivares, P, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Ong, K, Ong, S, Oren, E, Orpana, H, Ortiz, A, Ortiz, J, Otstavnov, S, Overland, S, Owolabi, M, Ozdemir, R, Mahesh, P, Pacella, R, Pakhale, S, Pakhare, A, Pakpour, A, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandian, J, Parisi, A, Park, E, Parry, C, Parsian, H, Patel, S, Pati, S, Patton, G, Paturi, V, Paulson, K, Pereira, A, Pereira, D, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Piel, F, Pigott, D, Pillay, J, Pirsaheb, M, Pishgar, F, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Pujar, A, Prakash, S, Prasad, N, Purcell, C, Qorbani, M, Quintana, H, Quistberg, D, Rade, K, Anwar Rafay, A, Rahim, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Ranjan, P, Rao, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Razo-Garcia, C, Reddy, K, Reiner, R, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, S, Rezai, M, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, A, Rios-Blancas, M, Roba, K, Roberts, N, Robinson, S, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Safari, H, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Salam, N, Salama, J, Salamati, P, De Freitas Saldanha, R, Saleem, Z, Salimi, Y, Salvi, S, Salz, I, Sambala, E, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santos, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Jose, B, Sarker, A, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sartorius, B, Sarvi, S, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Sawant, A, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Sayyah, M, Schaeffner, E, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schottker, B, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Scott, J, Sekerija, M, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Seyedmousavi, S, Shabaninejad, H, Shackelford, K, Shafieesabet, A, Shahbazi, M, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsi, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sharif, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shi, P, Shiferaw, M, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shiue, I, Shokraneh, F, Shrime, M, Si, S, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, T, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silberberg, D, Santos Silva, D, Silva, J, Da Silva, N, Silveira, D, Singh, J, Singh, N, Singh, P, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Sliwa, K, Smith, M, Sobaih, B, Sobhani, S, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Soyiri, I, Sposato, L, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Starodubov, V, Stathopoulou, V, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Stewart, L, Stokes, M, Subart, M, Sudaryanto, A, Sufiyan, M, Sur, P, Sutradhar, I, Sykes, B, Sylaja, P, Sylte, D, Szoeke, C, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadakamadla, S, Takahashi, K, Tandon, N, Tassew, S, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekalign, T, Tekle, M, Temsah, M, Temsah, O, Terkawi, A, Teshale, M, Tessema, B, Tessema, G, Thankappan, K, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thrift, A, Thurston, G, Tilahun, B, To, Q, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Torre, A, Tortajada-Girbes, M, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Tripathi, S, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Truong, N, Tsadik, A, Tsoi, D, Tudor Car, L, Murat Tuzcu, E, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, K, Ullah, I, Undurraga, E, Updike, R, Usman, M, Uthman, O, Uzun, S, Vaduganathan, M, Vaezi, A, Vaidya, G, Valdez, P, Varavikova, E, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Villafaina, S, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Wagner, G, Wagnew, F, Waheed, Y, Wallin, M, Walson, J, Wang, Y, Wassie, M, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Weldegebreal, F, Weldegwergs, K, Werdecker, A, Werkneh, A, West, T, Westerman, R, Whiteford, H, Widecka, J, Wilner, L, Wilson, S, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Wolfe, C, Wu, S, Wu, Y, Wyper, G, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadgir, S, Yadollahpour, A, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yakob, B, Yan, L, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yasin, Y, Yentur, G, Yeshaneh, A, Yimer, 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I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Tandon, Nikhil, Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw, Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Omar, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Teshale, Manaye Yihune, Tessema, Belay, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Thomas, Nihal, Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tilahun, Binyam, To, Quyen G., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna E., Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tripathi, Suryakant, Troeger, Christopher E., Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Truong, Nu Thi, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Tsoi, Derrick, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Murat Tuzcu, E., Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Ullah, Irfan, Undurraga, Eduardo A., Updike, Rachel L., Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A., Uzun, Selen Begum, Vaduganathan, Muthiah, Vaezi, Afsane, Vaidya, Gaurang, Valdez, Pascual R., Varavikova, Elena, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Villafaina, Santos, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Gregory R., Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Walson, Judd L., Wang, Yanping, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wassie, Molla Mesele, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weldegebreal, Fitsum, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew, West, T. Eoin, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Widecka, Justyna, Wilner, Lauren B., Wilson, Shadrach, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wu, Shouling, Wu, Yun-Chun, Wyper, Grant M. A., Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L., Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasin, Yasin Jemal, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yimer, Ebrahim M., Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yu, Chuanhua, Zadnik, Vesna, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zare, Zohreh, Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Kai, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher J. 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C., Schottker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Scott, James G., Sekerija, Mario, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson, Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba, Shabaninejad, Hosein, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shahbazi, Mehdi, Shaheen, Amira A., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsi, Mohammadbagher, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Shi, Peilin, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shiue, Ivy, Shokraneh, Farhad, Shrime, Mark G., Si, Si, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silberberg, Donald H., Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Silva, Joao Pedro, Da Silva, Natacha Torres, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Narinder Pal, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Sobhani, Soheila, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir S., Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Soriano, Joan B., Soyiri, Ireneous N., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Starodubov, Vladimir I., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Caitlyn, Stewart, Leo G., Stokes, Mark A., Subart, Michelle L., Sudaryanto, Agus, Sufiyan, Mu'Awiyyah Babale, Sur, Patrick John, Sutradhar, Ipsita, Sykes, Bryan L., Sylaja, P. N., Sylte, Dillon O., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Tandon, Nikhil, Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw, Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Omar, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Teshale, Manaye Yihune, Tessema, Belay, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Thomas, Nihal, Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tilahun, Binyam, To, Quyen G., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna E., Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tripathi, Suryakant, Troeger, Christopher E., Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Truong, Nu Thi, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Tsoi, Derrick, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Murat Tuzcu, E., Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Ullah, Irfan, Undurraga, Eduardo A., Updike, Rachel L., Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A., Uzun, Selen Begum, Vaduganathan, Muthiah, Vaezi, Afsane, Vaidya, Gaurang, Valdez, Pascual R., Varavikova, Elena, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Villafaina, Santos, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Gregory R., Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Walson, Judd L., Wang, Yanping, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wassie, Molla Mesele, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weldegebreal, Fitsum, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew, West, T. Eoin, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Widecka, Justyna, Wilner, Lauren B., Wilson, Shadrach, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wu, Shouling, Wu, Yun-Chun, Wyper, Grant M. A., Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L., Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasin, Yasin Jemal, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yimer, Ebrahim M., Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yu, Chuanhua, Zadnik, Vesna, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zare, Zohreh, Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Kai, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Murray, Christopher J. L.
- Abstract
Background: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings: At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest
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- 2018
12. Global mortality from firearms, 1990-2016
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Nand, D., Naghavi, M., Marczak, L., Kutz, M., Shackelford, K., Arora, M., Miller-Petrie, M., Aichour, M., Akseer, N., Al-Raddadi, R., Alam, K., Alghnam, S., Antonio, C., Aremu, O., Arora, A., Asadi-Lari, M., Assadi, R., Atey, T., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Barker-Collo, S., Bärnighausen, T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Behzadifar, M., Bennett, J., Bhalla, A., Bhutta, Z., Bilal, A., Borges, G., Borschmann, R., Brazinova, A., Rincon, J., Carvalho, F., Castañeda-Orjuela, C., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P., De Leo, D., Dharmaratne, S., Ding, E., Do, H., Doku, D., Doyle, K., Driscoll, T., Edessa, D., El-Khatib, Z., Endries, A., Esteghamati, A., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fischer, F., Foreman, K., Franklin, R., Fullman, N., Futran, N., Gebrehiwot, T., Gutiérrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Bidgoli, H., Hailu, G., Haro, J., Hassen, H., Hawley, C., Hendrie, Delia, Híjar, M., Hu, G., Ilesanmi, O., Jakovljevic, M., James, S., Jayaraman, S., Jonas, J., Kahsay, A., Kasaeian, A., Keiyoro, P., Khader, Y., Nand, D., Naghavi, M., Marczak, L., Kutz, M., Shackelford, K., Arora, M., Miller-Petrie, M., Aichour, M., Akseer, N., Al-Raddadi, R., Alam, K., Alghnam, S., Antonio, C., Aremu, O., Arora, A., Asadi-Lari, M., Assadi, R., Atey, T., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Barker-Collo, S., Bärnighausen, T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Behzadifar, M., Bennett, J., Bhalla, A., Bhutta, Z., Bilal, A., Borges, G., Borschmann, R., Brazinova, A., Rincon, J., Carvalho, F., Castañeda-Orjuela, C., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P., De Leo, D., Dharmaratne, S., Ding, E., Do, H., Doku, D., Doyle, K., Driscoll, T., Edessa, D., El-Khatib, Z., Endries, A., Esteghamati, A., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fischer, F., Foreman, K., Franklin, R., Fullman, N., Futran, N., Gebrehiwot, T., Gutiérrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Bidgoli, H., Hailu, G., Haro, J., Hassen, H., Hawley, C., Hendrie, Delia, Híjar, M., Hu, G., Ilesanmi, O., Jakovljevic, M., James, S., Jayaraman, S., Jonas, J., Kahsay, A., Kasaeian, A., Keiyoro, P., and Khader, Y.
- Abstract
© 2018 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. IMPORTANCE Understanding global variation in firearm mortality rates could guide prevention policies and interventions. OBJECTIVE To estimate mortality due to firearm injury deaths from 1990 to 2016 in 195 countries and territories. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study used deidentified aggregated data including 13 812 location-years of vital registration data to generate estimates of levels and rates of death by age-sex-year-location. The proportion of suicides in which a firearm was the lethal means was combined with an estimate of per capita gun ownership in a revised proxy measure used to evaluate the relationship between availability or access to firearms and firearm injury deaths. EXPOSURES Firearm ownership and access. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cause-specific deaths by age, sex, location, and year. RESULTS Worldwide, it was estimated that 251 000 (95%uncertainty interval [UI], 195 000-276 000) people died from firearm injuries in 2016, with 6 countries (Brazil, United States, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guatemala) accounting for 50.5%(95%UI, 42.2%-54.8%) of those deaths. In 1990, there were an estimated 209 000 (95%UI, 172 000 to 235 000) deaths from firearm injuries. Globally, the majority of firearm injury deaths in 2016 were homicides (64.0% [95%UI, 54.2%-68.0%]; absolute value, 161 000 deaths [95%UI, 107 000-182 000]); additionally, 27%were firearm suicide deaths (67 500 [95%UI, 55 400-84 100]) and 9% were unintentional firearm deaths (23 000 [95%UI, 18 200-24 800]). From 1990 to 2016, there was no significant decrease in the estimated global age-standardized firearm homicide rate (-0.2%[95%UI, -0.8%to 0.2%]). Firearm suicide rates decreased globally at an annualized rate of 1.6%(95%UI, 1.1-2.0), but in 124 of 195 countries and territories included in this study, these levels were either constant or significant increases were estimated. There was an annualized decrease of 0.9% (95%UI
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- 2018
13. The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children
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Reiner, R.C., Welgan, C.A., Troeger, C.E., Baumann, M.M., Weiss, D.J., Deshpande, A., Blacker, B.F., Miller-Petrie, M.K., Earl, L., Bhatt, S., Abolhassani, H., Abosetugn, A.E., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O.O., Aghaali, M., Aji, B., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alhassan, R.K., Ali, S., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., Altirkawi, K.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A.T., Amini, S., Amugsi, D.A., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C.L., Ansari, F., Anvari, D., Appiah, S.C.Y., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Atout, M.M.W., Ausloos, M., Ausloos, F., Ayanore, M.A., Aynalem, Y.A., Azene, Z.N., Badawi, A., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Bedi, N., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhandari, D., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z.A., Bijani, A., Birhanu, T.T.M., Bitew, Z.W., Boloor, A., Brady, O.J., Butt, Z.A., Car, J., Carvalho, F., Casey, D.C., Chattu, V.K., Chowdhury, M.A.K., Chu, D.-., Coelho, C.H., Cook, A.J., Damiani, G., Daoud, F., Gela, J.D., Darwish, A.H., Daryani, A., Das, J.K., Davis Weaver, N., Deribe, K., Desalew, A., Dharmaratne, S.D., Dianatinasab, M., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Dorostkar, F., Dubljanin, E., Duko, B., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Effiong, A., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Enany, S., Fattahi, N., Feigin, V.L., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Folayan, M.O., Foroutan, M., Frostad, J.J., Fukumoto, T., Gaidhane, A.M., Gebrekrstos, H.G.G.K., Gebremeskel, L., Gebreslassie, A.A., Gething, P.W., Gezae, K.E., Ghadiri, K., Ghashghaee, A., Golechha, M., Gubari, M.I.M., Hadgu, F.B., Hamidi, S., Handiso, D.W., Hashi, A., Hassan, S., Hayat, K., Herteliu, C., H. C., H., Holla, R., Hosseinzadeh, M., Househ, M., Hussain, R., Hwang, B.-., Ibitoye, S.E., Ilesanmi, O.S., Ilic, I.M., Ilic, M.D., Irvani, S.S.N., Jaafari, J., Javaheri, T., Jha, R.P., Johnson, K.B., Jonas, J.B., Jozwiak, J.J., Kabir, A., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Karch, A., Kayode, G.A., Keiyoro, P.N., Khader, Y.S., Khalil, I.A., Khan, M.N., Khan, M., Khan, G., Khatab, K., Khater, M.M., Khatib, M.N., Kianipour, N., Kim, Y.J., Kimokoti, R.W., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Kissoon, N., Kochhar, S., Koolivand, A., Kopec, J.A., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, P., Kurmi, O.P., Kusuma, D., Lal, D.K., Lami, F.H., Landires, I., Lansingh, V.C., Lasrado, S., La Vecchia, C., Lazzar-Atwood, A., Lee, P.H., Legrand, K.E., Lewycka, S., Li, B., Lim, S.S., Lindstedt, P.A., Liu, X., Longbottom, J., Lopez, A.D., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahasha, P.W., Maleki, A., Mamun, A.A., Mansournia, M.A., Marczak, L.B., Martins-Melo, F.R., Mayala, B.K., Meharie, B.G., Melese, A., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Mensah, G.A., Meretoja, T.J., Mestrovic, T., Miller, T.R., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Moazen, B., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadi, S., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A.H., Moradi, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Mosser, J.F., Murray, C.J.L., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, Q.A.P., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nnaji, C.A., Noubiap, J.J., Nunez-Samudio, V., Olagunju, A.T., Olusanya, J.O., Olusanya, B.O., Omer, M.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., P A, M., Padubidri, J.R., Pana, A., Peprah, E.K., Pham, H.Q., Pigott, D.M., Pirestani, M., Postma, M.J., Pottoo, F.H., Pourjafar, H., Quazi Syed, Z., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M.H.U., Rao, S.J., Rao, P.C., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D.L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Regassa, L.D., Renzaho, A.M.N., Rezaei, N., Rezai, M.S., Ribeiro, A.I., Rickard, J., Rios-Gonzalez, C.M., Rumisha, S.F., Sabour, S., Sajadi, S.M., Salomon, J.A., Samadi Kafil, H., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Sartorius, B., Saxena, D., Schaeffer, L.E., Senthilkumaran, S., Sha, F., Shaheen, A.A., Shaikh, M.A., Sharma, R., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Il Shin, J., Simonetti, B., Singh, J.A., Smith, D.L., Soheili, A., Sokhan, A., Spurlock, E.E., Sreeramareddy, C.T., Sufiyan, M.B., Swartz, S.J., Tadesse, D.B., Tamiru, A.T., Tefera, Y.G., Temsah, M.-., Tessema, Z.T., Titova, M.V., Tran, B.X., Truong, P.N., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Vasankari, T.J., Vasseghian, Y., Violante, F.S., G. T., V., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R.G., Wassie, E.G., Welay, F.T., Wickramasinghe, N.D., Wiens, K.E., Wijeratne, T., Wiysonge, C.S., Wondmeneh, T.G., Yamada, T., Yaya, S., Yeshitila, Y.G., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yu, C., Yuce, D., Yusefzadeh, H., Zaidi, Z., Zamanian, M., Zangeneh, A., Zhang, Z.-., Zhang, Y., Ziapour, A., Hay, S.I., Reiner, RC Jr, Welgan, CA, Troeger, CE, Baumann, MM, Duko, Bereket, Hay, Simon I, LBD Triple Collaborators, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Reiner, R, Welgan, C, Troeger, C, Baumann, M, Weiss, D, Deshpande, A, Blacker, B, Miller-Petrie, M, Earl, L, Bhatt, S, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Aghaali, M, Aji, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alhassan, R, Ali, S, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amini, S, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, C, Ansari, F, Anvari, D, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Ausloos, F, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Azene, Z, Badawi, A, Baig, A, Banach, M, Bedi, N, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Birhanu, T, Bitew, Z, Boloor, A, Brady, O, Butt, Z, Car, J, Carvalho, F, Casey, D, Chattu, V, Chowdhury, M, Chu, D, Coelho, C, Cook, A, Damiani, G, Daoud, F, Gela, J, Darwish, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Davis Weaver, N, Deribe, K, Desalew, A, Dharmaratne, S, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Dubljanin, E, Duko, B, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Effiong, A, El Sayed Zaki, M, El Tantawi, M, Enany, S, Fattahi, N, Feigin, V, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Foroutan, M, Frostad, J, Fukumoto, T, Gaidhane, A, Gebrekrstos, H, Gebremeskel, L, Gebreslassie, A, Gething, P, Gezae, K, Ghadiri, K, Ghashghaee, A, Golechha, M, Gubari, M, Hadgu, F, Hamidi, S, Handiso, D, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hayat, K, Herteliu, C, Ho, H, Holla, R, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Hussain, R, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Irvani, S, Jaafari, J, Javaheri, T, Jha, R, Johnson, K, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Karch, A, Kayode, G, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, M, Khan, G, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Kianipour, N, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kissoon, N, Kochhar, S, Koolivand, A, Kopec, J, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kumar, P, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Lal, D, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Lasrado, S, La Vecchia, C, Lazzar-Atwood, A, Lee, P, Legrand, K, Lewycka, S, Li, B, Lim, S, Lindstedt, P, Liu, X, Longbottom, J, Lopez, A, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahasha, P, Maleki, A, Mamun, A, Mansournia, M, Marczak, L, Martins-Melo, F, Mayala, B, Meharie, B, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Moazen, B, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Moradi, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mosser, J, Murray, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, H, Nnaji, C, Noubiap, J, Nunez-Samudio, V, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omer, M, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Peprah, E, Pham, H, Pigott, D, Pirestani, M, Postma, M, Pottoo, F, Pourjafar, H, Quazi Syed, Z, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rao, S, Rao, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Regassa, L, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Ribeiro, A, Rickard, J, Rios-Gonzalez, C, Rumisha, S, Sabour, S, Sajadi, S, Salomon, J, Samadi Kafil, H, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sartorius, B, Saxena, D, Schaeffer, L, Senthilkumaran, S, Sha, F, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Il Shin, J, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Smith, D, Soheili, A, Sokhan, A, Spurlock, E, Sreeramareddy, C, Sufiyan, M, Swartz, S, Tadesse, D, Tamiru, A, Tefera, Y, Temsah, M, Tessema, Z, Titova, M, Tran, B, Truong, P, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Violante, F, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Wassie, E, Welay, F, Wickramasinghe, N, Wiens, K, Wijeratne, T, Wiysonge, C, Wondmeneh, T, Yamada, T, Yaya, S, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yusefzadeh, H, Zaidi, Z, Zamanian, M, Zangeneh, A, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Y, Ziapour, A, Hay, S, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, and Department of Oncology
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale e Applicata ,3122 Cancers ,malaria ,General Physics and Astronomy ,COVID-19 ,General Chemistry ,3126 Surgery, anesthesiology, intensive care, radiology ,infectious diseases ,Sub-Saharian Africa ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica ,Children mortality ,epidemiology ,biogeography - Abstract
Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s). Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival.
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- 2022
14. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- Author
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Roth, Gregory A., Collaborotors, G. B. D.Causes Death, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Load, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Abera, Semaw F., Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Adamu, Abdu A., Adebayo, Oladimeji, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adookunboh, Olatunii, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adib, Mina G., Admasie, Aniha, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Karelia M., Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Melidi, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayent, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Fddine, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akinyeniti, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alandab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alebel, Animut, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Alonso, Jordi, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Aminde, Leopold N., Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampern, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Hossein, Aniha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Aremu, Olatunde, Arnlov, Johan, Arora, Amit, Arora, Monika, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K., Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephremi Tsegay, Ataro, Zerihun, Atique, Suleman, Atre, Sachin R., Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide F. G. A., Awasthi, Ashish, Quintattilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayele, Yohanes, Ayer, Rakesh, Azzopardi, Peter S., Babazadeh, Arefeh, Bacha, Umar, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Bali, Ayele Geleto, Ballesteros, Katherine E., Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Kajori, Bannick, Marlena S., Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyu, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope, Bassat, Quique, Base, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Baynes, Habtamu Wondifraw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beth, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Mcysam, Bejot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Belacliew, Abate Bekele, Belay, Ezra, Belay, Yihalem Abebe, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berman, Adam F., Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S., Bertolacci, Gregory J., Beuran, Mircea, Beyranvand, Tina, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhaumik, Sounayadeeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Biadgo, Belete, Biehl, Molly H., Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bilano, Ver, Bililign, Nigus, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shandaat, Bisanzio, Donal, Biswas, Tuhin, Blacker, Brigitte F., Basara, Berrak Bora, Borschmann, Rohan, Bosetti, Cristina, Bozorgmehr, Kayvan, Brady, Oliver J., Brant, Luisa C., Brayne, Carol, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Briant, Paul Svitil, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A., Callender, Charlton S. K. H., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Rincon, Julio Cesar Canapuzano, Cano, Jorge, Car, Mate, Cardenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J., Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Felix, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castle, Chris D., Castro, Clara, Castro, Franz, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cerin, Ester, Chaiah, Yazan, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chanson, Fiona J., Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheet, Abdulaal, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam J., Chiang, Sheng-Chia, Cicuttini, Flavia M., Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Cousin, Ewerton, Cowie, Benjamin C., Criqui, Michael H., Cromwell, Elizabeth A., Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Crump, John A., Cunningham, Matthew, Daba, Alemneh Kabeta, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dang, Anh Kim, Dargan, Paul I., Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Siddharth K., Das Gupta, Rajat, Das Neves, Jose, Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Davis, Adrian C., Weaver, Nicole Davis, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, Davletov, Kairat, De La Hoz, Fernando Pio, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Degefa, Meaza Girma, Degenhardt, Louisa, Degfie, Tizta T., Deiparine, Selina, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Demtsu, Baleen Betsu, Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Dey, Subhojit, Dhannaratne, Samath D., Dicker, Daniel, Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese, Ding, Eric L., Dirac, M. Ashworth, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dokova, Klara, Ter Doku, David, Donnelly, Christl A., Dorsey, E. Ray, Doshi, Pratik P., Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim R., Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Duncan, Bruce B., Duraes, Andre R., Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ebrahimpour, Soheil, Edessa, Dumessa, Edvardsson, David, Eggen, Anne Elise, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, El-Khatib, Ziad, Elkout, Hajer, Eltinsel, Christian Lycke, Endres, Matthias, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Er, Benjamin, Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeili, Reza, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fakhar, Mahdi, Fakhim, Hamed, Faramarzi, Mahbobeh, Fareed, Mohammad, Farhadi, Farzaneh, Faninha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein, Feign, Valery L., Feigl, Andrea B., Fentahun, Netsanet, Eereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandes, Joao C., Ferrari, Alice J., Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Filip, Irina, Finegold, Samuel, Fischer, Florian, Eitzmaurice, Christina, Foigt, Nataliya A., Foreman, Kyle J., Fornari, Carla, Frank, Tahvi D., Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fuller, John E., Fullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M., Futran, Neal D., Gallus, Silvano, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A., Gardner, William M., Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebrehiwol, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremichael, Bereket, Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo, Gelano, Tilayie Feto, Geleijinse, Johanna M., Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea, Gething, Peter W., Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghadami, Mohammad Rasoul, Ghadimi, Reza, Falavarjani, Khalil Ghasemi, Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam, Ghimire, Mamata, Gibney, Katherine B., Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K., Gillum, Richard F., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Goldberg, Ellen M., Goli, Srinivas, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon N., Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorman, Taren M., Goto, Atsushi, Goulart, Alessandra C., Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Grada, Aymara, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gugnani, Hanish Chander, Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena, Gun, Nailing, Gupta, Prakash C., Gupta, Rahid, Gupta, Rajenv, Gupta, Tanush, Gutierrez, Reyna Alma, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagos, Tekleberhan B., Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hamadeh, Randall R., Hamidi, Sinner, Handal, Meads J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasan, Mehedi, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hassen, Hamid, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Hay, Simon I., He, Yihua, Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar, Hegazy, Mohamed I., Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Mohsen, Hendrie, Delia, Henok, Andualem, Henry, Nathaniel J., Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Heydarpour, Pouria, Heydarpour, Sousan, Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw, Hoek, Hans W., Hole, Michael K., Red, Enayatollah Homaie, Hoogar, Praveen, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian C., Hsiao, Thomas, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J., Husseini, Abdullatif, Hussen, Mohammedaman Mama, Hutfless, Susan, Idrisov, Bulat, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, Nazrul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahangiry, Leila, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jain, Sudhir Kumar, Jakovlievic, Mihajlo, Jalu, Moti Tolera, James, Spencer L., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jenkins, Kathy J., Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Johnson, Catherine O., Johnson, Sarah C., Jonas, Jost B., Joshi, Ankur, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jungari, Suresh Banayya, Jurisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kalani, Rizwan, Karami, Manoochehr, Matin, Behzad Karami, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine, Karimi-Sari, Hamidreza, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Dessalegn H., Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kaul, Anil, Kazemi, Zhila, Karyani, Ali Kazemi, Kazi, Dhruv Satish, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Grant Rodgers, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaei, Behzad, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khajavi, Alireza, Khalid, Nauman, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, Khan, Muhammad Ali, Khang, Young-Ho, Khater, Mona M., Khoja, Abdullah T., Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A., Kibret, Getiye D., Kidanemariam, Zelalem Teklemariam, Kiirithio, Daniel N., Kim, Daniel, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kocarnik, Jonathan M., Kochhar, Sonali, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolola, Tufa, Kopec, Jacek A., Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael A., Krishan, Kewal, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kinuk, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael J., Kuzin, Igor, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Lad, Deepesh P., Lad, Sheetal D., Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Jennifer O., Lami, Faris Hasan, Van Lansingh, C., Lansky, Sonia, Larson, Heidi J., Latifi, Amman, Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming, Lazarus, Jeffrey V., Lebedev, Georgy, Lee, Paul H., Leigh, James, Leili, Mostafa, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Li, Shanshan, Li, Yichong, Liang, Juan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S., Limenih, Miteku Andualem, Linn, Shai, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Lansdale, Chris, Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T., MacLachlan, Jennifer H., Maddison, Emilie R., Nadotto, Fabiana, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy, Maghavani, Dhaval P., Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manda, Ana-Laura, Mandarano-Filho, Luiz Garcia, Manguerra, Helena, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mapoma, Chabila Christopher, Marami, Dadi, Maravilla, Joemer C., Marcenes, Wagner, Marczak, Laurie, Marks, Ashley, Marks, Guy B., Martinez, Gabriel, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio, Martopullo, Ira, Marz, Winfried, Marron, Melvin B., Masci, Joseph R., Lylassenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mathur, Prashant, Matzopoulos, Richard, Maulik, Pallab K., Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Cohn, McGrath, John J., McKee, Martin, McMahon, Brian J., Mehata, Suiiesh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehrotra, Ravi, Mehta, Kala M., Mehta, Varshil, Mekonnen, Tefera C., Melese, Addisu, Melku, Mulugeta, Memiah, Peter T. N., Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mengistu, Getnet, Mensah, George A., Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Meshovic, Tbmislav, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Millear, Anoushka I., Miller, Ted R., Katherine, Molly, Petrie, Miller, Mini, G. K., Mirabi, Parvaneh, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Mitiku, Habtamu, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Moslem, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammed, A. Mohammed, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mokdad, Ali H., Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradinazar, Mehdi, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Velasquez, Ilais Moreno, Morgado-Da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Moschos, Marilita M., Mouodi, Simin, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Muchie, Kindie Eentahun, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Mukhopadhyay, Satinath, Muller, Kate, Mumford, John Everett, Musa, Jonah, Musa, Kamand Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nachega, Jean B., Nagel, Gabriele, Naheed, Aliya, Nahvijou, Azin, Naik, Gunidatta, Nair, Sanjeev, Najafi, Farid, Naldi, Luigi, Nam, Hae Sung, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nascirnento, Bruno Ramos, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Nearnati, Nahid, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxcandra Irina, Nettpane, Subas, Newton, Charles R. J., Ngalesoni, Frida N., Ngunjiri, Josephine W., Anh Quynh Nguyen, Nguyen, Grant, Ha Thu Nguyen, Luong Thanh Nguyen, Long Hoang Nguyen, Nguyen, Minh, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Nichols, Emma, Ningnun, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Nixon, Molly R., Nolutshungu, Nomonde, Nomura, Shhhei, Norhelin, Ole F., Noroozi, Mehdi, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nouri, Hamid Reza, Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour, Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza, Nyasulu, Peter S., Odell, Christopher M., Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olivares, Pedro R., Olsen, Helen Elizabeth, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin L., Ong, Sok King Sk, Oren, Eyal, Orpana, Heather M., Ortiz, Alberto, Ortiz, Justin R., Otstavnov, Stanislav S., Overland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Ozdemir, Raziye, Mahesh, P. A., Pacella, Rosana, Pakhale, Smita, Pakhare, Abhijit P., Pakpour, Amir H., Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Parisi, Andrea, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D. H., Parsian, Hadi, Patel, Shanti, Pati, Sanghamitra, Patton, George C., Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao, Paulson, Katherine R., Pereira, Alexandre, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R., Piel, Frederic B., Pigott, David M., Pillay, Julian David, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J., Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Pujar, Ashwini, Prakash, Swayam, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Caroline A., Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintana, Hedley, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rade, Kirankumar Waman, Radfah, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranjan, Prabhat, Rao, Puja C., Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Razo-Garcia, Christian, Reddy, K. Srinath, Reiner, Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa B., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezaeian, Shahab, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P., Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus, Roba, Kedir Teji, Roberts, Nicholas L. S., Robinson, Stephen R., Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Rubagotti, Enrico, Sachdev, Perminder S., Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Safari, Hosein, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salam, Nasir, Salama, Joseph S., Salamati, Payman, De Saldanha, Raphael Freitas, Saleem, Zikria, Salimi, Yahya, Salvi, Sundeep Santosh, Salz, Inbal, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdatiah M., Sanabria, Juan, Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Santomauro, Damian Francesco, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Milicevic, Milena M. Santric, Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao, Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sarvi, Shahabeddin, Sathian, Brijesh, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawant, Arundhati R., Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Sayyah, Mehdi, Schaeffher, Elke, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Scott, James G., Sekerija, Mario, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson, Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba, Shabaninejad, Hosein, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shahbazi, Mehdi, Shaheen, Amira A., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsi, Mohammadbagher, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharif-Alhoseini, Mandi, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Shi, Peilin, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisav, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shiue, Ivy, Shokraneh, Farhad, Shrine, Mark G., Si, Si, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silberberg, Donald H., Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, Joao Pedro, Da Silva, Natacha Torres, Silveira, Dayane Bride Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Narinder Pal, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Sobhani, Soheila, Solangwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir S., Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Soriano, Joan B., Soyiri, Ireneous N., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar F., Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Starodubov, Vladimir I., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Caitlyn, Stewart, Leo G., Stokes, Mark A., Subart, Michelle L., Sudaryanto, Agus, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Sur, Patrick John, Sutradhar, Ipsita, Sykes, Bryan L., Sylaja, P. N., Sylte, Dillon O., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Tandon, Nikhil, Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw, Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Omar, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Teshale, Manaye Yihune, Tesserna, Belay, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thirinavukkarasu, Sathish, Thomas, Nihal, Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tilahun, Binyam, To, Quyen G., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonellli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna E., Tortajada-Cirbes, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Bach Xuan Tran, Khah Bao Tran, Tripathi, Suryakant, Troeger, Christopher E., Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Nu Thi Truong, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Tsoi, Derrick, Car, Lorainne Tudor, Tuzcu, E. 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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,national age-sex-specific mortality ,UNITED-STATES ,Global Health ,Socioeconomic Factor ,Global Burden of Disease ,GBD, causes of death ,Young Adult ,Age Distribution ,Life Expectancy ,General & Internal Medicine ,Cause of Death ,PUBLIC-HEALTH PROBLEM ,mortality ,282 causes global burden of disease ,Sex Distribution ,Child ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,BARRIERS ,DEMENTIA ,Medicine (all) ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,11 Medical And Health Sciences ,Middle Aged ,TRENDS ,PREVENTION ,PREVALENCE ,ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE ,INDIVIDUALS ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,Child, Preschool ,REGISTRATION ,Female ,Human medicine ,Human - Abstract
Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODErn), to generate cause fractions and cause specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NC Ds) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73.4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72.5-74.1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 186% (17.9-19.6), and injuries 8.0% (7.7-8.2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22.7% (21.5-23.9), representing an additional 7.61 million (7. 20-8.01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7.9% (7.08.8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 222% (20.0-24.0) and the death rate by 31.8% (30.1-33.3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2.3% (0-5-4-0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13.7% (12.2-15.1) to 57.9 deaths (55.9-59.2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000-289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000-363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118.0% (88.8-148.6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36.4% (32.2-40.6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33.6% (31.2-36.1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respirator}, infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990 neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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15. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Roth, Ga, Sahraian, Ma, Salomon, Ja, Salvi, Dd, Samy, Am, Sanchez-Niño, Md, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tg, Santomauro, Df, Santos, Jv, Santric Milicevic, Mm, Sao Jose, Bp, Sarker, Ar, Sawant, Ar, Schmidt, Mi, Schneider, Ijc, Schutte, Ae, Schwebel, Dc, Scott, Jg, Sepanlou, Sg, Serre, Ml, Shaheen, Aa, Shaikh, Ma, Shin, Mj, Shrime, Mg, Sibai, Am, Siddiqi, Tj, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silva, Da, Silva, Jp, Silveira, Dga, Singh, Ja, Singh, Np, Sinha, Dn, Smith, Dl, Sobaih, Bh, Sorensen, Rjd, Soriano, Jb, Soyiri, In, Sposato, La, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Starodubov, Vi, Stein, Dj, Stein, Mb, Stokes, Ma, Subart, Ml, Sufiyan, Mb, Sunguya, Bf, Sur, Pj, Sykes, Bl, Szoeke, Cei, Tadakamadla, Sk, Tassew, Sg, Tekalign, Tg, Tekelemedhin, Sw, Tekle, Mg, Temsah, Mh, Thankappan, Kr, Thomas, Hj, Thomas, Ml, Thurston, Gd, To, Qg, Torre, Ae, Tovani-Palone, Mr, Towbin, Ja, Tran, Bx, Tran, Kb, Truelsen, Tc, Truong, Nt, Tsadik, Ag, Tuzcu, Em, Tymeson, Hd, Ukwaja, Kn, Updike, Rl, Uthman, Oa, Valdez, Pr, Vasankari, Tj, Vladimirov, Sk, Vollset, Se, Vu, Gt, Waller, Sg, Walson, Jl, Wang, Yp, Weintraub, Rg, Werkneh, Aa, West, Jj, Whiteford, Ha, Wiyeh, Ab, Wolfe, Cda, Wong, Ty, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Sh, Yan, Ll, Yasin, Yj, Yimer, Em, Yoon, Sj, Younis, Mz, Zaman, Sb, Zhang, Al, Zimsen, Srm, Murray, Cjl., Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Afshin, Ashkan, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Lim, Stephen S, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ademi, Zanfina, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Admasie, Amha, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, 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Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Ataro, Zerihun, Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide F G A, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe B, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bali, Ayele Geleto, Ball, Kylie, Ballew, Shoshana H, Banach, Maciej, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bekru, Eyasu Tamru, Belay, Ezra, Belay, Yihalem Abebe, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bergeron, Gille, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S, Beuran, Mircea, Beyranvand, Tina, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Bori, Bilano, Ver, 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Shokraneh, Farhad, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Shupler, Matthew S, Si, Si, Siabani, Soraya, Sibai, Abla Mehio, Siddiqi, Tariq J, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Narinder Pal, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skirbekk, Vegard, Smith, David L, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Sobhani, Soheila, Somayaji, Ranjani, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Spinelli, Angela, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Starodubov, Vladimir I, Steckling, Nadine, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stevanovic, Goran, Stockfelt, Leo, Stokes, Mark A, Sturua, Lela, Subart, Michelle L, Sudaryanto, Agu, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Sulo, Gerhard, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick John, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Tandon, Nikhil, Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw, Tekelemedhin, Shishay Wahdey, Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin, Temesgen, Habtamu, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Omar, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Belay, Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Theis, Andrew, Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Thomas, Hannah J, Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomas, Nihal, Thurston, George D, Tilahun, Binyam, Tillmann, Taavi, To, Quyen G, Tobollik, Myriam, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna E, Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Truong, Nu Thi, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tuzcu, E Murat, Tymeson, Hayley D, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Ullah, Irfan, Updike, Rachel L, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vaduganathan, Muthiah, Vaezi, Afsane, Valdez, Pascual R, Van Donkelaar, Aaron, Varavikova, Elena, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venkateswaran, Vidhya, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Villafaina, Santo, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vosoughi, Kia, Vu, Giang Thu, Vujcic, Isidora S, Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw, Waheed, Yasir, Waller, Stephen G, Walson, Judd L, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yanping, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weldegebreal, Fitsum, Werdecker, Andrea, Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew, West, J Jason, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Widecka, Justyna, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiyeh, Alison B, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wong, Tien Yin, Wu, Shouling, Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamada, Tomohide, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasin, Yasin Jemal, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Yip, Paul, Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zavala-Arciniega, Lui, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Hao, Zhang, Kai, Zhou, Maigeng, Zimsen, Stephanie R M, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J L
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Science & Technology ,GBD, risks ,risk factors ,comparative risk assesment ,Dalys ,Medicine (all) ,CHOLESTEROL ,BLOOD-PRESSURE ,11 Medical And Health Sciences ,ILLNESS ,TRENDS ,humanities ,Medicine, General & Internal ,TOBACCO CONTROL ,General & Internal Medicine ,parasitic diseases ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASES ,TRIAL ,Human medicine ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,METAANALYSIS - Abstract
Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk– outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Lancet 2018; 392: 1923–94 *Collaborators listed at the end of the paper Correspondence to: Prof Christopher J L Murray, Institute for Health Metrics and Evalution, Seattle, WA 98121, USA cjlm@uw.edu Global Health Metrics 1924 www.thelancet.com Vol 392 November 10, 2018 Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning.
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16. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Murray, Christopher J L, Callender, Charlton S K H, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Srinivasan, Vinay, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdoli, Nasrin, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abreu, Daisy Maria Xavier, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alebel, Animut, Aleman, Alicia V, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi, Ali, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Aremu, Olatunde, Areri, Habtamu Abera, Arian, Nicholas, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari Mehari, Atique, Suleman, Atteraya, 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Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mengistu, Getnet, Mensah, George A, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miangotar, Yode, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Miller, Ted R, Miller-Petrie, Molly Katherine, Mini, G.K., Mirabi, Parvaneh, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Moslem, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Maryam, Mohammed, Mohammed A, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Dl, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez, Julio Cesar, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Mahmoudreza, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradinazar, Mehdi, Moraga, Paula, Morgado-Da-Costa, Joana, Mori, Rintaro, Morrison, Shane Dougla, Mosapour, Abba, Moschos, Marilita M, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Muche, Achenef Asmamaw, Muchie, Kindie Fentahun, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Mukhopadhyay, Satinath, Muller, Kate, Murphy, Tasha B, Murthy, G.V.S., Musa, Jonah, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Nahvijou, Azin, Naik, Gurudatta, Naik, Paulami, Najafi, Farid, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nascimento, Bruno Ramo, Nawaz, Haseeb, Ncama, Busisiwe P, Neamati, Nahid, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Neupane, Suba, Newton, Charles Richard Jame, Ngalesoni, Frida N, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Long Hoang, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nixon, Molly R, Nomura, Shuhei, Noroozi, Mehdi, Noubiap, Jean Jacque, Nouri, Hamid Reza, Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour, Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza, Nyandwi, Alypio, Nyasulu, Peter S, Odell, Christopher M, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olagunju, Tinuke O, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, 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Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel, Taveira, Nuno, Tawye, Nega Yimer, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw, Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Teshale, Manaye Yihune, Tessema, Belay, Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Thomas, Nihal, Thomson, Alan J, Tilahun, Binyam, To, Quyen G, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna E, Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tripathy, Srikanth Prasad, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Truong, Nu Thi, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Tsegay, Amanuel, Tsilimparis, Nikolao, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Ullah, Irfan, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vaduganathan, Muthiah, Vaezi, Afsane, Vaidya, Gaurang, Valdez, Pascual R, Varavikova, Elena, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Villafaina, Santo, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vosoughi, Kia, Vujcic, Isidora S, Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw, Waheed, Yasir, Walson, Judd L, Wang, Yanping, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey, Widecka, Justyna, Widecka, Katarzyna, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wu, Shouling, Wyper, Grant M A, Xu, Gelin, Yamada, Tomohide, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasin, Yasin Jemal, Ye, Pengpeng, Yentür, Gökalp Kadri, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Yip, Paul, Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yu, Chuanhua, Zadnik, Vesna, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zare, Zohreh, Zeleke, Mulugeta Molla, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Xueying, Zhao, Xiu-Ju, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zimsen, Stephanie R M, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Lopez, Alan D, Lim, Stephen S, Murray, C, Callender, C, Kulikoff, X, Abate, K, Abay, S, Abebe, H, Abebo, T, Abejie, A, Abraha, H, Abreu, D, Abrham, A, Abu-Raddad, L, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Accrombessi, M, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adedeji, I, Adetokunboh, O, Adhena, B, Adhikari, T, Adib, M, Adou, A, Adsuar, J, Agesa, K, Aghayan, S, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, M, Akbari, M, Akinyemi, R, Aleman, A, Alene, K, Aljunid, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Amare, A, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Animut, M, Ansha, M, Antonio, C, Appiah, S, Areri, H, Aryal, K, Asfaw, E, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Avokpaho, E, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayuk, T, Babalola, T, Bali, A, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Baune, B, Baynes, H, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Belay, A, Belay, S, Belay, Y, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berman, A, Bertolacci, G, Bhutta, Z, Birlik, S, Basara, B, Brady, O, Bragazzi, N, Breitborde, N, 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Harb, H, Haro, J, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hegazy, M, Henry, N, Hibstu, D, Hole, M, Hosgood, H, Hosseini, S, Hosseini Chavoshi, M, Huang, J, Iburg, K, Igumbor, E, Ikeda, C, Irenso, A, Irvani, S, Isehunwa, O, Islam, S, Jain, S, Jalu, M, James, S, Jassal, S, Jayatilleke, A, Jha, R, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Jungari, S, Matin, B, Karimi, S, Kassa, D, Kassa, G, Kassa, T, Kassa, Z, Kassebaum, N, Katikireddi, S, Karyani, A, Keiyoro, P, Kemp, G, Kengne, A, Khafaie, M, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khater, M, Khoja, A, Khosravi, M, Kibret, G, Kidanemariam, Z, Kiirithio, D, Kilgore, P, Kim, J, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kopec, J, Kosek, M, Koul, P, Krohn, K, Defo, B, Bicer, B, Kumar, G, Kumsa, F, Kutz, M, Lad, S, Lal, D, Lami, F, Lang, J, Lansingh, V, Laryea, D, Lazarus, J, Lee, J, Lee, P, Leshargie, C, Liben, M, Lim, L, Limenih, M, Lotufo, P, Mabika, C, Macarayan, E, Mackay, M, Mahmood, T, Mahotra, N, Malik, M, Mamun, A, Manamo, W, Manda, A, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Mapoma, C, Maravilla, J, Martins-Melo, 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Vasconcelos, A, Vladimirov, S, Vollset, S, Walson, J, Weintraub, R, Weldegwergs, K, Wolfe, C, Wyper, G, Yasin, Y, Yentür, G, Yimer, E, Yoon, S, Younis, M, Zaman, S, Zeleke, M, Zenebe, Z, Zerfu, T, Zhao, X, Zimsen, S, Lopez, A, and Lim, S
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Adult ,Male ,Population Density ,GBD, population, fertility ,Adolescent ,Medicine (all) ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,11 Medical And Health Sciences ,Middle Aged ,Global Health ,Global Burden of Disease ,Young Adult ,Child, Preschool ,General & Internal Medicine ,Female ,Human medicine ,Mortality ,Child ,Population Growth ,Birth Rate ,Aged ,Human ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Background Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10-54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10-14 years and 50-54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15-19 years and 45-49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-cotnponent method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49.4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46.4-52.0). The TFR decreased from 4.7 livebirths (4.5-4.9) to 2.4 livebirths (2.2-2.5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10-19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34-40) to 22 livebirths (19-24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83.8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197-2% (193.3-200.8) since 1950, from 2.6 billion (2.5-2.6) to 7.6 billion (7.4-7.9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2.0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1.1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2.5% in 1963 to O7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2.7%. The global average age increased from 26.6 years in 1950 to 32.1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15-64 years) increased from 59.9% to 65.3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1.0 livebirths (95% UI 0. 9-1.2) in Cyprus to a high of 7.1 livebirths (6.8-7.4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0.08 livebirths (0.07-0.09) in South Korea to 2.4 livebirths (2.2-2.6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (I F030; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0.3 livebirths (0.3-0-4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3.1 livebirths (3.0-3.2) in Niger. TF030 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017.33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2.0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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- 2018
17. Democracies Linked To Greater Universal Health Coverage Compared With Autocracies, Even In An Economic Recession.
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Templin T, Dieleman JL, Wigley S, Mumford JE, Miller-Petrie M, Kiernan S, and Bollyky TJ
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- Democracy, Health Expenditures, Health Services, Humans, Political Systems, Economic Recession, Universal Health Insurance
- Abstract
Despite widespread recognition that universal health coverage is a political choice, the roles that a country's political system plays in ensuring essential health services and minimizing financial risk remain poorly understood. Identifying the political determinants of universal health coverage is important for continued progress, and understanding the roles of political systems is particularly valuable in a global economic recession, which tests the continued commitment of nations to protecting their health of its citizens and to shielding them from financial risk. We measured the associations that democracy has with universal health coverage and government health spending in 170 countries during the period 1990-2019. We assessed how economic recessions affect those associations (using synthetic control methods) and the mechanisms connecting democracy with government health spending and universal health coverage (using machine learning methods). Our results show that democracy is positively associated with universal health coverage and government health spending and that this association is greatest for low-income countries. Free and fair elections were the mechanism primarily responsible for those positive associations. Democracies are more likely than autocracies to maintain universal health coverage, even amid economic recessions, when access to affordable, effective health services matters most.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Global Mortality From Firearms, 1990-2016.
- Author
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Naghavi M, Marczak LB, Kutz M, Shackelford KA, Arora M, Miller-Petrie M, Aichour MTE, Akseer N, Al-Raddadi RM, Alam K, Alghnam SA, Antonio CAT, Aremu O, Arora A, Asadi-Lari M, Assadi R, Atey TM, Avila-Burgos L, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Bennett JR, Bhalla A, Bhutta ZA, Bilal AI, Borges G, Borschmann R, Brazinova A, Campuzano Rincon JC, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dargan PI, De Leo D, Dharmaratne SD, Ding EL, Phuc Do H, Doku DT, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Edessa D, El-Khatib Z, Endries AY, Esteghamati A, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Feigin VL, Fischer F, Foreman KJ, Franklin RC, Fullman N, Futran ND, Gebrehiwot TT, Gutiérrez RA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haghparast Bidgoli H, Hailu GB, Haro JM, Hassen HY, Hawley C, Hendrie D, Híjar M, Hu G, Ilesanmi OS, Jakovljevic M, James SL, Jayaraman S, Jonas JB, Kahsay A, Kasaeian A, Keiyoro PN, Khader Y, Khalil IA, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Ahmad Kiadaliri A, Kieling C, Kim YJ, Kosen S, Krohn KJ, Kumar GA, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Larson HJ, Linn S, Lunevicius R, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Malekzadeh R, Carvalho Malta D, Mason-Jones AJ, Matzopoulos R, Memiah PTN, Mendoza W, Meretoja TJ, Mezgebe HB, Miller TR, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Mori R, Nand D, Tat Nguyen C, Le Nguyen Q, Ningrum DNA, Akpojene Ogbo F, Olagunju AT, Patton GC, Phillips MR, Polinder S, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rai RK, Ranabhat CL, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Safdarian M, Safiri S, Sagar R, Salama JS, Sanabria J, Santric Milicevic MM, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, Sharew NT, Shiue I, Singh JA, Sisay M, Skirbekk V, Soares Filho AM, Stein DJ, Stokes MA, Sufiyan MB, Swaroop M, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tran BX, Thanh Tran T, Ukwaja KN, Vasankari TJ, Vlassov V, Werdecker A, Ye P, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Zaidi Z, El Sayed Zaki M, Hay SI, Lim SS, Lopez AD, Mokdad AH, Vos T, and Murray CJL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality trends, Sex Distribution, Young Adult, Firearms statistics & numerical data, Homicide statistics & numerical data, Suicide statistics & numerical data, Wounds, Gunshot mortality
- Abstract
Importance: Understanding global variation in firearm mortality rates could guide prevention policies and interventions., Objective: To estimate mortality due to firearm injury deaths from 1990 to 2016 in 195 countries and territories., Design, Setting, and Participants: This study used deidentified aggregated data including 13 812 location-years of vital registration data to generate estimates of levels and rates of death by age-sex-year-location. The proportion of suicides in which a firearm was the lethal means was combined with an estimate of per capita gun ownership in a revised proxy measure used to evaluate the relationship between availability or access to firearms and firearm injury deaths., Exposures: Firearm ownership and access., Main Outcomes and Measures: Cause-specific deaths by age, sex, location, and year., Results: Worldwide, it was estimated that 251 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 195 000-276 000) people died from firearm injuries in 2016, with 6 countries (Brazil, United States, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guatemala) accounting for 50.5% (95% UI, 42.2%-54.8%) of those deaths. In 1990, there were an estimated 209 000 (95% UI, 172 000 to 235 000) deaths from firearm injuries. Globally, the majority of firearm injury deaths in 2016 were homicides (64.0% [95% UI, 54.2%-68.0%]; absolute value, 161 000 deaths [95% UI, 107 000-182 000]); additionally, 27% were firearm suicide deaths (67 500 [95% UI, 55 400-84 100]) and 9% were unintentional firearm deaths (23 000 [95% UI, 18 200-24 800]). From 1990 to 2016, there was no significant decrease in the estimated global age-standardized firearm homicide rate (-0.2% [95% UI, -0.8% to 0.2%]). Firearm suicide rates decreased globally at an annualized rate of 1.6% (95% UI, 1.1-2.0), but in 124 of 195 countries and territories included in this study, these levels were either constant or significant increases were estimated. There was an annualized decrease of 0.9% (95% UI, 0.5%-1.3%) in the global rate of age-standardized firearm deaths from 1990 to 2016. Aggregate firearm injury deaths in 2016 were highest among persons aged 20 to 24 years (for men, an estimated 34 700 deaths [95% UI, 24 900-39 700] and for women, an estimated 3580 deaths [95% UI, 2810-4210]). Estimates of the number of firearms by country were associated with higher rates of firearm suicide (P < .001; R2 = 0.21) and homicide (P < .001; R2 = 0.35)., Conclusions and Relevance: This study estimated between 195 000 and 276 000 firearm injury deaths globally in 2016, the majority of which were firearm homicides. Despite an overall decrease in rates of firearm injury death since 1990, there was variation among countries and across demographic subgroups.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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