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In the 1999 Kargil War, India defended its territory from a Pakistani incursion but--in a departure from its historical behavior and standing war plans--chose not to expand the war with counter-attacks into Pakistan. Many observers attribute this restraint to nuclear deterrence, since India and Pakistan had become declared nuclear powers just a year earlier. In fact, India's restraint was rooted not in deterrence, but specific strategic conditions. Those conditions no longer apply--and in a future conflict India may be encouraged to take especially risky and escalatory wartime action, which would pose an unprecedented test for nuclear deterrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since modern warfare is not only tanks, planes and soldiers, but also a total war between nations, their current and potential economies, their material forces and mental capacities, planning a war comes down to the creation and organization of the country’s overall combatant potential for military use. After the end of the War of Independence and the establishment of the State of Israel, approximately 160,000 Arabs remained in its territory. This minority was perceived as a fifth column at that time that could endanger the security of the State. To devise proactive countermeasures, the IDF Planning Department began discussing what steps should be taken regarding the Arab minority in the case of future war to neutralize this potential threat. The basic principles, which were later formulated into strategic and operative plans of action, were also influenced by the understanding that Israel is a democratic State, and that there are constraints and political considerations bounding these steps. The Planning Department also considered that in some ways this minority could be used to strengthen the national potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the communist regime in Romania (1945 - 1989), the Romanian Army was at the centre of the attention of the governmental political factor in order to transform it into an armed and secure arm of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) for the defence of the political, economic and social regime, as well as the independence and sovereignty of the socialist state against foreign intervention, especially by the member states of the Warsaw Treaty. The military institution was "democratised' after 6 March 1945 and, later on, pushed down the slope of a nationalism with clear anti-Sovietism and anti-Russian accents. This study aims at analysing this process of de-Sovietisation and re-nationalisation of the Romanian Army after 1965, the relations between Nicolae Ce ausescu and the Army's leaders, as well as the ability of the Army to position itself in relation to the political and economic failures of Ceausescu regime, through different formulas of opposition and dissidence. Did some of the generals of the Romanian Army plan a military coup against Nicolae Ceausescu, with the support of the USSR, or was it just an unjustified fear of Ceausescu regime? The answer to this question, as new documents and testimonies have entered the historiographical circuit after December 1989, confirms that the representatives of Ceausescu regime amplified their fear of the power of the Army and tried to control and rein it in. According to some military decision-makers at the time, the leadership of the Socialist Romanian Army did not dare to think of a military coup against Nicolae Ceaușescu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategy, tactic, management, and leadership together with war planning and direction, organization, psychological warfare, and war diplomacy encompass the art of war. Sun Tzu, a Chinese thinker of the 6th century BC, was the first person to discuss the Art of War. This research aimed to analyze his opinions on this topic and evaluate the military performance of the Messenger of God (SAW) based on his theory. Additionally, the present research tried to elucidate the strategic military of the Prophet (SAW) as a successful commander, stating that his proficiency was not acquired through formal military training or the teachings of renowned thinkers. The research question concerns identifying the extent to which the Prophet's performance in the war fields was consistent with Sun Tzu's thoughts on the art of war. This research, conducted using a historical and analytical approach and relying on data from ancient historical sources and an analysis of Sun Tzu's book entitled The Art of War, reveals that successful military strategies of the Prophet (SAW) can be attributed to the practical application of the principles and fundamentals of the art of war. There are numerous parallels between his strategy and the ideas of this renowned strategist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the ongoing struggle against American colonialism in Micronesia, specifically focusing on the Mariana Islands archipelago, Guåhan, and the Northern Mariana Islands. It discusses the opposition to US colonial control through challenges to militarism and environmental destruction. The article also addresses the impact of US military presence on the region, including threats from North Korea and China, as well as the environmental and health risks faced by local communities. It emphasizes the need for decolonization and sovereignty movements and highlights the resistance efforts of various community groups. The article also connects the struggles in Micronesia with opposition efforts in Okinawa and Hawai'i, emphasizing the importance of solidarity and challenging militarization throughout Oceania. The text further discusses the ongoing militarization and environmental destruction in Guåhan (Guam) and the Marianas archipelago, with a focus on the construction of a Live Fire Training Range Complex (LFTRC) that is causing damage to the land, including ancestral remains and a critical water source. Local community groups are organizing resistance and advocating for demilitarization and decolonization, while also forming connections with global struggles, such as the solidarity between the Marianas and Palestine. The text underscores the significance of Indigenous-led perspectives and actions in challenging militarism and colonialism. [Extracted from the article]

The Indications and Warnings subfield of intelligence has traditionally divided warnings into a dichotomy of “ambiguous” and “unambiguous” that gives policymakers a false sense of security. This article examines how unambiguous warning has been conceptualized and why it has become an inadequate planning tool that can lead to dire consequences in the quest for certainty. Using the 1973 Yom Kippur War and the Pearl Harbor attack as case studies, the article shows unambiguous warning is an inadequate planning tool that can lead to dire consequences in the quest for certainty. The article concludes with observations about the role of intelligence and the future of military planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of the Allies' grand strategy for the defeat of Japan in Southeast Asia usually focus on the discussions over Burma. This article examines the roles envisioned for the Bay of Bengal. It argues that operations within and based on the Bay of Bengal formed the basis of Allied strategy in Southeast Asia, but plans quickly diverged. The U.S. and China pushed for amphibious operations as part of the broader Burma campaign. Britain, however, wanted to use the Bay of Bengal as a springboard for operations into broader Southeast Asia. No party got what it wanted. Scrutinizing these strategic developments, however, provides a clearer understanding of the evolution of Southeast Asia's place in the Allies' grand strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strategic position of Spain during the Second World War favored the country becoming the scene of an important war of words; a propaganda battle that challenged powers such as France, Great Britain, the United States, and Germany. This article analyzes the intrinsic relationship between propaganda and neutrality, through a case study that places Spain at the center of foreign persuasion. On the one hand, the article includes an analysis of the foreign propaganda campaigns activated in the country throughout the Second World War. And, on the other hand, it includes an analysis of the relationship between propaganda and Allied military planning in Spain. In this sense, special consideration will be devoted to the concept of operational propaganda, a propaganda modality especially activated by Great Britain between 1941 and 1943. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a dynamic stochastic model of military workforce planning that incorporates uncertainties about personnel gains and losses across ranks. We then apply it to determine the probability of not meeting required targets as well as the resulting shortages and overages in the short, medium, and long terms along with the evaluation of policies to mitigate these risks. Our model allows decision makers to adjust recruiting and training practices to minimize the risk of not meeting target personnel levels as well as to value retention and reenlistment policies by calculating the expected marginal value of retaining additional service members. Moreover, it allows us to create a penalty function to optimize recruiting and training levels. The outcome is a tool to evaluate and ensure comprehensive force readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iran has carried out airstrikes on Israel in retaliation for an attack on its consulate in Damascus. The operation involved ballistic missiles and drones, targeting vital locations in occupied Palestine. Iran's adversaries have split into two camps, with some accusing Iran of coordinating the strike with Israel and the US, while others downplay its significance. The Israeli government claims that the attack was ineffective, but evidence suggests otherwise. The situation remains tense, with the possibility of further escalation. [Extracted from the article]

This paper explores the notion of strategic intelligence, namely with respect to leadership and business-oriented areas. Strategic intelligence is a researched concept that primarily concerns the collection and analysis of intelligence for policy and military planning, mainly at national and international levels, whereas this study of management and organizational decision-making application is an extension of that. This article's subject is the necessity for strategic intelligence, a crucial competence for leaders, managers, and companies striving to remain competitive, to be utilized and best leveraged in today's volatile and dynamic business contexts. This study follows a research design that includes a thorough literature review and bibliometric research, executed via VoSViewer, illustrating the concept of strategic intelligence from a leadership point of view as a driver of competitive advantage, enhanced by knowledge dynamics. Furthermore, this article points out that the limitations are acknowledged because the literature on the matter is limited, as strategic intelligence is relatively new to the business sector; moreover, more research is required to fully understand and use the potential of strategic intelligence in business growth. Overcoming these limitations and continuing to study the strategic intelligence concept could, on the one hand, use multiple platforms, such as scholarly articles or encyclopedias, and, on the other hand, support businesses in gaining a competitive edge and making informed decisions that can fuel their success in an ever-evolving market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a methodology for automated route determination in roadless terrains, optimizing it via digital elevation model (DEM) generalization, which forms the basis for route generation. Determining routes is a crucial aspect of planning and executing military or crisis management operations. The automated process employs highresolution DEM and vehicle tractive parameters to determine routes in real-time, enabling generation of passability maps in unexplored areas. DEM generalization, based on local slope variations, expedites processing by reducing elevation points. Validated through research, this approach achieves a significant time reduction (approximately three times) while preserving route accuracy. User-adjustable parameters enhance the versatility of the algorithms for military and crisis management planning operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an often-neglected aspect of defence and military planning: the presence of excess and excessive capabilities in certain areas, despite existing capability gaps elsewhere. Focusing on Estonia's recent experiences, the analysis reveals how unchecked excesses can lead to unwanted resource drain. The study highlights the critical need to address the risks associated with surplus capabilities, which can cause cost inefficiencies and hinder force development. Findings from the Estonian case study indicate that excess capabilities within the existing force structure accounted for an average of 10–25% of total resource requirements, and in the context of certain capabilities, this excess was even more. These findings are relevant to both military and non-military contexts and underscore the importance of continuous reassessment and optimization of resource use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates about reconstruction in Britain at the end of the Second World War included proposals to migrate up to half of the country's population across the Dominions. The advocates for mass migration included prominent figures in British civilian and military planning who were informed by anxieties about the consequences of a future war, the potential for demographic and trade imbalances to provoke social and economic problems, and concerns about Britain's place in the new balance of power. This article looks in detail at proposals to disperse millions of people from Britain by influential planner E.A.A. Rowse and Sir Henry Tizard, a prominent military scientist who held numerous high positions in the wartime and post-war governments. Proposals for mass migration on such a scale were outlandish and radical and have been somewhat dismissed in the historiography as a result, but a close analysis of these two interventions highlights how continuities in thinking about town planning and development in Britain intersected with those about migration and imperial development and were reframed by the emerging Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH, 2004–2017) was an unprecedented effort of Latin American peacekeeping. Nine countries contributed the majority of troops to the mission in which regional governments sought to handle a security crisis in their neighbourhood rather than leaving the lead to western countries. However, when the mission came to an end after thirteen years, peacekeeping faded from the regional and national security agendas, with the exception of Uruguay. How and why did MINUSTAH impact the region's current hesitation to engage in peace operations? To answer this question, the article draws on assemblage theory and uses data from policy documents, academic literature and previous research on peacekeeping in Latin America. I argue that contrary to what Latin America's current, limited peacekeeping engagement suggests, MINUSTAH produced significant changes in the region's political landscape. While these could have paved the way to greater involvement in peace operations, however, parallel developments shaped Latin American security policies and military planning at the expense of the region's future participation in UN peacekeeping. The article adds to existing scholarship by probing the conditions that drive the temporality of assemblages and provides a new perspective on Latin American peacekeeping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition between Germany and the West for access to Russian raw materials in 1918 reflected the exceptional importance of raw materials to both the war effort and to plans for the post-war. Anxieties about the weaknesses in their own strategies were reflected in reports on both sides about the enemy gaining access to Russian material when they themselves could not. These anxieties highlighted competing ideas about the ability of markets to allow coercive pressure to be exerted at a distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a response to a previous paper by Dr. Davie, discussing the logistical shortcomings of the Russian military during the initial stage of its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The author argues that the failure to capture Kyiv was not primarily due to logistical limitations, but rather the failure of the High Command's plan. The article highlights the 2008 reforms of the Russian armed forces as a factor contributing to both the failure of the plan and the logistical challenges faced by the military. The author also discusses the problems with Russia's armed forces, including lack of discipline, disorganization, and lack of coordination. The article concludes that the Russian military's structural limitations, combined with conjunctural issues and underestimation of Ukraine's willingness to fight, led to the failure of the invasion. [Extracted from the article]

Path searching is challenging problem in many domains such as simulation war games, robotics, military mission planning, computer generated forces (CGF), etc. Effectiveness problems in military route planning are related both with terrain modelling and path planning algorithms. These problems may be considered from the point of view of many criterions. It seems that two criterions are the most important: quality of terrain reflection in the terrain model and computational complexity of the on(off)-line path planning algorithm. The paper deals with two above indicated problems of route planning effectiveness. Comparison of approaches used in route planning is presented. The hybrid, terrain merging-based and partial path planning, approach for route planning in dynamically changed environment during simulation is described. It significantly increase effectiveness of route planning process. The computational complexity of the method is given and some discussion for using the method in the battlefield simulation is conducted. In order to estimate how many times faster we can compute problem for finding shortest path in network with n big squares (b-nodes) with relation to problem for finding shortest path in the network with V small squares (s-nodes) acceleration function is defined and optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the growing tensions between Russia and Ukraine and their impact on regional and global geopolitical dynamics, focusing on the importance of military organizational management in this complex situation. The confrontation between the two countries, fuelled by Moscow's geopolitical aspirations to consolidate its control over Ukraine, has escalated into a military conflict with far-reaching repercussions. Ukraine's rapprochement with the European Union and NATO has exacerbated tensions, generating indirect arms deliveries and threatening regional stability. In this context, military organisational management becomes crucial to manage and mitigate the escalation of the conflict. The capacity for strategic planning and coordination of military actions is essential to maintain stability and prevent wider conflict. Also, the ability to manage human and material resources effectively and strategically can influence the outcome and duration of conflict. In addition, it is important to stress that tensions between Russia and Ukraine not only have bilateral consequences, but also affect relations between Russia and NATO. Military management must therefore be adaptable and address the complex and interlinked challenges of this rapidly changing geopolitical context. The paper further argues that an appropriate approach to military organisational management can be essential for managing the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, as well as for maintaining regional and global stability in the face of the complex challenges of current geopolitical tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the growing tensions between Russia and Ukraine and their impact on regional and global geopolitical dynamics, focusing on the importance of military organizational management in this complex situation. The confrontation between the two countries, fuelled by Moscow's geopolitical aspirations to consolidate its control over Ukraine, has escalated into a military conflict with far-reaching repercussions. Ukraine's rapprochement with the European Union and NATO has exacerbated tensions, generating indirect arms deliveries and threatening regional stability. In this context, military organisational management becomes crucial to manage and mitigate the escalation of the conflict. The capacity for strategic planning and coordination of military actions is essential to maintain stability and prevent wider conflict. Also, the ability to manage human and material resources effectively and strategically can influence the outcome and duration of conflict. In addition, it is important to stress that tensions between Russia and Ukraine not only have bilateral consequences, but also affect relations between Russia and NATO. Military management must therefore be adaptable and address the complex and interlinked challenges of this rapidly changing geopolitical context. The paper further argues that an appropriate approach to military organisational management can be essential for managing the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, as well as for maintaining regional and global stability in the face of the complex challenges of current geopolitical tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article compares the safeguarding of monuments and immoveable works of art in Italy in the first years of World War II to the on-site protection undertaken in Ukraine during the Russian invasion and explores whether traditional or more innovative methods are being employed in Ukraine. Both the planning in advance of war and the implementation of protective measures amidst substantial obstacles are considered. The focus is placed on fixed works of art in churches and public statues. Special attention is given to the vulnerability of churches and their ornamentation during war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today’s wars and future conflicts, military leaders will face a wide variety of complex threats. They must be capable of addressing these threats in the context of Joint and multinational operations, and they must have the vision to understand how best to apply assets in a manner that will ultimately achieve US national policy aims. In short, leaders must employ operational art. A key question to ask is whether the United States—now that it has shifted its focus toward great power competition in an increasingly multipolar world—retains sufficient aptitude in operational art. A review of the history and development of operational art, as well as an assessment of its importance in a modern context, serves as a reminder of the nature and continuing relevance of operational art in a changing world. This article focuses on deriving classic lessons from operational art that will be relevant to American military planning vis-à-vis Russia, China, and smaller national and nonstate enemies in a counterinsurgency context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the life and contributions of Earl "Pete" Hancock Ellis, a Marine Corps officer who played a significant role in shaping the Marine Corps' mission and doctrine in the early 20th century. Ellis advocated for advanced base operations and amphibious assault missions, which were eventually embraced by the Navy and Marine Corps. His ideas were outlined in a document called "Advanced Base Operations in Micronesia," and he emphasized the need for specialized training in water and jungle warfare. While Ellis's contributions are acknowledged, the article emphasizes the collective effort and the role of other influential figures in shaping the Marine Corps' mission. [Extracted from the article]

Andalusia has always been important for the governments that came to power in the Islamic Maghreb. They employed measures for the establishment and continuation of their political power there. Among the governments that gained power in the Islamic Maghreb and established a powerful rule was the Almohads that emerged in the 6th century AH (12th century AD) and succeeded in establishing its political power in Andalusia. This descriptive-analytical research sought to identify the approach adopted regarding Andalusia in the power structure of the Almohads, considering the conditions of the sixth century. It also addressed how the Almohads managed to maintain their sovereignty in Andalusia. Research findings show that the Almohads were successful in establishing their rule in Andalusia by making appropriate military decisions and plans and were able to encounter political contenders and Christians. A problem that was implemented using military programs and played a role in establishing the political power of Almohads. This can be well analyzed in the way they faced political claimants and Christians in that region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the British Government's decision to establish the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa and how the Edwardian press presented its findings to the public. It will discuss how the Conservative media attempted to downplay the significance of the report and how the Liberal and Radical presses attempted to use it to raise questions about the Government's ability to manage crises and, by linking the failures of military planning to new Conservative economic and education policies, challenge the competency of the Colonial Secretary and powerful Unionist leader, Joseph Chamberlain. Finally, it will show how the press, regardless of political leaning, remained supportive of the military leadership which conducted the war effort despite it playing a significant role in the faulty planning and operational failures of 1899. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planned economy was a defining element of the Bolshevik dictatorship. In contrast to scholars who have located its intellectual roots in the classic texts of nineteenth-century Marxism, this essay situates the origins of economic planning in World War I. The text analyses the link between war and planning in Russian and German thought. In doing so, we argue that the Bolsheviks' positive assessment of the techniques of wartime mobilisation, influenced by the work of German economist Rudolf Hilferding, was foundational to their vision of organising the economy through the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the various ways humans acquire resources, including military, ideological, political, and economic means.

In the early stages of the Second World War, Spanish dictator Francisco Franco and key regime figures were tempted to enter the war on the Axis side. This temptation was a serious concern for British wartime strategy. This article studies the British military operations prepared to confront the possibility of Spain entering the war between 1940 and 1944. These operations aimed to protect Gibraltar, maintain access through the Strait of Gibraltar, and reduce the Axis threat to maritime communications in the eastern Atlantic. The article sheds new light on three issues: the balance of advantages and disadvantages that the plans entailed and the preparations to carry them out; the simultaneity of planned operations to cooperate with the Spanish Armed Forces and ones to confront them; and the importance of Spanish non-belligerence as a differential factor with respect to other neutral European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In examining the imperative role of resilience in military contexts, the focus of this research delves into the integration of robust financial management strategies and advanced communication technologies to bolster the adaptive capacity of military personnel during crisis situations. Drawing insights from the study on financial management strategies in insurance companies (Rasshyvalov, 2024), the research aims to extrapolate the applicability of risk identification, mitigation, and contingency planning in enhancing military resilience. Moreover, the comparison of communication technologies in flood risk assessment (Jasmeet Singh et al., 2024) provides a compelling framework for assessing the performance and cost-effectiveness of IoT-enabled systems in augmenting early warning mechanisms for military units. By synthesizing these perspectives, the research endeavors to construct a comprehensive thesis elucidating the multifaceted approach required to fortify military resilience, ultimately facilitating better decision-making, heightened endurance, and improved operational outcomes in adversarial environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"How to Fight a War" is a book by Mike Martin that serves as a strategic reference guide for commanders-in-chief of armed forces. Divided into three parts, the book covers important considerations at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of war. Martin emphasizes the importance of understanding intangible fundamentals such as strategy, intelligence, logistics, morale, and training, as well as tangible capabilities like land, sea, air, and space capabilities. While the book provides valuable insights into strategy, it does not address the complexity of strategy in contexts other than conventional warfare. Overall, "How to Fight a War" would be a useful resource for students of international security and strategic studies, as well as non-military professionals involved in security matters. [Extracted from the article]

Transformation of military doctrines in the context of asymmetric conflicts is an imperative to maintain the relevance and effectiveness of the military response to contemporary threats. This transformation requires a holistic approach that integrates technological innovations, international cooperation, interoperability, reflecting the dynamics and complexity of the global security environment. Military doctrine requires a foundation based on a thorough analysis of the existing threats and potential risks, provided that the asymmetric conflict imposes the need for a quick and adaptable reaction. Asymmetric conflicts differ from classic conflicts by involving a number of actors, and the integration of these actors in the planning and execution of military strategies can support post-conflict stabilization and reconstruction efforts, thus strengthening the resilience of communities and states facing asymmetric threats. Therefore, adapting military doctrines to the specifics of asymmetric conflicts is an ongoing process, which requires a flexible approach that allows military forces to respond effectively to a wide range of threats in a constantly changing security environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]