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Research has been conducted on the populations of Pacific Ocean perch, Sebastes alutus. The variations at five microsatellite loci have been examined in 130 Pacific Ocean perch and the results indicate that the birds have been caught in the close proximity to each other but individual samples did not show admixture evidence.

Aim: To assess the associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and sensor glucose metrics in young children with type 1 diabetes, using masked, continuous glucose monitoring data from children aged 2 to < 8 years. Research design and methods: The analysis included 143 children across 14 sites in the USA, enrolled in a separate clinical trial. Eligibility criteria were: age 2 to <8 years; type 1 diabetes duration ≥3 months; no continuous glucose monitoring use for past 30 days; and HbA1c concentration 53 to <86 mmol/mol (7.0 to <10.0%). All participants wore masked continuous glucose monitors up to 14 days. Results: On average, participants spent the majority (13 h) of the day in hyperglycaemia (>10.0 mmol/l) and a median of ~1 h/day in hypoglycaemia (<3.9 mmol/l). Participants with minority race/ethnicity and higher parent education levels spent more time in target range, 3.9–10.0 mmol/l, and less time in hyperglycaemia. More time in hypoglycaemia was associated with minority race/ethnicity and younger age at diagnosis. Continuous glucose monitoring metrics were similar in pump and injection users. Conclusions: Given that both hypo‐ and hyperglycaemia negatively impact neurocognitive development, strategies to increase time in target glucose range for young children are needed. What's new?: Traditional type 1 diabetes management in young children has focused on avoiding hypoglycaemia even at the expense of hyperglycaemia.There are limited glucose profile data available for very young children with type 1 diabetes.Very young children with type 1 diabetes spend the majority of the day outside of the target glucose range.Given that both hypo‐ and hyperglycaemia negatively impact paediatric neurocognitive development, strategies to increase time in target glucose range are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare HbA1c levels across the lifespan in people with type 1 diabetes in the USA with those in Germany/Austria, and to examine potential differences in HbA1c levels between sexes, insulin delivery methods and minority status. Methods: Data were extracted from the US T1D Exchange Registry (n=18 381 participants from 73 sites) and from the German/Austrian Prospective Diabetes Follow‐up Registry, the DPV (n=32 643 participants from 362 sites). Mean HbA1c was calculated for each year of age for individuals aged ≤25 years, and at 2‐year age intervals for individuals aged >25 years. Curves for mean HbA1c by age were estimated using locally weighted scatterplot smoothing. HbA1c differences between registries, sexes, insulin delivery methods, and minority status were assessed by age group using multiple linear regression. Results: In both registries, mean HbA1c increased by ~11 mmol/mol (1.0%) between the ages of 9 and 18 years, although at quite different absolute levels: from 66 mmol/mol (8.2%) to 77 mmol/mol (9.2%) in the T1D Exchange Registry, and from 56 mmol/mol (7.3%) to 66 mmol/mol (8.2%) in the DPV. Sex differences were observed in the DPV only. In the T1D Exchange Registry, injection users had higher mean HbA1c than pump users across the lifespan, whereas in the DPV higher HbA1c levels in injection users were observed in the age groups 6 to <12 years, 12 to <18 years, and 30 to <50 years (P < 0.001). Minority status was significantly associated with higher HbA1c in most age groups in both registries. Conclusions: Significant differences in HbA1c were noted between the USA and Germany/Austria, with disparities more pronounced in early childhood through to young adulthood. Further studies should identify causes for these disparities. What's new?: Data from the TID Exchange Registry (T1DX) have shown that only few individuals with type 1 diabetes meet HbA1c targets, and that glycaemic control has worsened in adolescents over recent years.Although a similar increase in HbA1c on reaching adolescence was observed, young people in the German/Austrian DPV registry had HbA1c levels that were ˜11 mmol/mol (1.0%) lower compared with young people included in the T1DX.Comparison of the two contemporary diabetes cohorts showed large discrepancies in glycaemic control between developed Western countries, and highlights the need for increased efforts to improve care and particularly to lower HbA1c in young people with type 1 diabetes, especially those included in the T1DX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expression of 12 olfactory genes was analysed in adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka nearing spawning grounds and O. nerka that had strayed from their natal migration route. Variation was found in six of these genes, all of which were olfc olfactory receptors and had lower expression levels in salmon nearing spawning grounds. The results may reflect decreased sensitivity to natal water olfactory cues as these fish are no longer seeking the correct migratory route. The expression of olfactory genes during the olfactory‐mediated spawning migration of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is largely unexplored and these findings demonstrate a link between migratory behaviours and olfactory plasticity that provides a basis for future molecular research on salmon homing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]