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1. The JWST Early-release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems II: A 1 to 20 μm Spectrum of the Planetary-mass Companion VHS 1256-1257 b

Author

Miles, BE, Biller, BA, Patapis, P, Worthen, K, Rickman, E, Hoch, KKW, Skemer, A, Perrin, MD, Whiteford, N, Chen, CH, Sargent, B, Mukherjee, S, Morley, CV, Moran, SE, Bonnefoy, M, Petrus, S, Carter, AL, Choquet, E, Hinkley, S, Ward-Duong, K, Leisenring, JM, Millar-Blanchaer, MA, Pueyo, L, Ray, S, Sallum, S, Stapelfeldt, KR, Stone, JM, Wang, JJ, Absil, O, Balmer, WO, Boccaletti, A, Bonavita, M, Booth, M, Bowler, BP, Chauvin, G, Christiaens, V, Currie, T, Danielski, C, Fortney, JJ, Girard, JH, Grady, CA, Greenbaum, AZ, Henning, T, Hines, DC, Janson, M, Kalas, P, Kammerer, J, Kennedy, GM, Kenworthy, MA, Kervella, P, Lagage, PO, Lew, BWP, Liu, MC, Macintosh, B, Marino, S, Marley, MS, Marois, C, Matthews, EC, Matthews, BC, Mawet, D, McElwain, MW, Metchev, S, Meyer, MR, Molliere, P, Pantin, E, Quirrenbach, A, Rebollido, I, Ren, BB, Schneider, G, Vasist, M, Wyatt, MC, Zhou, Y, Briesemeister, ZW, Bryan, ML, Calissendorff, P, Cantalloube, F, Cugno, G, De Furio, M, Dupuy, TJ, Factor, SM, Faherty, JK, Fitzgerald, MP, Franson, K, Gonzales, EC, Hood, CE, Howe, AR, Kraus, AL, Kuzuhara, M, Lagrange, AM, Lawson, K, Lazzoni, C, Liu, P, Llop-Sayson, J, Lloyd, JP, Martinez, RA, Mazoyer, J, Quanz, SP, Redai, JA, Samland, M, Schlieder, JE, Miles, BE [0000-0002-5500-4602], Biller, BA [0000-0003-4614-7035], Patapis, P [0000-0001-8718-3732], Worthen, K [0000-0002-5885-5779], Rickman, E [0000-0003-4203-9715], Hoch, KKW [0000-0002-9803-8255], Skemer, A [0000-0001-6098-3924], Perrin, MD [0000-0002-3191-8151], Whiteford, N [0000-0001-8818-1544], Chen, CH [0000-0002-8382-0447], Sargent, B [0000-0001-9855-8261], Mukherjee, S [0000-0003-1622-1302], Morley, CV [0000-0002-4404-0456], Moran, SE [0000-0002-6721-3284], Bonnefoy, M [0000-0001-5579-5339], Petrus, S [0000-0003-0331-3654], Carter, AL [0000-0001-5365-4815], Choquet, E [0000-0002-9173-0740], Hinkley, S [0000-0001-8074-2562], Ward-Duong, K [0000-0002-4479-8291], Leisenring, JM [0000-0002-0834-6140], Millar-Blanchaer, MA [0000-0001-6205-9233], Ray, S [0000-0003-2259-3911], Sallum, S [0000-0001-6871-6775], Stapelfeldt, KR [0000-0002-2805-7338], Stone, JM [0000-0003-0454-3718], Wang, JJ [0000-0003-0774-6502], Absil, O [0000-0002-4006-6237], Balmer, WO [0000-0001-6396-8439], Boccaletti, A [0000-0001-9353-2724], Bonavita, M [0000-0002-7520-8389], Booth, M [0000-0001-8568-6336], Bowler, BP [0000-0003-2649-2288], Chauvin, G [0000-0003-4022-8598], Christiaens, V [0000-0002-0101-8814], Currie, T [0000-0002-7405-3119], Danielski, C [0000-0002-3729-2663], Fortney, JJ [0000-0002-9843-4354], Girard, JH [0000-0001-8627-0404], Greenbaum, AZ [0000-0002-7162-8036], Henning, T [0000-0002-1493-300X], Hines, DC [0000-0003-4653-6161], Janson, M [0000-0001-8345-593X], Kalas, P [0000-0002-6221-5360], Kammerer, J [0000-0003-2769-0438], Kennedy, GM [0000-0001-6831-7547], Kenworthy, MA [0000-0002-7064-8270], Kervella, P [0000-0003-0626-1749], Lew, BWP [0000-0003-1487-6452], Liu, MC [0000-0003-2232-7664], Macintosh, B [0000-0003-1212-7538], Marino, S [0000-0002-5352-2924], Marley, MS [0000-0002-5251-2943], Marois, C [0000-0002-4164-4182], Matthews, EC [0000-0003-0593-1560], Matthews, BC [0000-0003-3017-9577], Mawet, D [0000-0002-8895-4735], McElwain, MW [0000-0003-0241-8956], Metchev, S [0000-0003-3050-8203], Meyer, MR [0000-0003-1227-3084], Molliere, P [0000-0003-4096-7067], Pantin, E [0000-0001-6472-2844], Rebollido, I [0000-0002-4388-6417], Ren, BB [0000-0003-1698-9696], Schneider, G [0000-0002-4511-5966], Vasist, M [0000-0002-4511-3602], Wyatt, MC [0000-0001-9064-5598], Zhou, Y [0000-0003-2969-6040], Briesemeister, ZW [0000-0002-1764-2494], Bryan, ML [0000-0002-6076-5967], Calissendorff, P [0000-0002-5335-0616], Cantalloube, F [0000-0002-3968-3780], Cugno, G [0000-0001-7255-3251], De Furio, M [0000-0003-1863-4960], Dupuy, TJ [0000-0001-9823-1445], Factor, SM [0000-0002-8332-8516], Faherty, JK [0000-0001-6251-0573], Fitzgerald, MP [0000-0002-0176-8973], Franson, K [0000-0003-4557-414X], Gonzales, EC [0000-0003-4636-6676], Hood, CE [0000-0003-1150-7889], Howe, AR [0000-0002-4884-7150], Kraus, AL [0000-0001-9811-568X], Kuzuhara, M [0000-0002-4677-9182], Lawson, K [0000-0002-6964-8732], Lazzoni, C [0000-0001-7819-9003], Liu, P [0000-0001-7047-0874], Llop-Sayson, J [0000-0002-3414-784X], Martinez, RA [0000-0001-6301-896X], Mazoyer, J [0000-0002-9133-3091], Quanz, SP [0000-0003-3829-7412], Redai, JA [0000-0002-4489-3168], Samland, M [0000-0001-9992-4067], Schlieder, JE [0000-0001-5347-7062], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
The Solar System, Exoplanets, and Astrobiology, 5109 Space Sciences, 51 Physical Sciences
Abstract

We present the highest fidelity spectrum to date of a planetary-mass object. VHS 1256 b is a M Jup widely separated (∼8″, a = 150 au), young, planetary-mass companion that shares photometric colors and spectroscopic features with the directly imaged exoplanets HR 8799c, d, and e. As an L-to-T transition object, VHS 1256 b exists along the region of the color–magnitude diagram where substellar atmospheres transition from cloudy to clear. We observed VHS 1256 b with JWST's NIRSpec IFU and MIRI MRS modes for coverage from 1 to 20 μm at resolutions of ∼1000–3700. Water, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sodium, and potassium are observed in several portions of the JWST spectrum based on comparisons from template brown dwarf spectra, molecular opacities, and atmospheric models. The spectral shape of VHS 1256 b is influenced by disequilibrium chemistry and clouds. We directly detect silicate clouds, the first such detection reported for a planetary-mass companion.

Published
2023

2. The JWST early release science program for the direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanetary systems

Author

Sasha Hinkley, Aarynn L. Carter, Shrishmoy Ray, Andrew Skemer, Beth Biller, Elodie Choquet, Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer, Stephanie Sallum, Brittany Miles, Niall Whiteford, Polychronis Patapis, Marshall Perrin, Laurent Pueyo, Glenn Schneider, Karl Stapelfeldt, Jason Wang, Kimberly Ward-Duong, Brendan P. Bowler, Anthony Boccaletti, Julien H. Girard, Dean Hines, Paul Kalas, Jens Kammerer, Pierre Kervella, Jarron Leisenring, Eric Pantin, Yifan Zhou, Michael Meyer, Michael C. Liu, Mickael Bonnefoy, Thayne Currie, Michael McElwain, Stanimir Metchev, Mark Wyatt, Olivier Absil, Jea Adams, Travis Barman, Isabelle Baraffe, Mariangela Bonavita, Mark Booth, Marta Bryan, Gael Chauvin, Christine Chen, Camilla Danielski, Matthew De Furio, Samuel M. Factor, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Jonathan J. Fortney, Carol Grady, Alexandra Greenbaum, Thomas Henning, Kielan K. W. Hoch, Markus Janson, Grant Kennedy, Matthew Kenworthy, Adam Kraus, Masayuki Kuzuhara, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Ralf Launhardt, Cecilia Lazzoni, James Lloyd, Sebastian Marino, Mark Marley, Raquel Martinez, Christian Marois, Brenda Matthews, Elisabeth C. Matthews, Dimitri Mawet, Johan Mazoyer, Mark Phillips, Simon Petrus, Sascha P. Quanz, Andreas Quirrenbach, Julien Rameau, Isabel Rebollido, Emily Rickman, Matthias Samland, B. Sargent, Joshua E. Schlieder, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Jordan M. Stone, Motohide Tamura, Pascal Tremblin, Taichi Uyama, Malavika Vasist, Arthur Vigan, Kevin Wagner, Marie Ygouf, University of Exeter, University of California (UC), SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), Centre for Exoplanet Science, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics [ETH Zürich] (IPA), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, University of Notre Dame [Indiana] (UND), McDonald Observatory, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP) (DAP), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, University of Hawaii, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, NASA, University of Western Ontario (UWO), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute (STAR), Université de Liège, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Université Paris-Saclay, Eureka Scientific, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Stockholm University, University of Warwick [Coventry], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Cornell University [New York], University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (ZAH), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, GSFC Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), US Naval Research Laboratory, Maison de la Simulation (MDLS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA ExoPlanet Science Institute (NExScI), Institute for Astronomy, Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Hinkley, S [0000-0001-8074-2562], Carter, AL [0000-0001-5365-4815], Ray, S [0000-0003-2259-3911], Millar-Blanchaer, MA [0000-0001-6205-9233], Patapis, P [0000-0001-8718-3732], Perrin, M [0000-0002-3191-8151], Stapelfeldt, K [0000-0002-2805-7338], Wang, J [0000-0003-0774-6502], Ward-Duong, K [0000-0002-4479-8291], Boccaletti, A [0000-0001-9353-2724], Girard, JH [0000-0001-8627-0404], Kalas, P [0000-0002-6221-5360], Kammerer, J [0000-0003-2769-0438], Kervella, P [0000-0003-0626-1749], Leisenring, J [0000-0002-0834-6140], Zhou, Y [0000-0003-2969-6040], Meyer, M [0000-0003-2232-7664], Liu, MC [0000-0003-0241-8956], Absil, O [0000-0002-4006-6237], Bonavita, M [0000-0002-7520-8389], Booth, M [0000-0001-8568-6336], Chen, C [0000-0002-8382-0447], Danielski, C [0000-0002-3729-2663], De Furio, M [0000-0003-1863-4960], Factor, SM [0000-0002-8332-8516], Fortney, JJ [0000-0002-9843-4354], Greenbaum, A [0000-0002-7162-8036], Janson, M [0000-0001-8345-593X], Kenworthy, M [0000-0002-7064-8270], Kuzuhara, M [0000-0002-4677-9182], Martinez, R [0000-0001-6301-896X], Marois, C [0000-0002-4164-4182], Matthews, B [0000-0003-3017-9577], Matthews, EC [0000-0003-0593-1560], Quanz, SP [0000-0003-3829-7412], Rebollido, I [0000-0002-4388-6417], Rickman, E [0000-0003-4203-9715], Samland, M [0000-0001-9992-4067], Sargent, B [0000-0001-9855-8261], Sivaramakrishnan, A [0000-0003-1251-4124], Stone, JM [0000-0003-0454-3718], Tamura, M [0000-0002-6510-0681], Vigan, A [0000-0002-5902-7828], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
FOS: Physical sciences, 5109 Space Sciences, Space telescopes, detection-techniques, Exoplanet detection methods, Direct imaging, adaptive optics-instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), instrumentation, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, 5101 Astronomical Sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Coronagraphic imaging, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, 51 Physical Sciences, interferometers-planets and satellites, high angular resolution, Exoplanet atmospheres, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Full list of authors: Hinkley, Sasha; Carter, Aarynn L.; Ray, Shrishmoy; Skemer, Andrew; Biller, Beth; Choquet, Elodie; Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A.; Sallum, Stephanie; Miles, Brittany; Whiteford, Niall; Patapis, Polychronis; Perrin, Marshall; Pueyo, Laurent; Schneider, Glenn; Stapelfeldt, Karl; Wang, Jason; Ward-Duong, Kimberly; Bowler, Brendan P.; Boccaletti, Anthony; Girard, Julien H.; Hines, Dean; Kalas, Paul; Kammerer, Jens; Kervella, Pierre; Leisenring, Jarron; Pantin, Eric; Zhou, Yifan; Meyer, Michael; Liu, Michael C.; Bonnefoy, Mickael; Currie, Thayne; McElwain, Michael; Metchev, Stanimir; Wyatt, Mark; Absil, Olivier; Adams, Jea; Barman, Travis; Baraffe, Isabelle; Bonavita, Mariangela; Booth, Mark; Bryan, Marta; Chauvin, Gael; Chen, Christine; Danielski, Camilla; De Furio, Matthew; Factor, Samuel M.; Fitzgerald, Michael P.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Grady, Carol; Greenbaum, Alexandra; Henning, Thomas; Hoch, Kielan K. W.; Janson, Markus; Kennedy, Grant; Kenworthy, Matthew; Kraus, Adam; Kuzuhara, Masayuki; Lagage, Pierre-Olivier; Lagrange, Anne-Marie; Launhardt, Ralf; Lazzoni, Cecilia; Lloyd, James; Marino, Sebastian; Marley, Mark; Martinez, Raquel; Marois, Christian; Matthews, Brenda; Matthews, Elisabeth C.; Mawet, Dimitri; Mazoyer, Johan; Phillips, Mark; Petrus, Simon; Quanz, Sascha P.; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Rameau, Julien; Rebollido, Isabel; Rickman, Emily; Samland, Matthias; Sargent, B.; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Sivaramakrishnan, Anand; Stone, Jordan M.; Tamura, Motohide; Tremblin, Pascal; Uyama, Taichi; Vasist, Malavika; Vigan, Arthur; Wagner, Kevin; Ygouf, Marie.--This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., The direct characterization of exoplanetary systems with high-contrast imaging is among the highest priorities for the broader exoplanet community. As large space missions will be necessary for detecting and characterizing exo-Earth twins, developing the techniques and technology for direct imaging of exoplanets is a driving focus for the community. For the first time, JWST will directly observe extrasolar planets at mid-infrared wavelengths beyond 5 μm, deliver detailed spectroscopy revealing much more precise chemical abundances and atmospheric conditions, and provide sensitivity to analogs of our solar system ice-giant planets at wide orbital separations, an entirely new class of exoplanet. However, in order to maximize the scientific output over the lifetime of the mission, an exquisite understanding of the instrumental performance of JWST is needed as early in the mission as possible. In this paper, we describe our 55 hr Early Release Science Program that will utilize all four JWST instruments to extend the characterization of planetary-mass companions to ∼15 μm as well as image a circumstellar disk in the mid-infrared with unprecedented sensitivity. Our program will also assess the performance of the observatory in the key modes expected to be commonly used for exoplanet direct imaging and spectroscopy, optimize data calibration and processing, and generate representative data sets that will enable a broad user base to effectively plan for general observing programs in future Cycles. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP). All rights reserved., This project was supported by a grant from STScI (JWST-ERS-01386) under NASA contract NAS5-03127. M.T.is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant No.18H05442. M.B. acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through grant Kr 2164/13–2. K.W. acknowledges support from NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51472.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

Published
2022
Full Text
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3. The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics From 10-100 AU

Author

Eric L. Nielsen, Robert J. De Rosa, Bruce Macintosh, Jason J. Wang, Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Eugene Chiang, Mark S. Marley, Didier Saumon, Dmitry Savransky, S. Mark Ammons, Vanessa P. Bailey, Travis Barman, Célia Blain, Joanna Bulger, Adam Burrows, Jeffrey Chilcote, Tara Cotten, Ian Czekala, Rene Doyon, Gaspard Duchêne, Thomas M. Esposito, Daniel Fabrycky, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Katherine B. Follette, Jonathan J. Fortney, Benjamin L. Gerard, Stephen J. Goodsell, James R. Graham, Alexandra Z. Greenbaum, Pascale Hibon, Sasha Hinkley, Lea A. Hirsch, Justin Hom, Li-Wei Hung, Rebekah Ilene Dawson, Patrick Ingraham, Paul Kalas, Quinn Konopacky, James E. Larkin, Eve J. Lee, Jonathan W. Lin, Jérôme Maire, Franck Marchis, Christian Marois, Stanimir Metchev, Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer, Katie M. Morzinski, Rebecca Oppenheimer, David Palmer, Jennifer Patience, Marshall Perrin, Lisa Poyneer, Laurent Pueyo, Roman R. Rafikov, Abhijith Rajan, Julien Rameau, Fredrik T. Rantakyrö, Bin Ren, Adam C. Schneider, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Inseok Song, Remi Soummer, Melisa Tallis, Sandrine Thomas, Kimberly Ward-Duong, Schuyler Wolff, Nielsen, EL [0000-0001-6975-9056], De Rosa, RJ [0000-0002-4918-0247], Macintosh, B [0000-0003-1212-7538], Wang, JJ [0000-0003-0774-6502], Ruffio, JB [0000-0003-2233-4821], Chiang, E [0000-0002-6246-2310], Marley, MS [0000-0002-5251-2943], Saumon, D [0000-0001-6800-3505], Savransky, D [0000-0002-8711-7206], Mark Ammons, S [0000-0001-5172-7902], Bailey, VP [0000-0002-5407-2806], Barman, T [0000-0002-7129-3002], Bulger, J [0000-0003-4641-2003], Burrows, A [0000-0002-3099-5024], Chilcote, J [0000-0001-6305-7272], Cotten, T [0000-0003-0156-3019], Czekala, I [0000-0002-1483-8811], Esposito, TM [0000-0002-0792-3719], Fabrycky, D [0000-0003-3750-0183], Fitzgerald, MP [0000-0002-0176-8973], Follette, KB [0000-0002-7821-0695], Fortney, JJ [0000-0002-9843-4354], Gerard, BL [0000-0003-3978-9195], Goodsell, SJ [0000-0002-4144-5116], Greenbaum, AZ [0000-0002-7162-8036], Hibon, P [0000-0003-3726-5494], Hinkley, S [0000-0001-8074-2562], Hung, LW [0000-0003-1498-6088], Ilene Dawson, R [0000-0001-9677-1296], Ingraham, P [0000-0003-3715-8138], Konopacky, Q [0000-0002-9936-6285], Larkin, JE [0000-0001-7687-3965], Lee, EJ [0000-0002-1228-9820], Marchis, F [0000-0001-7016-7277], Marois, C [0000-0002-4164-4182], Metchev, S [0000-0003-3050-8203], Millar-Blanchaer, MA [0000-0001-6205-9233], Morzinski, KM [0000-0002-1384-0063], Oppenheimer, R [0000-0001-7130-7681], Perrin, M [0000-0002-3191-8151], Rafikov, RR [0000-0002-0012-1609], Rajan, A [0000-0002-9246-5467], Rameau, J [0000-0003-0029-0258], Rantakyrö, FT [0000-0002-9667-2244], Ren, B [0000-0003-1698-9696], Schneider, AC [0000-0002-6294-5937], Sivaramakrishnan, A [0000-0003-1251-4124], Song, I [0000-0002-5815-7372], Soummer, R [0000-0003-2753-2819], Tallis, M [0000-0002-5917-6524], Thomas, S [0000-0002-9121-3436], Ward-Duong, K [0000-0002-4479-8291], Wolff, S [0000-0002-9977-8255], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
planets and satellites: detection, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stellar mass, detection [planets and satellites], Brown dwarf, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, adaptive optics [instrumentation], Astronomy & Astrophysics, instrumentation: adaptive optics, 01 natural sciences, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, planetary systems, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Mass distribution, Giant planet, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Exoplanet, Stars, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, astro-ph.EP, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Planetary mass, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a statistical analysis of the first 300 stars observed by the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey (GPIES). This subsample includes six detected planets and three brown dwarfs; from these detections and our contrast curves we infer the underlying distributions of substellar companions with respect to their mass, semi-major axis, and host stellar mass. We uncover a strong correlation between planet occurrence rate and host star mass, with stars M $>$ 1.5 $M_\odot$ more likely to host planets with masses between 2-13 M$_{\rm Jup}$ and semi-major axes of 3-100 au at 99.92% confidence. We fit a double power-law model in planet mass (m) and semi-major axis (a) for planet populations around high-mass stars (M $>$ 1.5M$_\odot$) of the form $\frac{d^2 N}{dm da} \propto m^\alpha a^\beta$, finding $\alpha$ = -2.4 $\pm$ 0.8 and $\beta$ = -2.0 $\pm$ 0.5, and an integrated occurrence rate of $9^{+5}_{-4}$% between 5-13 M$_{\rm Jup}$ and 10-100 au. A significantly lower occurrence rate is obtained for brown dwarfs around all stars, with 0.8$^{+0.8}_{-0.5}$% of stars hosting a brown dwarf companion between 13-80 M$_{\rm Jup}$ and 10-100 au. Brown dwarfs also appear to be distributed differently in mass and semi-major axis compared to giant planets; whereas giant planets follow a bottom-heavy mass distribution and favor smaller semi-major axes, brown dwarfs exhibit just the opposite behaviors. Comparing to studies of short-period giant planets from the RV method, our results are consistent with a peak in occurrence of giant planets between ~1-10 au. We discuss how these trends, including the preference of giant planets for high-mass host stars, point to formation of giant planets by core/pebble accretion, and formation of brown dwarfs by gravitational instability., Comment: 52 pages, 18 figures. AJ in press

Published
2019

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Books, media, physical & digital resources
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