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Key features of open video repositories (OVRs) are outlined, followed by brief descriptions of specific websites relevant to the social sciences. Although most were created by instructors over the past 10 years to facilitate teaching and learning, significant variation in kind, quality, and number per discipline were discovered. Economics and psychology have the most extensive sets of repositories, while political science has the least development. Among original-content websites, economics has the strongest collection in terms of production values, given substantial support from wealthy donors to advance political and economic agendas. Economics also provides virtually all edited-content OVRs. Sociology stands out in having the most developed website in which found video is applied to teaching and learning. Numerous multidisciplinary sites of quality have also emerged in recent years.

Background Heart failure is responsible for approximately 65% of deaths in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, existing therapeutics for type 2 diabetes mellitus have limited success on the prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The aim of this study was to determine whether moderate elevation in D-β-hydroxybutyrate improves cardiac function in animals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods and Results Type 2 diabetic (db/db) and their corresponding wild-type mice were fed a control diet or a diet where carbohydrates were equicalorically replaced by D-β-hydroxybutyrate-(R)-1,3 butanediol monoester (ketone ester [KE]). After 4 weeks, echocardiography demonstrated that a KE diet improved systolic and diastolic function in db/db mice. A KE diet increased expression of mitochondrial succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid-CoA transferase and restored decreased expression of mitochondrial β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, key enzymes in cardiac ketone metabolism. A KE diet significantly enhanced both basal and ADP-mediated oxygen consumption in cardiac mitochondria from both wild-type and db/db animals; however, it did not result in the increased mitochondrial respiratory control ratio. Additionally, db/db mice on a KE diet had increased resistance to oxidative and redox stress, with evidence of restoration of decreased expression of thioredoxin and glutathione peroxidase 4 and less permeability transition pore activity in mitochondria. Mitochondrial biogenesis, quality control, and elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy were significantly increased in cardiomyocytes from db/db mice on a KE diet. The increase in mitophagy was correlated with restoration of mitofusin 2 expression, which contributed to improved coupling between cytosolic E3 ubiquitin ligase translocation into mitochondria and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-mediated autophagosome formation. Conclusions Moderate elevation in circulating D-β-hydroxybutyrate levels via KE supplementation enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, quality control, and oxygen consumption and increases resistance to oxidative/redox stress and mPTP opening, thus resulting in improvement of cardiac function in animals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The quantitative and qualitative impacts of anthocyanins on proanthocyanidin adsorption to grape-derived cell wall material were investigated in fifteen unique systems of varying temperatures, ethanol concentrations, and proanthocyanidin concentrations. Proanthocyanidin solutions were exposed to cell wall material and monitored for changes in concentration over 24 h. Increases in both temperature and ethanol resulted in a larger retention of proanthocyanidins in solution and typically faster adsorption kinetics. Analysis of the solution after exposure to cell wall revealed a significant reduction in the molecular weight of proanthocyanidins present in solution, suggesting that anthocyanins do not alter a previously described mechanism of preferentially binding large molecular weight molecules. Additionally, a reduction in polymeric pigment abundance was noted in most conditions, suggesting rapid formation of polymeric pigment in the model solution and preferential adsorption of the polymeric pigment to cell wall material. Compared to a previous study of proanthocyanidin adsorption in the absence of anthocyanins, a significantly larger percentage of proanthocyanidin material was lost via adsorption-up to 70% of available material. In a winemaking context, this may suggest a preferential loss of polymeric pigment via adsorption to cap cell wall material compared to non-pigmented proanthocyanidins and free anthocyanins.

We examine relationships between interviewers' nonverbal behaviors and adequate responding in face-to-face survey interviews. We videotaped professional interviewers administering face-to-face survey interviews and coded them for three interviewer nonverbal behaviors: smiling, nodding, and direct gaze. These nonverbal interviewer behaviors were associated with significant increases in the frequency of respondents' adequate responses. Moreover, the nonverbal behaviors were equally likely to present in standardized and unstandardized utterances. These results suggest that interviewers' nonverbal behaviors positively correlate with adequate responding without deviating from standardized interview protocols. We discuss implications for survey theory and interviewer training.

We examined the longitudinal relation between behavioral inhibition (BI) and social anxiety symptoms and behavior and the mediating role of emotion regulation (ER). Moreover, we investigated the influence of parenting behavior on the development of ER strategies. Participants were 291 children (135 male) followed longitudinally from 2 to 13 years. Mothers were predominantly well educated and non-Hispanic Caucasian. Children were screened for BI using maternal report and observational measures (ages 2 and 3), parenting behavior was observed while children and their mothers participated in a fear-eliciting task (age 3), ER strategies were observed while children completed a disappointment task (age 5), and socially anxious behavior was measured via multimethod assessment at 10 and 13 years. Children who exhibited high BI in early childhood exhibited more socially anxious behavior across ages 10 and 13, and there was a significant indirect effect of BI on socially anxious behavior through ER strategies. Children who were high in BI demonstrated less engaged ER strategies during the disappointment task, which in turn predicted more socially anxious behavior. Furthermore, parenting behavior moderated the pathway linking early BI and ER strategies to social anxiety outcomes such that children who exhibited high BI and who received more affectionate/oversolicitous behavior from their mother displayed less engaged ER strategies and more socially anxious behavior than children low in BI or low in oversolicitous parenting behaviors. These findings expand on our understanding of the role that ER strategies and parenting play in the developmental pathway linking early BI to future social anxiety outcomes.

Desorption of proanthocyanidins (PA) from grape cell wall material (CWM) was investigated in solutions of varying ethanol concentrations and increasing temperature. The results reveal the reversibility of PA-CWM interactions and the role that temperature and ethanol concentration play in the extent of PA desorption. Sequentially raising temperature from 15 to 35 °C resulted in desorption of up to 48% of the initial adsorbed PA. A comparison to a phenolic extraction model showed significant differences between the predicted and actual amount of PA that desorbed from the CWM. This suggests that the initial conditions of temperature and ethanol concentration must be considered when estimating PA extraction in red wine production. Under typical winemaking conditions, a significant amount of PA may be irreversibly adsorbed if exposed to CWM at low temperature (i.e., cold soak). A compositional analysis suggests the selective desorption of large molecular weight PA from CWM under all experimental conditions. Additionally, a preferential desorption of skin-derived PA over seed-derived PA was noted in the absence of ethanol.

Phenolic extraction is a critical part of red wine making. Though empirical models of phenolic extraction kinetics exist, the current level of mechanistic understanding does not allow for accurate predictions. In this work, we propose a mechanistic model for the extraction of phenolics from grape skins and seeds as a function of temperature and ethanol. This model examines the release of phenolics, the adsorption of phenolics onto grape material, and the disappearance of anthocyanins from solution. Additionally, we performed epifluorescence microscopy to explore our finding that seed tannins' release rate appears independent of concentration, and found that the grape seed appears to ablate over fermentation. We also determined the activation energy of anthocyanin disappearance, in good agreement with similar systems. The proposed model results in an excellent fit, and increases the understanding of phenolic extraction and the ability to predict and optimize product outcome in red wine making.

The tectonic configuration and evolution of southern Appalachian orogenic episodes are constrained, to a large extent, by knowledge of the timing and environment of pre- or syn-orogenic sediment deposition along with their subsequent thermal and deformational histories. The orogenic events that gave rise to regional folding and Barrovian metamorphism of the Western Blue Ridge (WBR) terrane are a classic example. We present new U-Pb and 40Ar-39Ar results bearing on the timing of magmatism and subsequent metamorphism of the Marble Hill Hornblende Schist (MHHS) of the WBR (southeastern USA). The schist is a key marker unit in the Murphy synclinorium, a central structure in the tectonic configuration of the WBR. The MMHS originated as basaltic volcanics overlying the Murphy Marble at the base of the Mineral Bluff Group. Ocean island basalt geochemistry and a zircon U-Pb age of ca. 437 Ma for the MHHS is consistent with plume-related volcanism in a Silurian remnant ocean basin of the Iapetus Ocean. Hornblende 40Ar-39Ar and rutile U-Pb ages for the MHHS are ca. 380-340 Ma and ca. 320 Ma, respectively, and record subsequent amphibolite facies metamorphism during Devonian Acadian orogeny and the deformation through regional folding and thrusting during the Carboniferous Alleghanian orogeny. The new age constraints for the MHHS require that "isograds" mapped in the region of the Murphy Belt are actually polymetamorphic mineral distributions that developed at least in part through post-Silurian tectonic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large-scale magnetotelluric (MT) study was carried out in offshore Borneo to understand the lithospheric structure in this geologically complex region where three tectonic plates converge and past crustal studies generated long-standing debates. Marine MT data were acquired at 1416 stations with 3 km spacing along 13 regional lines (covering 4677 line-km) with periodicities of 0.1 to 10 000 s. These were inverted in 3-D incorporating electrical anisotropy with cross-gradients constraints between vertical and horizontal resistivities and the results were validated with resistivity well-logs from several exploration wells. The models reveal widespread presence of electrically resistive upper crustal and uppermost mantle layers, each underlain by a laterally varying conductive and anisotropic layer. The geometries of the anisotropic layers suggest large-scale ductile flow, thrusting and folding forming belts of alternating deep roots and thin lithosphere, consistent with multiple underthrusting/subduction. Our results are in agreement with the seismologically detected lithospheric variations in northern Borneo suggesting onshore–offshore continuity and a common lithospheric–asthenospheric origin for the deformation patterns. Over thinned lithosphere, we found consistent low resistivity and high anisotropy anomalies in the mantle above the spatial locations of fast shear-wave bodies imaged by recent seismological workers which we interpret to indicate post-subduction lithospheric–asthenospheric ductile flow in response to multidirectional regional compression. We demonstrate that these zones are spatially correlated with the distribution of mainly Cretaceous ophiolitic rocks and melanges exposed onshore and suggest that serpentinization of mantle peridotite can explain some of the anisotropic conductivity anomalies. The taper zones of these deep anisotropic conductors are also associated with Neogene sub-basins, high thermal gradients, and intrasedimentary magmatic bodies indicating a link between lithospheric thinning and magmatism. We propose that such anomalies could be important pathfinders for geothermal and natural hydrogen systems in the ongoing global drive for carbon-free energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burnout among our P-12 teachers has been well documented throughout the years. Yet, little research has been conducted into the burnout of higher education professionals in general. Lackritz (2004) found that emotional exhaustion is significantly and positively related to teaching load, grading, office hours, grant money, service time, and number of service activities. This research looks further into the variables that may impact burnout for higher education faculty, specifically in teacher education, seeking to answer the questions: Are teacher educators in New York experiencing stress/burnout? If so, what internal and/or external factors/conditions are contributing to their burnout? And are specific groups of teacher educators more at-risk for developing burnout more so than others. Survey results reveal that teacher educators have a very low to moderate chance of burnout, but experience many of the stressors that can lead to burnout. The findings build on and extend beyond Maslach, Schaufeli and Leiter's (2001) framework which includes factors of workload, control, reward, community, fairness, and values.

The visual capabilities of prey species such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) must be specialized to enhance predator detection and traverse a complex physical environment. Although aspects of the visual system of deer have been investigated, there has been no evaluation of the species' spatial resolution abilities. We used a behavioral assay to estimate visual acuity of three adult female deer using operant conditioning techniques. We estimated the spatial resolution is between four and six cycles/degree. Our results suggest the white-tailed deer eye allows relatively low spatial resolution, consistent with prior studies that reported high temporal resolution. The combination of low spatial resolution and high temporal resolution allows for efficient detection of movement and enhanced capability to transverse a complex environment., INTRODUCTION The ecological adaptations of vision in mammals allows enhanced ability to detect and avoid predators, negotiate various environments, and obtain food resources (Kiltie, 2000; Souza el al, 2011). Spatial [...]