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The Marajó archipelago is known for buffalo farming, and has a large concentration this species in the area. Thirty-eight percent of the buffalo in Brazil are located in the Marajó archipelago. The aim of this study was to examine the socioeconomic, productive, and technological aspects of the buffalo milk production system in the municipalities belonging to the region of Arari, Cachoeira do Arari, Soure, and Santa Cruz do Arari in the archipelago of Marajó, Pará. Forty questionnaires containing 25 questions each were distributed to buffalo milk-producing farms. We carried out a hierarchical grouping of producers in which we divided them into four groups. Seventy percent of the producers responded that they produce milk only for marketing purposes. Buffalo milk production in Marajó is concentrated in small properties. Sixty-seven percent of the interviewees responded that food is the main limitation for production. Eighty percent of producers produced milk during some months of the year, and 42% did not develop alternatives to improve their pastures. Most producers (75%) responded that they did not receive technical assistance on their properties. Thus, in this region, the production systems predominantly consist of family farmers without technical assistance and with low use of technology, which limits the growth of dairy activity in the Arari region of the Marajó archipelago. There is a need to develop public policies that improve access to credit and to technical assistance to strengthen production systems in the region. O arquipélago do Marajó é conhecido nacionalmente pela exploração da bubalinocultura que é evidenciada principalmente pela grande concentração de animais dessa espécie, com 38% dos búfalos existentes no Brasil. Objetivou-se realizar um diagnóstico do socioeconômico, produtivo e tecnológico do sistema de produção leiteiro de búfalas nos municípios pertencentes à região do Arari, Cachoeira do Arari, Soure e Santa Cruz do Arari no arquipélago do Marajó, Pará. Foram aplicados 40 questionários contendo 25 questões cada, em fazendas produtoras de leite de búfala. Foi realizado um agrupamento hierárquico dos produtores, onde estes foram divididos em quatro grupos. Foi observado que 70% dos produtores responderam que produzem leite somente para fins de comercialização. A base da produção do leite de búfala no Marajó concentra-se em pequenas propriedades. Observou-se que 67% dos entrevistados responderam que a alimentação é a principal limitação no desenvolvimento da atividade leiteira, 80% dos produtores produzem leite durante alguns meses do ano e 42% não desenvolvem alternativas para melhorar seus pastos. Quanto à assistência técnica, grande parte dos produtores (75%) respondeu que não recebem assistência técnica em suas propriedades. Sendo assim, nesta região os sistemas produtivos são predominantemente formados por agricultores familiares sem assistência técnica e com baixo nível tecnológico, o que limita o crescimento da atividade leiteira na região do Arari no arquipélago do Marajó. Existe a necessidade de se desenvolver políticas públicas de acesso ao crédito e principalmente de assistência técnica que fortaleça os sistemas de produção na região.

Dairy farming is a back bone of any developing and developed nations and it is impact of the socio-economic conditions on sustainable development and poor peoples in rural areas. The research study aims at studying and revealing the sustainable development through dairy development in Mysore district. The dairy sector is a major contributor to the sustainability of rural community development, empowerment of women, livelihoods, reduction of poverty, and opportunities of income and employment, improve the weaker sections in the rural areas. It is a major occupation of rural milk producing farmers in Mysore district. The MYMUL is one of the leading milk and milk products of the State. However, this research study related to the performance of dairy sector and its impact on sustainable development in Mysore district. The present study have been adopted research methodology is mainly based on secondary sources. Further, the research study focuses on the MYMUL, DCSs, Milk producers, and various developments of dairy programmes are analysed in the district.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES The main goal of the present research is to identify the technological situation among milk producers’ diversities of the Corede Produção/RS region. For that, multivariate statistics are used, more specifically, exploratory factorial analysis to summarize the number of variables, analysis of clusters to group milk producers according to their similarities and discriminant analysis to identify the influence of technological factors on the differentiation of the types of producers. The data are primary and come from the Diagnosis of milk production in Corede Produção carried out in the year 2013 in one hundred and ninety-four properties. The variables used are related to the socioeconomic, administrative, structural, technical and management characteristics of milk producers. The main results show that eight factors were defined: production scales and factors, experience in activity, technical assistance to the producer, financial support and technical aspects, family labor, training producer, characteristic production structure and nutrition. According to the cluster analysis, milk producers were grouped into three groups, Group A with 33 milk producers, Group B with 89 and Group C with 72. Groups A and C stand out in the adoption of technology to increase production and Group B, with very low characteristics when compared to the other two groups, presents less technology adoption. A discriminant analysis allowed to verify that the classification of milk producers in three groups obtained a good hit and, corroborating to understand the technological standard of groups producers, the technological variables that presented higher coefficients in Function 1 (number of working children in milk production; the wife performs some work in the production; and the dairy cattle total area), are the ones that presented greater capacity to distinguish Group A from the other groups, as well as, in Function 2, variables that presented higher coefficients (concentrate use, milk cooling, lactation type), are those that can better discriminate the producers of Group B in relation to those of Group C. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo principal identificar a situação tecnológica entre os tipos de produtores de leite da região Corede Produção/RS. Para tanto, utiliza-se estatística multivariada, mais especificamente, análise fatorial exploratória para resumir o número de variáveis; análise de clusters para agrupar os produtores de leite conforme suas similaridades e a análise discriminante para identificar a influência dos fatores tecnológicos na diferenciação dos tipos de produtores. Os dados são primários e oriundos do Diagnóstico da Produção de Leite no Corede Produção realizado no ano de 2013, em cento e noventa e quatro propriedades. As variáveis utilizadas são relacionadas com as características socioeconômicas, administrativas, estruturais, técnicas e de manejo dos produtores de leite. Os principais resultados apontaram oito fatores, sendo esses: escala e fatores de produção, experiência na atividade, assistência técnica ao produtor, apoio financeiro e aspectos técnicos, mão de obra familiar, capacitação do produtor, característica da estrutura produtiva; e, nutrição. Com relação à análise de cluster, os produtores de leite foram agrupados em três grupos, Grupo A com 33 produtores de leite, Grupo B com 89 e Grupo C com 72 produtores. Os Grupos A e C destacam-se na adoção de tecnologia para aumento da produção e o Grupo B, com características muito aquém quando comparadas aos outros dois grupos, apresenta menor adoção de tecnologia. A análise discriminante permitiu verificar que a classificação dos produtores de leite em três grupos obteve boa qualidade de acerto e, corroborando para entender o padrão tecnológico dos grupos de produtores, as variáveis tecnológicas que apresentaram maiores coeficientes na Função 1 (número de filhos trabalhando na produção de leite; esposa executa algum trabalho na produção de leite; e, área total destinada ao gado de leite), são as que apresentaram maior capacidade para distinguir o Grupo A dos demais grupos, assim como, na Função 2, em que as variáveis que apresentaram maiores coeficientes (uso de concentrado, resfriamento de leite, tipo de aleitamento), são as que podem melhor discriminar os produtores do Grupo B em relação aos do Grupo C.

This project addresses the development of the preliminary stage in a process of social innovation was to build a socio-cultural and economic profile of the community involved with agricultural production and milk in the town of Viracachá, and accordingly is developing a process support, assistance and advice to those producers to build social capital that has allowed them to make an organizational strategy and a business model that articulates this local productive activity with national value chains. This paper identifies existing leadership in the group of experienced producers and associative experiences. Needs are in terms of training for partnership working and the management of rural organizations.

Estudos sobre a compressão da tomada de decisão dos agricultores complementadas pelas contribuições da psicologia estão crescendo, mas ainda carecem de mais pesquisas. O objetivo geral desta tese é compreender os determinantes sociopsicológicos que influenciam os produ-tores rurais na intenção de adotar e/ou aperfeiçoar as práticas de manejo no sistema de produ-ção de leite à base de pastagens perenes, em suas propriedades, na região meio oeste catari-nense, no próximo ano. O modelo teórico metodológico escolhido para desenvolver a pesqui-sa foi a Teoria do Comportamento Planejado, a qual tem-se mostrado adequada para estudar o comportamento de produtores rurais. Trata-se de uma teoria social utilizada para predizer ou explicar um comportamento específico. Foi realizado uma survey com 149 produtores de leite, que tem o sistema de produção baseado em pastagens perenes. A aplicação do questio-nário ocorreu nos meses de dezembro de 2016, janeiro, fevereiro e março de 2017. O recorte geográfico utilizado foi, os sete municípios que fazem parte da Agência de Desenvolvimento Regional de Videira- SC. Os resultados demonstraram que os constructos do modelo principal complementados por norma moral e identidade própria explicaram 54 % da variância da in-tenção. A variável que mais influenciou foi norma moral, indicando que os produtores de leite sentem e tem consciência que é necessário adotar/aperfeiçoar às práticas e que isso é o correto a fazer. Os dados revelaram também que a relação significativa e positiva entre norma subje-tiva injuntiva e intenção sugere que a pressão social percebida pelos produtores influência a intenção deles em realizar o comportamento em domínio. A medida de atitude foi a terceira variável que mais influenciou na intenção dos produtores, sinalizando que eles possuem uma avaliação favorável desse comportamento. E a quarta e última variável significativa no mode-lo é identidade própria, indicando que os produtores se reconhecem como indivíduos que ado-tam/aperfeiçoam as práticas. Também, uma divisão de grupos foi realizada por meio da medi-ana, identificando dois grupos, um de moderada e outro de forte intenção. Os grupos apresen-taram diferenças significativas no que tange aos constructos psicológicos e aos seus objetivos motivacionais. No entanto, não apresentaram diferenças no que se refere as características socioeconômicas. De maneira geral, os resultados empíricos dessa tese formam uma base so-bre a qual as intervenções políticas podem ser desenvolvidas para promover o aumento das taxas de adoção ou aperfeiçoamento dessas práticas e consequentemente contribuir para o desenvolvimento da atividade e o desenvolvimento rural da região. Studies regarding farmers’ decision-making process, complemented by psychological contri-butions are increasing, but they are still lacking more research. The general objective of this thesis is to comprehend the social psychological determinants influencing the intention of rural farmer to adopt and/or improve management practices of milk production based on pe-rennial pastures in their properties in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina state next year. The Theory of Planned Behavior was chosen as the methodological theoretical standard to develop this research which has been proven efficient in order to study the rural producers’ behavior. It is about a social theory used to predict or explain a specific behavior. A survey was applied to 149 milk producers having a milk production based on perennial pastures. The survey was done during the months of December 2016, January, February and March 2017. The geographical division used was consisted of seven cities that belong to the Regional De-velopment Agency of Videira city – Santa Catarina state. The results show that the main stan-dard constructs complemented by moral standard as well as self-identity explain 54% of in-tention variance. Moral standard was the most influential variable, indicating that milk produ-cers feel and are aware about the need of adopting/improving the management practices and that it is correct to do so. The data also unveils that the significant and positive relation between subjective injunctive standard and intention suggests that the social pressure percei-ved by producers influence their intention to perform the domain of behavior. Taking attitude was the third variable that had the most influence on producers’ intention, indicating that they have a favorable evaluation of this behavior. The fourth and last significant variable of the standard is self-identity, indicating that producers acknowledge themselves as individuals who adopt/improve the practices. A group division was also done through the median, identi-fying two groups: moderate and strong intention. The groups show significant differences regarding psychological constructs and their motivational objectives. Nevertheless, they do not show differences in reference to social-economic characteristics. In general, the empirical results of this thesis set up a basis on which political interventions can be developed in order to improve the user adoption rate or improvements of these practices and consequently contri-bute to the activity development as well as the rural development of the region.

This Botswana Agriculture Public Expenditure Review (AgPER) is one of a series of similar studies undertaken in over a dozen countries in sub-Saharan Africa under the framework of a program coordinated by CAADP, supported by the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation and the CAADP Multi-Donor Trust Fund, and implemented by the World Bank. The AgPER presents data about actual expenditure for the period 2000 to 2013, with an outlook on the following two years. It presents public expenditure on agriculture structured by various dimensions and classifiers such as institutional, recurrent versus investment and capital, by sub-function and subsector and by spending unit. It analyzes expenditure levels, patterns and trends and compares expenditure patterns with policy objectives and strategies. Finally, it draws conclusions and recommendations in areas where future decisions could benefit from a clear view of an analysis of past spending or where it is deemed useful to support imminent policy formulation and decisions with a clearer understanding of the financial implications.

With global food crises and food price volatility in recent years, agricultural subsidies have once again gained prominence as a policy instrument in many developing countries. In Mongolia too, subsidies to the agriculture sector mainly through government budgetary transfers, have increased over time. These gained prominence in 2008 when a global, regional (the drought in Russia, and Kazakhstan, the two main suppliers to Mongolia), and the national food production shortfall sent domestic wheat prices soaring to record levels. Wheat production had reached an all-time low during the years 2005 to 2007. Consequently, subsidies to crop, livestock, and agroprocessing sectors have increased since 2008, and now represent a complex set of programs, sometimes with conflicting and overlapping goals and intended beneficiaries.

In this paper, the main objective was to determine whether dairy farmers participating in horizontal production arrangements have less asymmetric information and are more competitive than others producers who did not participate in these arrangements. The paper is composed of a general introduction containing the theoretical review, two articles and final considerations. The first article focuses on the asymmetry of information between farmers and dairy industry and in their productive activities. Considering the presupposition that higher access to information, result in fewer risky decisions in the production systems. So, the main objective of the first article was to determine whether producers participating in horizontal production arrangements in have lower information asymmetry facing those who do not participate. For the second article, the objective was to determine whether dairy farmers participating in horizontal production arrangements are more competitive compared to producers who do not participate. With the purpose to accomplish the objectives, in addition to literature review about the SAI milk in Brazil and Paraná and theoretical review on the New Institutional Economics ( NIE ) and Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) , semi-structured questionnaires were applied to 120 milk producers between the months of March 2012 and February 2013, in four geographic regions of Paraná: Central North, Central East, West and Southwest. The choice of these regions arises from the representation of the milk production in the state as well as the heterogeneity of production systems, which reflects the reality in the state. The collected data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS version 18 for conducting multivariate analysis - Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and t-student test. In the first article, statistical differences (P

In order to evaluate milk producers' knowledge about tests on tick sensitivity to acaricides, efficiency tests and strategic control, questionnaires were delivered to 670 producers. From these, 163 responses were received. These producers had sent ingurgitated female ticks to be subjected to tests on tick sensitivity to acaricides at Embrapa between 2001 and 2005. Most of the completed questionnaires came from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. After descriptive analysis and correlation of variables, it was found that 48.5% of the properties owned herds of up to 100 head of cattle and 57.3% of the producers belonged to a cooperative. Among the respondents, 157 (98.7%) applied the acaricide indicated by the efficiency test, and 144 (92.9%) said that they applied strategic control but incorrectly. There was improvement in some control stages. However, only 12 (7%) showed comprehension of all the stages of strategic control. It was concluded that there is a need for continuing assistance, so as to achieve effective improvement in controlling Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Objetivando avaliar o conhecimento dos produtores de leite que usufruíram do teste de sensibilidade dos carrapatos aos carrapaticidas - teste de eficácia e controle estratégico - foram enviados questionários a 670 produtores. Desses, 163 foram respondidos. Esses produtores representam aqueles que enviaram fêmeas ingurgitadas para proceder aos testes de sensibilidade dos carrapatos aos carrapaticidas pela Embrapa, de 2001 a 2005. Dos respondidos, a maioria localiza-se no Estado de Minas Gerais. Após análise descritiva e cruzamento de variáveis, constatou-se que 48,5% das propriedades possuem rebanho até 100 cabeças de gado; 57,3% produtores pertencem a uma cooperativa. Um total de 157 (98,7%) entrevistados aplicou o acaricida indicado pelo teste de eficácia, e 144 (92,9%) respondentes afirmaram ter seguido o controle estratégico, porém, não de forma correta, havendo, entretanto, melhora em algumas etapas do controle. No entanto, apenas 12 (7%) demonstraram compreender todas as fases do controle estratégico, apesar de terem recebido informações técnicas de como proceder com o controle. Conclui-se que há necessidade de assistência continuada para melhoria efetiva do controle de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus .

Cattle are one of the main instruments for economic (e.g., milk, meat, and cattle sale) and social (e.g., marriage, death, dispute settlement, and gift giving) exchange in Uganda. They serve as the main source of livelihood for a large majority of rural Ugandans, especially in the cattle corridor. Recent statistics demonstrate that the livestock sector contributes 13.1 percent of the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) and 5 percent of the national GDP. Since 1991, the output of the livestock sector has grown on an average of 2.2 percent per annum, with most of the growth coming from the dairy sector. Dairy is an important and growing sector of Uganda's economy, and it is increasingly proving to be a lucrative livelihood option for a large number of households engaged in milk production and trade. Frequent realization of risks, however, impacts the performance of the supply chain. Effective management of these risks will require increased efforts to mitigate the identified risks and strengthen coping mechanisms. However, rather than a stand-alone risk management strategy, these efforts should be an integral component of a broader dairy development policy and strategy.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the company Jaromericka dairy, and using methods of financial analysis. Were used absolute (horizontal and vertical analysis), differential (analysis of funds) and ratio (profitability ratios, activity, liquidity and debt ratios) indicators of financial analysis. Then used some reputable and bankruptcy model (IN95, IN99, Tafflerův model Kralickův Quicktest). And it was calculated the economic value added EVA. Financial analysis was performed and the methods were applied in specific conditions Jaromericka dairy. Jaromericka Creamery, Inc. based in the Jaroměřice Rokytnou (District of) and is the subject of extensive activity. This is a business activity, production of milk products, organizational and financial advisers and brokers. Financial analysis was conducted for 5 years, ie since 2005-2009. Jaromericka indicators were then compared with indicators of a dairy next ten dairies, which are located in the Czech Republic.

Įmonė, norėdama, kad produktas išsiskirtų iš konkurentų ir jį greičiau įsimintų vartotojas, turi pagalvoti, kaip sukurti ir palaikyti vartotojo pasąmonėje įvaizdį – pozicionuoti produktą: apibrėžti vartotojui svarbias produkto savybes, pasirinkti tikslią poziciją atsižvelgiant į rinkos segmento patrauklumą. Straipsnio tikslas – remiantis teorinėmis įvairių autorių produktų pozicionavimo koncepcijomis bei Šiaulių miesto prekybos centrų vartotojų nuomonėmis išsiaiškinti lietuviškų pieno produktų pozicionavimo ypatumus. Išnagrinėjus teorinius produkto pozicionavimo ypatumus ir atsižvelgus į gautus tyrimo rezultatus, galima daryti išvadą, kad didžiausią dėmesį vartotojai kreipia į tokias Lietuviško pieno produkto savybes kaip, šviežumas, kokybė, skonis. Didelį dėmesį kreipia į produkto ekologiškumą, konservantų nebuvimą. Pozicionuojant lietuvišką pieno produktą svarbu, kad jis būtų kuo natūralesnis. Tyrimas parodė, kad vartotojai ne visada renkasi vienos linijos produktus, todėl pozicionuojant produktą nebūtina jį sieti su kitais to pačio ženklo produktais. Dauguma respondentų atsakė, kad daugiausiai perka produktus, kurie pozicionuojami kaip produktai visai šeimai, taip pat dažniausiai renkasi produktus, kurie visada švieži bei Lietuviškus pieno produktus su probiotikais – bifido bakterijomis. Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad vartotojai neigiamai vertiną reklamą ir kad nepasitiki ja. Daugiausia respondentai pasitiki pažįstamų rekomendacijomis, bei informacija internete ir asmeniškai gamintojo suteikta informacija. This article examines the product positioning by various authors scientific literature. The examination of the product positioning issue in an empirical study was accomplished consumer attitude towards Lithuanian milk products. There were identified and estimated consumer's needs and evaluation criteria for the choice of Lithuanian milk products. There were analyzed the main features of Lithuanian milk products that are significant to consumers. Also tested communicative implements, which are the most, rely by consumers. Considering, the results of study there are given conclusions and proposals of the Lithuanian milk product positioning. Lithuanian milk producers and other researchers, who are relevant the subject of Lithuanian milk products will be able to use the results of this research. The study consists of theoretical and empirical parts.

A partir da década de 1990 ocorreram, em todo o território brasileiro, crescimentos na produção e produtividade leiteiras. Esse fato é conseqüência das transformações ocorridas na cadeia leiteira, a partir desse período, as quais se sucederam com o fim do tabelamento do leite no ano de 1991, abertura comercial e consolidação do MERCOSUL. Uma das conseqüências diretas dessas transformações foi a crescente instalação de indústrias de laticínios multinacionais, em território nacional, dentre elas a Parmalat. Nesse sentido, o município de Carazinho, RS também apresentou crescimentos na produção e produtividade leiteiras. Como a Parmalat se instalou nesse município na década de 1990, a presente pesquisa procurou verificar o grau de influência tecnológica dessa empresa junto aos produtores de leite do local. Para tanto, escolheu-se, como amostra da pesquisa, um distrito de Carazinho denominado Distrito de São Bento. Dessa forma, verificou-se que essa empresa trouxe impactos para o contexto da produção leiteira no município, mas que o principal impacto está relacionado às exigências de qualidade do leite através da Instrução Normativa 51 (IN 51), lei esta promulgada, em todo o país, no ano de 2002. From the 1990's occurred throughout the Brazilian territory, increases in milk production and productivity. This is a consequence of changes in the dairy chain, from that period, which is done with the end of the table of the milk in the year 1991, trade liberalization and consolidation of MERCOSUR. One of the direct consequences of these changes was the increasing installation of the dairy multinational industries in the national territory, including the Parmalat. Accordingly, the municipality Carazinho, RS also showed increases in milk production and productivity. As Parmalat is installed in that city in the 1990s, this research sought to verify the degree of influence that technology with the company's local milk producers. For both, chose, as the research sample, a district of Carazinho called District of St. Benedict. Thus, it was found that this company has impacts in the context of milk production in the municipality, but the main impact is related to demands for quality of milk through the Normative Instruction 51 (IN 51), enacted this law in any country, in 2002.

With the purpose of detecting the impact that variations of demand cause in the milk-cheese supply chain, and determining how the operational policies of capacity, inventories or labor force can mitigate this impact, a system dynamics simulation model has been designed based on a survey conducted on a sample of cheese manufacturers and their links with milk farms, transportation companies and cheese distributors. This supply chain will be consolidated when a milk center that will collect the raw milk is completed. From this center, and after adequate treatment, milk will be distributed to the different cheese manufacturers in the supply chain. Managing adequately the milk-cheese supply chain represents an important challenge due to the short life of these products. Although this study was done in a region in Latin America, its results can be applicable to food supply chains by introducing some modifications. The milk-cheese supply chain in this case study contemplates three milk producers, one milk supplier, five cheese producers, one wholesaler and several distributing agents. These companies operate individually under normal conditions, but they have understood that their integration in a supply chain improves the competitiveness of all its members. That is to say, the sum is greater than the parts. For its initial design a simulation software model is used in which the resources of the supply chain are optimized. Later the product of this optimization facilitates some initial values to be used in the system dynamics model in which cause-effect or influence relationships have been previously established considering the most representative variables. Finally, changes in operational policies that can reduce the level of pending orders in the supply chain are tested using other simulation software. The main contribution of this research is that it can serve as support or contribute to reduce the uncertainty in the decision making process of the supply chain management due to the speed with which individual or combined policies can be analyzed. In response to a variation of demand the most adequate policy may be selected and that can be done before the policy is implemented.

El presente trabajo busca dar cuenta de algunos elementos teóricos presentes en las áreas de la Antropología y Sociología rurales respecto de la producción familiar para luego analizar en forma crítica los primeros resultados del trabajo de campo realizado para la elaboración de nuestra tesis de Maestría. En este sentido, la primera parte de este documento está destinada a una discusión teórica respecto del concepto de "producción familiar". En una segunda parte presentamos algunos referentes empíricos que podrían aportar a la discusión como estudio de caso y, por último, damos lugar a unas reflexiones finales articulando ambos apartados y generando nuevos interrogantes para nuestro trabajo a futuro., This paper deals with some theoretical elements in the areas of rural Anthropology and Sociology concerning the concept of “small family farm” in order to analyse -in a critical way- the first results of the work field we performed for our thesis. In this sense, the first part of this document is devoted to a theoretical discussion of the aforementioned concept, while in the second part we show some cases which could contribute to this discussion. Finally, we present some reflections involving both sections, the first and the second, which generate new questions for our future work., Grupo de Investigación Antropología y Filosofía (SEJ-126). Universidad de Granada

This investigation has as objective the elaboration of intervention propositions for the improvement of the quality of the milk produced starting from the sistematization of the social organization of the production and of the dynamics socioeconomic of the producing of the establishment area Timboré. The study problematizes the insert of the producers in the market with the implementation of the granelization of the milk, starting from process of technological innovation based in the technical norms that regulate that production with quality and for the research models and extension adopted by the institutional arrangements of the establishment. In that context, the intervention propositions were elaborated under the presuppositions of the model of innovation organizational and technological. Esta investigação tem como objetivo a elaboração de proposições de intervenção para a melhoria da qualidade do leite produzido, a partir da sistematização da organização social da produção e da dinâmica socioeconômica dos produtores, no assentamento Timboré. O estudo problematiza a inserção dos produtores no mercado com a implementação da granelização do leite, a partir de processo de inovação tecnológica fundamentado nas normas técnicas que regulamentam essa produção com qualidade e nos modelos de pesquisa e extensão adotados pelos arranjos institucionais do assentamento. Nesse contexto, as proposições de intervenção foram elaboradas com os pressupostos do modelo de inovação organizacional e tecnológica.

A produção do leite sempre foi considerada uma atividade de grande importância para a agricultura familiar. Contudo, as transformações recentes na cadeia produtiva do leite têm levado a uma tendência de especialização nessa atividade colocando em risco a manutenção dos produtores de leite familiares na atividade. Porém, algumas experiências de organizações produtivas da agricultura familiar que trabalham com leite, têm conseguido se manter no mercado, mesmo tendo a sua volta um ambiente hostil. Uma dessas experiências é o sistema Coorlac, composto por 20 cooperativas e tendo cerca de 6000 produtores associados, sendo em sua grande maioria agricultores familiares. A Coorlac está presente em toda cadeia produtiva do leite, o que significa que atua desde a produção do leite, passando pelo processamento até a comercialização no varejo de seus produtos. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar como o sistema Coorlac tem viabilizado sua manutenção no setor lácteo, tendo em vista as transformações nas últimas duas décadas na cadeia produtiva do leite. Para tanto, a pesquisa busca identificar quais foram as principais transformações ocorridas no período analisado, investigar como essas mudanças se refletiram no Sistema Coorlac e investigar quais elementos próprios ao sistema Coorlac, de caráter econômico e social, contribuíram para a manutenção na atividade. A abordagem metodológica é o Estudo de Caso e os métodos utilizados são o quantitativo e o qualitativo. O método quantitativo é utilizado para analisar e descrever o ambiente setorial nacional e estadualmente (setor lácteo) diante das transformações que vêm ocorrendo no período, bem como, para analisar e descrever os aspectos sócio-econômicos do sistema Coorlac. A análise qualitativa é empregada para identificar e analisar os elementos que dão competitividade ao sistema Coorlac. Além disso, as análises tanto quantitativas como qualitativas são permeadas por descrições históricas visando contextualizar as informações. O referencial teórico que contribui para a discussão sobre os elementos que dão competitividade ao sistema Coorlac são três principais: as teorias que discutem as vantagens econômicas da agricultura familiar, o referencial teórico da sociologia econômica e as teorias que discutem as vantagens econômicas do cooperativismo. A análise das informações levantadas demonstra que a Coorlac tem tido sua viabilidade afetada, em geral negativamente, pelas mudanças que vem ocorrendo na cadeia produtiva do leite. Os resultados demonstram também, que parte de sua viabilidade é fruto de características sociais, econômicas e produtivas da agricultura familiar produtora de leite.Aponta que o cooperativismo também lhe fornece competitividade no mercado, principalmente através da isenção tributária e da fidelidade dos produtores.E que as parcerias que tem sido viabilizadas estão relacionadas ao fato da Coorlac ser um sistema cooperativo de origem sindical e da agricultura familiar. Milk production has always been considered as an activity of great importance to the family agriculture. Recent transformations in the milk productive chain have lead to a tendency of specialization in this activity putting the sustainability of the family milk producers at stake. Nevertheless, a few experiences of family agriculture milk productive organizations have managed to remain in the market, even under a hostile environment. One of these experiences is the Coorlac system, made up of 20 cooperative, and counting with approximately 6000 associated producers, in their vast majority family farmers. Coorlac is present in all milk productive chain, what means that it acts in all of the production steps: from the milk production, its processing up to its retail. In this context, this research aims to investigate how the Coorlac system made it possible for family farmers to maintain their participation in the milk business despite the transformations that have taken place in the milk productive chain in the last two decades. In order to do so, this research undertakes to identify which were the main transformations that took place in the period under analysis, how these changes have impacted the Coorlac System and which peculiar elements, of economic and social character, of the Coorlac System have contributed for the sustainability of the activity. The methodological approach adopted is the Case Study and the methods chosen are the quantitative and the qualitative. The quantitative method is used to analyze and describe the national and state milk sectors in view of the transformations occurred in the mentioned period, as well as to analyze and describe the social-economic aspects of the Coorlac system. The qualitative analysis will be employed to identify and analyze the elements which bring competitiveness to the Coorlac system. Furthermore, both the quantitative as well as the qualitative analysis will be permeated by historic descriptions seeking to contextualize the information. Three of the main theoretical referentials which contribute to the discussion on the elements which give competitiveness to the Coorlac system are the following: the theories which discuss the economic advantages of the family agriculture, the theoretical referential of the economic sociology and the theories which discuss the economical advantages of cooperativism. The analysis of the information gathered has shown that Coorlac has had its viability affected, in a negative way mostly, by the changes which have occurred in the milk productive chain. The results have also shown that part of its viability is the result of social, economical and productive characteristics of the milk productive family agriculture, also earning competitiveness from the cooperativism, specially through tax incentives and producers fidelity; partnerships are being enabled because of a cooperative system of union origin and family agriculture, what has also contributed to its competitiveness.

Neste trabalho procura-se compreender a agricultura familiar brasileira (incluindo as famílias produtoras de leite do município de Sete de Setembro, na região Missões do Rio Grande do Sul) a partir das suas relações socioeconômicas endógenas e exógenas. Da análise das relações endógenas vem a compreensão da lógica econômica da unidade familiar agrícola, que é produzir o necessário para o auto-sustento com adequado uso da mão-de-obra familiar disponível (característica dos antigos camponeses ainda presente, mesmo que parcialmente modificada). A partir das relações exógenas dos agricultores familiares se compreende diversos costumes, tradições, culturas e simbolismos presentes nas suas relações sociais, incluindo as relações de reciprocidade, ao mesmo tempo em que se entende como e porque se transformam em agricultores integrados ao mercado e aos complexos agro-industriais. Assim, esta pesquisa demonstra a integração mercantil dos produtores de leite e confronto com o oligopsônio das indústrias de laticínio, que detém o poder de definição do preço do produto. Objetivando contrabalançar este poder, os produtores se organizam em redes de comercialização, aumentando sua capacidade de reivindicação por melhor preço e condições de produção. A compreensão desse processo de organização dos produtores em grupos informais ou formais envidou esforços desse estudo, formulando sua problematização investigatória e seus objetivos, a fim de compreender como se formam essas redes de cooperação e porque elas se formam entre tais produtores e não entre outros, além de verificar se essa organização oportuniza obter um melhor desempenho socioeconômico. As contribuições teórica da sociologia, economia e antropologia sobre a noção de reciprocidade mostram-se importantes para elucidar como as relações de reciprocidade produzem valores humanos de confiança e solidariedade, cimentando as relações sociais formadas nas redes de cooperação, como os grupos e condomínios de produtores de leite. Utilizou-se a abordagem metodológica do estudo de caso, que permitiu realizar métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, por meio de entrevistas e coleta de dados primários junto às famílias produtoras de leite. Também se utilizou pesquisa de dados secundários. Os resultados levam a conclusão de que as redes de cooperação formadas entre produtores de leite são geradas a partir de relações de trabalho e das relações sociais de reciprocidade, cabendo à dádiva (dar, receber e retribuir) um papel importante na formação de confiança entre eles, e assim obterem bons resultados dos indicadores sociais e econômicos. The present work tries to understand the Brazilian familiar agriculture (including the milk producer families in the city of Sete de Setembro, region of the Missions, state of Rio Grande do Sul) from the internal and external socio-economical relations. From the analysis of internal relations comes the comprehension of economic logic of the family of rural workers in producing only the necessary for their self-support with adequate use of available familiar labour (such characteristics are still present, although partially modified). The external relations of the rural workers are comprised of several traditions, culture and symbolism which are present on social relations in the family including the reciprocity relations and, at the same time, it is understood how and why the latter changes in rural workers integrated to the market and the agro-industrial complexes. Thus, this research shows the merchant integration of milk producers and the confrontation with the oligopsonies of dairy products, which have the power to dictate the price of products. In order to balance this power, the producers organize themselves into joint network trades in order to increase their bargain capabilities, better price and product conditions. The comprehension of the process of organization in formal and informal exerted the efforts of this study formulating its investigatory problem and its aims, in order to understand how these cooperation networks are formed and why they are formed amongst such producers and not amongst others. Besides, it may be verified whether this organization gives opportunities to obtain a better socioeconomical performance. The theoretical contributions about the reciprocity of sociology, economy and anthropology about the notion of reciprocity are important to show how social relations of reciprocity produce human values of trust and camaraderie, bonding the social relations formed from the cooperation network such as groups and condominium of milk producers. The research was a methodological study of case, where qualitative and quantitative methods were used through interviews and primary data collection with the families. It was also utilized the research of secondary data. The results led to the conclusion that the cooperation networks formed amongst milk producers are generated from the work and social relations of reciprocity, where the main concepts (giving, receiving and repaying) play an important role on trust formation amongst them and thus, get better results of the social and economical results.