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Military Tourism can be articulated with existing products in the market, applying the "creativity concept" and benefiting from the tourist activation of the military heritage. Tourist resources generate the capacity to motivate tourist visit and enjoyment, being the tourist potential fundamentally qualitative and the general infrastructures determinant in the relationship between cultural attractiveness and visitors. In this research and in the context of military tourism heritage, a case study was carried out in the municipality of Peniche, in order to analyze the potential of existing military resources for tourism activation and its implication in the national tourism strategy., El Turismo Militar puede articularse con productos existentes en el mercado, aplicando el "concepto de creatividad" y beneficiándose de la activación turística del patrimonio militar. Los recursos turísticos generan la capacidad de motivar la visita y el disfrute turístico, siendo el potencial turístico fundamentalmente cualitativo y las infraestructuras generales determinantes en la relación entre atractivo cultural y visitantes. En esta investigación y, en el contexto del patrimonio turístico militar, se realizó un estudio de caso en el municipio de Peniche, con el fin de analizar el potencial de los recursos militares existentes para la activación turística y su implicación en la estrategia turística nacional., O Turismo Militar pode ser articulado com produtos existentes no mercado, aplicando o “conceito de criatividade” e beneficiando da ativação turística do património militar. Os recursos turísticos geram capacidade de motivar visita e fruição turística, sendo o potencial turístico fundamentalmente qualitativo e as infraestruturas gerais determinantes na relação entre atratividade cultural e visitantes. Nesta investigação e, em contexto do património turístico militar, efetuou-se um estudo de caso no município de Peniche, com vista à análise do potencial dos recursos militares existentes para ativação turística e a sua implicação na estratégica do turismo nacional.

The purpose of the article is to determine state measures for the formation of a mechanism for ensuring the formation of the quality of education in institutions of higher education. Methods. In the course of the research, general scientific methods and approaches, a systematic approach, general logical research methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison), dialectical method, method of cognition, method of objectivity,The issue of the feasibility of developing military tourism during the military-political confrontation and after the end of the Russian-Ukrainian war was considered.In today's conditions during the martial law in Ukraine, it is expedient to understand the development of the tourism sphere in the role of a public, economic and social attractor. Questions related to the identification of problems and prospects for the development of military tourism are promising and require further research., Метою статті є визначення державних заходів щодо формування механізму забезпечення формування якості освіти у закладах вищої освіти. Методи. В ході дослідження використано загальнонаукові методи та підходи, системний підхід, загальнологічні методи дослідження (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення, порівняння), діалектичний метод, метод пізнання, метод об’єктивності, Розглянуто питання щодо доцільності розвитку військового туризму під час військово-політичного протистояння та після закінчення російсько-української війни. В умовах сьогодення під час воєнного стану в Україні доцільно робити осмислення розвитку туристичної сфери в ролі суспільного, економічного та соціально атрактора. Питання, пов’язані із визначенням проблем та перспектив розвитку військового туризму є перспективними та потребують подальшого дослідження.

Os acontecimentos ocorridos no âmbito da Primeira Invasão Francesa (1807-1808) deram origem a um rico património cultural atualmente existente em Portugal, que apresenta diversos desafios, sendo um dos principais o conhecimento das suas expressões materiais e imateriais. O trabalho desenvolvido nesta dissertação identificou um conjunto de bens patrimoniais diretamente relacionados com as batalhas da Roliça e do Vimeiro, ocorridas a 17 e 21 de agosto de 1808, recorrendo a metodologias de inventariação que constituem um ponto de partida para uma roteirização da Primeira Invasão Francesa à qual será ainda necessário adicionar um trabalho de investigação em áreas de conhecimento como a arqueologia e a história, entre outras. Apesar de circunscrito aos concelhos do Bombarral e da Lourinhã, a informação apurada evidencia que existem condições para a ativação turística deste património e que a Primeira Invasão Francesa, que naturalmente não se limita a estes territórios, poderá assumir-se como uma marca nacional do Turismo Militar. A criação de um Roteiro-Base de Dados como é proposto na presente investigação para esta temática não constitui, "per si", um produto turístico, mas representa um primeiro passo na direção da criação de uma base de informação, em constante necessidade de atualização, que sirva suporte aos diversos agentes do Turismo, públicos ou privados, para o desenvolvimento dos seus produtos e serviços. A importância destas duas batalhas, o valioso potencial paisagístico, a existência de um centro de interpretação, ou a forte ligação ao legado militar inglês, da qual se destaca a ascensão de Wellesley, futuro duque de Wellington, como líder militar e figura de primeira importância no combate ao domínio napoleónico, constituem um suporte a partir do qual é legítimo assumir a existência de condições para que o final da Primeira Invasão Francesa de Portugal, sustentado numa cooperação intermunicipal estratégica, possa assumir uma posição de destaque na oferta turística destes territórios. The events that occurred during the First French Invasion (1807-1808) created a rich cultural heritage presently existing in Portugal, which presents several challenges, one of which being the knowledge of its material and immaterial expressions. The work developed in this dissertation identified a set of heritage assets directly related to the battles of Roliça and Vimeiro, which took place on August 17 and 21 (1808), using inventoried methodologies that constitute a starting point for the routing of the First French Invasion to which it will be necessary to add a research work in fields of expertise such as archeology and history, among others. The creation of a database roadmap as proposed in the present research for this theme is not, in itself, a tourism product, but represents a first step towards the creation of an information base, in constant need of updating, that support the various agents of tourism, public or private, for the development of their products and services. The importance of these two battles, the valuable landscape potential, the existence of a center of interpretation, or the strong connection with the English military legacy, notably the rise of Wellesley, future Duke of Wellington, as a military leader and prime figure in the fight against Napoleon’s domination, constitute a basis from which it is legitimate to assume the existence of the necessary conditions for the end of the First French Invasion of Portugal, sustained by strategic intermunicipal cooperation, to take a prominent position in the tourism activity of these territories.

This bachelor thesis explores how to use the potencial of places where particular battles happened. It is a part of tourism which belongs to dark tourism, concretely military tourism. The research is done through a survey, which takes place in South Bohemia, mainly the town of Písek and its surroundings. The main objective is to find out, how to improve battlefields and adjacent areas for visitors. Destinations have to be more attractive to achieve higher attendance. This paper deals especially with the battlefield at Sudoměř, where the monument of Jan Žižka can be seen. It is the main tourist attraction in this location. The output of the research is to provide a report with recommendations to popularize the entire location and to prompt people to visit it.

As a result of diversification of tourism, new concepts such as military tourism, war tourism and sorrow tourism have appeared in recent years. People started to be curious about the wars that occurred with various reasons and their battlefields in any area during the course of history and accordingly their demand to visit those places initiated the war tourism activity. In this context, academic studies have been made on areas such as Gallipoli and Troy National parks in terms of military tourism and within this scope there are potential areas to be evaluated in Erzurum too. In this study, the aim is to introduce, preserve, present the tourism potential of battlefields used in independence war and especially 1877-1878 Ottoman Russian War (93 war) and related castles, bastions, arsenals, monuments, museum, historical gates and martyrs’ cemetery and evaluate them in terms of tourism. In this direction, after related literature search was made evaluations were made in light of the data as a result of terrain observations and interviews. As a result of these findings, it was determined that majority of destinations having military tourism value in Erzurum and surroundings were destroyed, that transportation options are problematic, that their recognition are very low and that they are not evaluated in terms of tourism. For this reason, studies should be conducted in order to take aforementioned historical source values under protection as soon as possible and they should be redounded to tourism. ÖzetTurizmin çeşitlendirilmesiyle birlikte son yıllarda savaş alanları, savaş turizmi, askeri turizm ve hüzün turizmi gibi yeni bir turizm kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. Herhangi bir sahada tarih boyunca çeşitli nedenlerle meydana gelen savaşlar ve bunların gerçekleştiği yerler günümüzde ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde turistik açıdan merak edilen veya ziyaret edilmek istenen yerlerden biri haline gelmesi savaş turizmi hareketliliğini başlatmıştır. Bu kapsamda ülkemizde Gelibolu ve Troya tarihi milli parkları gibi alanların savaş alanları turizmi açısından değerlendirilmesine yönelik akademik çalışmalar yapılmış olup, bu çerçevede Erzurum şehrinde de değerlendirebilecek potansiyel alanlar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Kurtuluş Savaşı ve özellikle de 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı (93 harbi) süresince savaşın gerçekleştiği alanlar ile bu sahada bulunan kale, tabyalar, cephanelikler, anıtlar, müze, tarihi kapılar ve şehitliklerin askeri turizmi potansiyelinin ortaya konulması, tanıtılması, korunması ve turizm açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda ilgili literatür taraması yapıldıktan sonra arazi gözlemleri sonucunda elde edilen veriler ışığında değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Bulgular neticesinde Erzurum şehri ve yakın çevresindeki askeri turizmi değeri taşıyan destinasyonların pek çoğunun tahrip edildiği, ulaşım imkanlarının sorunlu olduğu, tanınırlıkların çok az olduğu ve turizm açısından değerlendirilmediği saptanmıştır. Bu nedenle söz konusu tarihsel kaynak değerlerinin bir an önce koruma altına alınıp, turizme kazandırılması yönünde çalışmalar yapılmalıdır.

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie popularnego, acz niszowego sposobu uprawiania turystyki, jakim jest turystyka miejsc niechcianych oraz związany z tym ruch urban exploring. Pierwsza część poświęcona jest charakterystyce obiektów pomilitarnych, w szczególności garnizonów. Dalej autorzy identyfikują specyfikę turystyki związanej z takimi obiektami i obszarami. Ostatnia część poświęcona jest studium przypadków konkretnych obiektów militarnych, których losy pokazują stosunek do tzw. trudnego dziedzictwa, z uwzględnieniem ruchu turystycznego do tych miejsc. Artykuł został oparty zarówno o analizę literatury, jak i o wyniki badań terenowych przeprowadzonych w m.in. Pstrążu. This article aims to show the popular, albeit a niche way of doing tourism, which is tourism of unwanted places and the associated movement of urban exploring. The first part is devoted to characteristics of military objects, especially garrisons. Further the authors identify the specific character of tourism associated with such facilities and areas. The last section is devoted to case studies of specific military objects, whose fate shows the attitude to the so-called difficult heritage, including tourist movements to these areas. The article was based both on the analysis of literature, and the results of field studies carried out in, among others, Pstrąże.

This dissertation approaches three main concepts, routeing applied to tourism, Military Tourism as a segment of Cultural Tourism and Gamification as a tool for tourist fruition, with the aim at establishing a link between them. Following a literature review from various authors in each of these areas, and after the establishment of a firm conceptual base, this project investigates the possible links between them. In this specific case the application of the benefits of gamification to promote the development of Military Tourism products and their organisation in military themed tourism routes. In conclusion this dissertation presents a guiding model explaining the use of different forms of game based technology to develop different Military Tourism products and how this tool can aid in the organisation in a Military Tourism Route.

No dia 26 de Abril de 1937, a cidade basca de Guernica sofreu um intenso e mortífero bombardeamento aéreo protagonizado por aviões italianos e alemães. Tal acontecimento veio a ser imortalizado por Pablo Picasso no célebre mural que foi exposto pela primeira vez no pavilhão da república espanhola, na Exposição Internacional de Paris, realizada em Maio de 1937. “Guernica-Gernikara”, que podia ser o título da presente dissertação, tornou-se numa frase emblemática que traduz o apego dos bascos à sua identidade, expresso aliás no vigor com o qual reclamam a deslocação da obra para a cidade-berço do País Basco. O presente trabalho procura assim refletir sobre a relevância adquirida pelo mural de Picasso na motivação do turista para visitar a cidade e as suas variadas atrações turísticas. Para o efeito, procurar-se-á analisar o papel desempenhado pela obra de arte no surgimento e incremento do turismo militar nesta cidade, partindo do conceito de dark tourism, o qual tem beneficiado de um importante desenvolvimento nos últimos anos. Abarcando o turismo em Espanha, país da Europa em que o setor turístico assume particular destaque, tal nicho de turismo tem uma enorme potencialidade que começa a ser atualmente explorada. On the April 26th of 1937, the Basque town of Guernica suffered an intense and deadly aerial bombing carried out by Italian and German airplanes. Such an event became immortalized by Pablo Picasso on the famous mural that was first exposed in the Spanish Republic pavilion at the Paris International Exhibition, held in 1937. "Guernica-Gernikara”, which could be the title of this thesis, became an emblematic phrase that translates the aspiration of the local people to see this artwork moved to the Basque Country´s birthplace. This paper analyzes the relevance acquired by Picasso mural on the tourist motivation to visit the city and its many tourist attractions. For this purpose, we will attempt to analyze the role played by the artwork in the emergence and growth of military tourism in this city, starting from the concept of dark tourism, which has benefited from an important development in recent years. Encompassing tourism in Spain, European country where the tourism sector is particularly prominent, this sector of the tourism has a huge potential that is currently beginning to be exploited.

Israel is a popular tourist destination with leading-edge infrastructure, excellent services and new kinds of tourism. The article covers not only positive factors of development of tourism in the country, but week points affecting tourist flows and development of international tourism in Israel.

Actualmente, o mercado mundial do turismo caracteriza-se pela evolução do turismo de massas generalizado para um tipo de turismo mais individual, mais especializado e exigente. O acesso à realização de viagens e deslocações encontra-se disseminado um pouco por todo o Mundo, e em ritmo de crescimento, pelo que cada vez mais os destinos necessitam apostar na especialização, na qualidade e na diversificação como forma de atrair visitantes. Neste contexto, apresenta-se o turismo de índole militar, enquadrado no turismo cultural, como complemento à oferta turística já existente no concelho de Peniche – numa região caracterizada pela predominância do turismo de sol e mar, urge apostar noutros tipos de turismo complementares que permitam diversificar a oferta, reduzir a sazonalidade e contribuir para a atracção de mais visitantes e prolongamento das suas estadas, resultando num positivo impacto económico. O conceito de dark tourism, no qual se enquadra o turismo militar, tem vindo a ser delineado e estudado ao longo dos últimos anos, e são vários os pontos por todo o Mundo onde foi implementado nas décadas mais recentes. Trata-se de uma temática relativamente recente em termos de estudos e publicações, mas será provavelmente, e tal como vários autores defendem, das mais antigas motivações para a prática da viagem. Este conceito foi aqui aplicado ao concelho de Peniche, nomeadamente, às estruturas defensivas aí existentes construídas no período pós-Restauração, criando assim uma alternativa cultural à tradicional oferta turística do concelho. O objectivo não foi a criação de um percurso turístico baseado nesta temática, mas sim a aplicação teórica e prática do conceito ao concelho de Peniche – mais do que a delineação do percurso, apontam-se as medidas necessárias para a implementação do turismo militar, de forma a permitir um bom desenvolvimento deste conceito no concelho. Nowadays, the world tourism market shows an evolution of the generalized mass tourism into a more individual type of tourism, more specialized and demanding. The access to travelling is largely spread all around the world, and presently at an increasing rhythm, creating the need for the destinations of investing in specialization, in quality and in diversification as a way to attract visitors. Within this context, the military tourism, integrated in the cultural tourism, is presented as a complement to the touristic offer that already exists in Peniche – in a region characterized by the prevailing sea and sun tourism, it’s important to bet in other complementary kinds of tourism which will allow to diversify the offer, decrease seasonality and attract more visitors and increase their stays, with its positive economic impact. The concept of dark tourism, within which the military tourism is integrated, has been outlined and studied during the last few years, and there are many places around the world where the concept has already been applied in the recent decades. It’s a relatively recent subject, as far as studies and publishing are concerned, but it’s likely to be, as many authors defend, one of the most ancient motivations for travelling. The concept has been here applied to the region of Peniche, namely, to the existing defensive structures that date back to the after-Restauration period (the period after the independence recovering from Spain, in the 1st of December of 1640), creating a cultural alternative to the traditional touristic offer of this region. The aim wasn’t to create a touristic tour based on this thematic, but to apply the concept both in theory and in practice to Peniche – more than creating the touristic tour, here are presented the necessary measures for the performance of the military tourism, allowing the good development of this concept in the region of Peniche.

Turizmo plėtra skatina ekonomikos vystymasi. Teikiamos turizmo paslaugos sudaro sąlygas žmogui atstatyti jėgas ir darbingumą. Vartotojų poreikiai yra skirtingi, priklausomai nuo turistų motyvaciją lemiančių veiksnių, formuojasi atitinkamos turizmo rūšys, kurios skirstomos į poilsinį, pažintinį (kultūrinį), visuomeninį, sportinį, ekonominį, politinį, gydomąjį, apsiperkamąjį ir kaimo turizmą. Su istoriniu, kultūriniu, pažintiniu, ekstremaliu, nuotykių ir sporto turizmo glaudžiai susijusi ir karinio turizmo sritis. Lietuvoje galima aptikti įvairių karinio turizmo formos apraiškų, bet jos nėra išvystytos. Darbo objektas: karinio turizmo plėtra. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti karinio turizmo plėtros galimybes Lietuvoje. Tyrimo uždaviniai: • išnagrinėti turizmo plėtros teorijas ir jų reikšmes; • ištirti turizmo klasifikaciją, išskiriant jo rūšis, tipus, formas; • išskirti karinio turizmo vietą pagrindinių turizmo formų ir rūšių tarpe; • atlikti karinio turizmo plėtros galimybių Lietuvoje analizę. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė, anketinė apklausa, duomenų sisteminimas. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad besidomintys kariniu turizmu dauguma jaunesnio amžiaus respondentai. Respondentų susidomėjimas aktyviu poilsiu ir naudojimasis artimomis kariniui turizmui turizmo paslaugomis (ekstremaliu turizmu), rodo, kad Lietuvoje potencialiai karinis turizmas turi galimybių plėstis. Tačiau respondentams labai trūksta informacijos apie šią turizmo rūšį, todėl būtina daugiau investuoti į reklamą ir visuomenę supažindinti su karinio turizmo paslaugomis, taip pat paruošti maršrutus bei parengti įvairesnių paslaugų, esant finansinėms galimybėms reikėtų sutvarkyti esamus karinio turizmo objektus. Siūlant šias paslaugas reikia labai atidžiai parinkti jų kainą. Pratinant vartotojus pirmiausia reikėtų pasiūlyti paprastesnių karinio turizmo pramogų, kurios kainuotų sąlyginai mažiau, o išsiugdžius lojalius klientus, galima plėsti paslaugų ratą ir pasiūlyti jiems naujų paslaugų., Development of tourism encourages growth or economy. Tourism services helps to restore mental and physical abilities of customers. Depending on their motivation, customers tend to choose different sorts of tourism. This leads to development of various tourisms species, like recreational, cultural, sports, extreme economic, political, health restoring, rural tourism. Military tourism is very often closely related with other tourism species like historical, cultural, extreme, adventurous tourism. Wide variety of military tourism services can be found in Lithuania, but military tourism in Lithuania is still at the primary stage of development. The object: development of military tourism. Goal of the study: to analyze military tourism development possibilities in Lithuania. Tasks: • to analyze theories of tourism development; • to investigate classification of tourism, their species, types and forms; • to determine place of military tourism among other types and forms of tourism services; • to analyze possibilities of military tourism development in Lithuania. Methods of the study: analysis of scientific literature, survey, filing. Our study showed that mostly young people are interested in military tourism. Quite big interest in active tourism and tourism species quite similar to military tourism (extreme tourism), shows that there is plenty of potential military tourism customers and know is the right time for developing military tourism. The main difficulty that military tourism is facing is lack of information. Customers do not get enough information about this sort of tourism. It is vital to invest more in military tourism popularisation, introduce society to military tourism services, and prepare new routes and services. Another very important aspect is price of military tourism services. Respondents are tending very little money g to military tourism services. Because of this, suppliers of military tourism services firstly should introduce quite simple ant cheap services. After some time variety of services should be expanded, services of higher quality introduced. However military tourism seems to have good development perspectives in Lithuania.

The Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe (C.R.C.E.) certify itineraries with relevance for their quality and distinction when managing and recovering the cultural heritage of the different destinations. One of the main purposes of these routes is to achieve sustainable tourism by the use of cultural tourism, which involves society as a whole and attributes value to the European historical heritage. Military tourism is a typology of tourism that meets all the criteria that the Council of Europe seeks in these routes. Many of them boost a strong historical base which may help the design of innovative proposals, in line with the current requirements of travellers, increasingly interested in having meaningful experiences during their holiday time. The main objective of this research is to implement military tourism products as innovative and sustainable tools for the development of certified destinations joined in the C.R.C.E. This research carried out a review of secondary data sources of military tourism as a development tool in different destinations. The results show that some military tourism actions can provide innovation to the local tourism systems. Military tourism is confirmed as an expression of tourism, capable of offering quality products to enrich the tourism supply of the destinations that have interesting tourism resources. Museums and cultural events as re-enactments add value to C.R.C.E. management network., Journal of Tourism & Development, n.º 34 (2020)