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Military personnel are exposed to various stressful factors that can cause irreparable damage to the persons' mental health. Resilience is a trait that can help military personnel resist stressful factors. Today, armies seek new ways to boost resilience in soldiers. One of the proposed and under-study methods is the use of nootropics or smart drugs. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of smart drugs on cognitive resilience. For this purpose, the literature review was conducted with the search of databases, including Google Scholar, IranMedex, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLIB, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Resilience is a multilateral framework that includes various aspects such as biologic, physiologic, and sociologic. Although some studies emphasize the efficacy of nootropics in enhancing cognitive functions through different pathways, clinical trials are still limited in this area. Despite preliminary evidence, some people suggest cognitive enhancement potential for certain compounds؛ but important questions such as safety, efficacy, and individual variability remain unanswered. More research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and potential interactions of nootropics on resilience and cognitive function. Also, long-term studies are necessary to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of these compounds, especially in the military population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dados - Revista de Ciências Sociais is the property of DADOS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Conspiracy theories spread through social and other media often bringing easy explanations of events that cannot be easily explained. Beliefs in conspiracy theories may lead to simplified and radical viewpoints that can negatively influence one's behavior and actions. The paper analyzes the association between beliefs in popular conspiracy theories spread through social media and work performance using the results of an authors' test of conspiracy theories applied to a sample of 178 students of the Faculty of Military Leadership, University of Defence in Brno, Czech Republic. The students were selected as representatives of high-profile professions that should be trained to deal with potential disinformation and conspiracy theories. The assumption was that the students would be generally immune to the impact of conspiracy theories. The analysis did not confirm a hypothesis that individuals with top work performance are less prone to beliefs in conspiracy theories than individuals with solid/poor work performance. The findings confirm the necessity to systematically train people working in high-profile professions to work with available information and deal with potential disinformation and conspiracy theories. The findings are useful in the HR management practice of organizations that care about the professional qualities of their people and encourage further research on the origin, spread, and impact of conspiracy theories in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a skin infection caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania and it transmitted by female phlebotomus mosquitoes. Military forces staff are part of vulnerable groups with high probability of contracting disease for reasons such as participating in military maneuver, deployment in border areas, outskirts of cities in endemic areas. Some studies show that the incidence rate of cutaneous leishmaniasis among military forces is higher than its incidence rate in the civilian population. The purpose of this study is to acquaint military forces with the epidemiology of the disease, clinical symptoms, vectors, reservoirs, and prevention and treatment methods that can prevent the disease. Methods and Materials: This review article has been performed through searching in national and international reliable databases using cutaneous leishmaniasis, military forces, prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis, uniforms stained with poison, and skin diseases keywords. Moreover, this research has been done by selecting 76 related articles until April 2024. Results: The most important axis in the control of cutaneous leishmaniasis is camps and maneuver along with other disease control and prevention programs including vaccine and drug production, improving the environment, fighting the vector, exterminating rats, improving awareness about the disease, particularly the ways of transmission and prevention methods such as the importance of using clothes or uniforms impregnated with insect repellants, repellants ointment, insecticides, mosquito nets impregnated with poison and the methods of using them, especially in endemic areas. Having the necessary and correct information is the first and most basic step to take any appropriate behavior to prevent contracting this disease. Teaching preventive behaviors of biting the cutaneous leishmaniasis vector can not only protect people from contracting this disease, but also protect the military in the battle scene against other diseases that the enemy may use insects as biological weapons and disease transmission. Discussion and Conclusion: In order to prevent contracting this disease for the military forces stationed in the barracks of endemic areas or the forces sent to these areas, providing the necessary equipment and health education classes on the topics of enhancing awareness of the methods of disease transmission, the importance of using uniforms impregnated with poisons, using mosquito nets impregnated with poison, using appropriate insect repellants on the skin of the hands, face and uncovered parts of body, particularly during rest and dressing the affected area should be planned and implemented for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fatigue, caused by prolonged standing activities, affects postural stability through disrupting somatosensory system functions. The application of sub-threshold mechanical vibration can enhance the sensitivity of the mechanical receptors in the sole of the feet. Improved sensory function leads to better movement control and balance. Therefore, this study investigated the effectiveness of vibration-based active insoles in reducing the impacts of fatigue on postural stability among military forces. Material and Methods: Each of the 20 healthy male participants of the study completed three standing balance tests: 1) on both legs, 2) on one leg, and 3) on one leg with a cognitive secondary task for two states of the vibration system (on and off), before and after a fatigue protocol, on a force plate. The activity of leg muscles was also monitored by electromyography (EMG). The mean as a linear index (amount) and the sample entropy (SaEn) as a non-linear index (structure) related to the resultant distance of the body’s center of pressure (CoPRD) displacements, as well as the normalized percentage of the muscle activity level (linear envelope), were used for statistical analyses. Results: Significant changes in most of the postural and muscular parameters were recorded after the fatigue protocol for the off-mode of the vibration system. Meanwhile, running the vibration system of active insoles was accompanied with no significant differences in the amount and structure of the CoPRD displacements, as well as the activity level of the lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles after fatigue, compared to the measurements before fatigue. Conclusion: The findings confirm the effectiveness of applying sub-threshold mechanical vibration to the sole of the foot in improving standing balance by reducing the negative effects of fatigue on postural stability parameters. Therefore, it is suggested that the use of active insoles can be an effective, feasible, and accessible ergonomic intervention to address fatigue among military forces.

This study aims to investigating the effect of climatic parameters on the concentration of suspended particles changes (less than micrometers) in Zabul and its relationship with the health of military forces. To conduct this research, climate parameters and PM concentration of Zabul weather station were used during a ۱۰-year period (۲۰۰۹-۲۰۱۹). Then, the air quality index was checked seasonally and monthly, and Pearson's coefficient was used to check the climatic parameters on changes in the concentration of suspended particles (less than ۱۰ micrometers). The results showed that the significant level obtained between PM۱۰ concentration and average relative humidity (-٠٠٤٢١), total annual rainfall (-٠,٤٥), average annual temperature (۰٫٥٩٦), maximum wind speed (۵۹۲۰۰۰) and with the number of days with dust and the number of visibility days less than km for Zabul station is ۰۰۸۰۱ and ٠٠٧٦٩ respectively. The investigation of the air quality index showed that the months of July and August have the most air pollution and December has the least air pollution. Considering the impact of PM concentration on health in many studies, it is suggested that the commanders should take the necessary steps in the correct use of shift work, periodic division of people in polluted areas and reduction of working time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Espacio is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: It has been suggested that the quality of our sleep plays a significant role in developing Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). However, limited research is available on the association between sleep quality and MetS. Aim and Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of MetS and its relationship with nutritional status and sleep quality in the military forces. Material and Methods: A total of 190 people were surveyed using various questionnaires, including demographic, PSQI, DASS, and FFQ questionnaires. One-variable logistic regression, t-test, and Chi-square were used to analyze data. Results: The study included a total of 169 out of 190 individuals surveyed. The subjects' average age was 35.78 years, with a median sleep quality score of 6.61 (SD=3.0). No statistically significant relationship was found between MetS and biochemical components, macronutrient intake, and sleep quality. For every unit increase in protein and carbohydrate consumption, the likelihood of experiencing poor sleep quality increased by 2% and reduced by 1%, respectively (p

Background: It has been suggested that the quality of our sleep plays a significant role in developing Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). However, limited research is available on the association between sleep quality and MetS. Aim and Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of MetS and its relationship with nutritional status and sleep quality in the military forces. Material and Methods: A total of 190 people were surveyed using various questionnaires, including demographic, PSQI, DASS, and FFQ questionnaires. One-variable logistic regression, t-test, and Chi-square were used to analyze data. Results: The study included a total of 169 out of 190 individuals surveyed. The subjects' average age was 35.78 years, with a median sleep quality score of 6.61 (SD=3.0). No statistically significant relationship was found between MetS and biochemical components, macronutrient intake, and sleep quality. For every unit increase in protein and carbohydrate consumption, the likelihood of experiencing poor sleep quality increased by 2% and reduced by 1%, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our study found no significant relationship between sleep quality, MetS, biochemical components, or macronutrient intake. We recommend further research evaluating hormone levels or other factors affecting sleep quality and MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the perspective of some retired officers of the Colombian Armed Forces in relation to the violence produced after the Peace Agreement with the FARCEP, signed in 2016. For this purpose, the most relevant points of the agreement on this issue are analyzed, and aspects such as the proliferation of dissidence, drug trafficking or the difficulties to co-opt the territory inscribed in the geography of violence are addressed. As a result, there is a relative feeling of suspicion and skepticism that, in any case, includes elements of self-criticism and the need for transformation. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the understanding of the perspective of the military, who offer a valuable contribution to strengthen the State's response in the management of the internal armed conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the default of French imperialism in the Indochina War, the military created the thesis that its war doctrine was not prepared to face this threat: an internal enemy that would be acting in favor of communism. This thesis arrived in Brazil in 1960 and some segments of the press played their part in publicizing it, contributing to the legitimization of the 1964 coup d'état. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Zealand and Singapore are both capable small states with notably different security and defence concerns. The relative level of commitment that Singapore provides to its military forces in comparison to New Zealand is not only a reflection of the tremendous economic, social and technological development that has occurred in the city state since its independence, but is also due the different perceptions, discretion and motivation that each state has regarding the role and utility of their military instruments. The differences in their military capabilities also reflect how each has responded to their particular circumstances as small states. New Zealand has, to a large extent, worked within the constraints expected of small states while Singapore has striven to overcome them. However, the military capabilities of both states are significantly influenced by their characteristics as small states, and these form the basis of the challenges that they are likely to face going forward. This article examines key factors and elements underpinning why New Zealand and Singapore have developed markedly different military forces in the period from 1965 to 2022 in order to understand the extent to which their characteristics as small states have influenced their respective approaches to force development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We demonstrate a new approach to conducting a military force structure study under uncertainty. We apply the stochastic preemptive goal program approach, described by Ledwith et al., to balance probabilistic goals for military force effectiveness and the force's cost. We use the Bayesian Enterprise Analytic Model (BEAM), as described in "Probabilistic Analysis of Complex Combat Scenarios," to evaluate effectiveness, expressed in terms of the probability of achieving campaign objectives, in three hypothetical scenarios. We develop cost estimates along with their uncertainty to evaluate the force's research and development, production, and annual operating and support costs. Our summary depicts how the trade-off between various prioritized goals influences the recommended robust force. Our approach enables defense leaders to balance risk in both force effectiveness in various scenarios along with risk in different types of cost categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the education of the Colombian Armed Forces in the context of the post-happening phase of the Havana (Cuba) peace agreement and whether this has been assimilated by the members of the Military and Police Forces to propose guidelines for the transformation of the Armed Forces based on the educational and doctrinal training of its members. In this sense, the education of the Colombian Public Force will be approached from the jus post bellum, based on three fundamental aspects: in the first place, the implications of the jus post bellum in the members of the Public Force and the challenges posed by education, for which descriptive and quantitative techniques were used, such as the survey to investigate military personnel of senior officers (Army, Navy, and Air Force), who are taking their related training courses for the immediately superior promotion grade. Secondly, with a proposal of strategies for the transformation of the Armed Forces through education in a jus post bellum environment in Colombia, and thirdly, with guidelines to define a graduate profile for the military and police, in the framework of the post-agreement, from the educational processes of the different Forces, in alignment with the Education Policy for the Public Force (Pefup). The document has a socio-legal approach, for which the documentary review model was applied in its construction, supported by the inductive method, through the analysis and description of constitutional texts and some jurisprudential developments, especially those of the Constitutional Court. Likewise, fieldwork (surveys) was considered, a contact established with a determined population of senior officers of the Colombian Military Forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CIVILIZAR: Ciencias Sociales y Humanas is the property of Universidad Sergio Arboleda and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reflexión Politica is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga, UNAB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Military forces are exposed to various kinds of special diseases for their occupational condition. As an academic discipline, Military Medicine serves to meet the healthcare needs of the forces. Professional Military Medicine has started working nearly from modern wars time in the 20th century. Regarding the growing global trends of war, terrorism, and natural disasters as well as modern changes in war strategies, weapons, and their consequences, Military Medicine is undergoing an evolution process. This review study was conducted to investigate the role and place of Military Medicine and the related approaches, medical curriculum, and the priority of developing specialized academic subfields of Military Medicine in Iran. Military physicians are in great need of knowledge, attitude, and skills. Today, Military Medicine includes a specialized approach, mobility, resuscitation, and stabilization of the injured as well as pre-hospital practices. Developing a specialized field for military emergency medicine with a special curriculum has been a priority in Iran that can meet the requirements of military forces for successful missions. Medical medicine departments of Military Medicine schools require new educational plans and curricula with specialized Military Medicine approaches and developments based on emerging needs. The most appropriate and the best option for military missions and emergencies in Iran is the physicians educated and specialized in Military Medicine.

The aim of this article is to study the structure of organizational commitment as well as the psychological and behavioral mechanisms behind it among groups of military and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Based on the assertion that the army has an authoritarian (directive) style of management characterized by principles of unity of command and high centralization of leadership, in this work with the purpose of getting the sincere answers and reliable results the preference was given to the psycholinguistic method of research, namely, free association experiment. The results of the study proved that there are significant differences in the structure of organizational commitment when it comes to the position of individuals in the military hierarchy, that is, whether they hold a military/civilian position or are just beginning their military career as cadets. Dominant element in the structure of organizational commitment of civilian personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is affective commitment, in relation to servicemen it is continuance commitment, in relation to cadets it is normative commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military forces are exposed to various kinds of special diseases for their occupational condition. As an academic discipline, Military Medicine serves to meet the healthcare needs of the forces. Professional Military Medicine has started working nearly from modern wars time in the 20th century. Regarding the growing global trends of war, terrorism, and natural disasters as well as modern changes in war strategies, weapons, and their consequences, Military Medicine is undergoing an evolution process. This review study was conducted to investigate the role and place of Military Medicine and the related approaches, medical curriculum, and the priority of developing specialized academic subfields of Military Medicine in Iran. Military physicians are in great need of knowledge, attitude, and skills. Today, Military Medicine includes a specialized approach, mobility, resuscitation, and stabilization of the injured as well as pre-hospital practices. Developing a specialized field for military emergency medicine with a special curriculum has been a priority in Iran that can meet the requirements of military forces for successful missions. Medical medicine departments of Military Medicine schools require new educational plans and curricula with specialized Military Medicine approaches and developments based on emerging needs. The most appropriate and the best option for military missions and emergencies in Iran is the physicians educated and specialized in Military Medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the historical legacy of the U.S. –Colombia binational strategy known as Plan Colombia, its impact on the structure of Colombia‘s military forces and the decrease in cocaine production in the period 1999-2012 through an analysis of the successes and failures of the strategies employed and the political, social, economic and military context of the time. By employing a case study methodology, the article identifies the reasons for the increase of state capacity in the defense sector, the weakening and dismantling of the structures of illegal organizations and the significant reduction of coca crops, thus providing theoretical inputs for the structuring, design and implementation of future strategies to manage complex security and defense issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the normative structure of Article 57 of Law 1862 of 2017, which structures the Military Forces' disciplinary non-legality, establishing discipline, probity, and service and state purposes as legal goods seemingly incompatibly with the foundations of criminal law. To this end, it reviews the differences between the normative structures and purposes of the disciplinary regime and criminal law. Criminal law seeks to protect legal goods through objective assessment standards, while disciplinary law seeks to establish a model of conduct in public servants through subjective standards of determination. In the end, it advocates interpreting this law's interests as personal duties and not legal goods, following the disciplinary regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the Colombian Armed Forces' operations in the 1932-1933 Colombian-Peruvian border conflict and the negotiations before and after the ratification of the Salomón-Lozano Treaty of 1922 between the two countries. To this end, a documentary review of press reports at the time and other historical sources is carried out to verify to what extent this conflict determined the bilateral relations between the two countries. The results show that Colombia's diplomatic and military strategy in handling the resolution of the conflict enhanced the development of the Colombian Armed Forces, positioning the country before the international community and the region as a strong nation with good diplomatic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar (RUHM) is the property of Centro de Estudios de la Guerra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As world enter the twenty-first century, USA have an unprecedented opportunity to make its nation safer and more prosperous. Nevertheless, today America faces a world of rising nationalism, receding democracy, growing rivalry with China, Russia and a technological revolution that is reshaping every aspect of lives. Created situation requires a new and broader understanding of national security, one that recognizes its strength and vitality at home. America lead with diplomacy and renew commitment to global development and international cooperation, while also making smart, disciplined investments in national defense. USA make effort to modernize national security institutions and processes, while ensuring to take advantage of the full diversity of talents required to address existing complex challenges. Building upon America’s unmatched strengths, the main national security’s architecture objectives are to enhance security with effective diplomacy and with military forces that are ready to fight and win, to bolster America’s economic prosperity and to promote democracy abroad. Achieving these objectives, USA remains engaged abroad and work with partners, to promote peace and prosperity. America’s leadership is used to harness global forces of integration, reshape existing security, economic and political structures necessary for its interests and values to thrive.

Copyright of Journal of Military Medicine is the property of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The entrepreneurship process begins with identifying opportunities. Understanding the process of identifying future opportunities with the help of foresight is especially important for IT businesses. The sequential exploratory mixed method research (quantitative-qualitative) took place. The first part of the research is a systematic review of articles related to identifying opportunities and interviewing entrepreneurship and futures studies experts. Opportunity identification steps use 17 methods in three dimensions: perception, prediction, and expansion. Then, by using the SPSS24 software and analyzing the collected questionnaires, the dimensions of the framework were confirmed. The results of factor analysis revealed that the steps of foresight (input-analysis-output) are equal to the steps of opportunity identification. Finally, using the first phase of the framework (environmental analysis), they were initially identified by rating the reports on digital health technology trends for the military and their main ones were ranked so the three trends in telemedicine, patient-centered care and wearable technologies will be the most important trends over the next five years.

States comply with international treaties because they have negotiated, signed and ratified them; however, organized armed groups are not part of these processes and still have the obligation to comply with the basic rules of war. This document maintains that International Humanitarian Law must be respected by all those involved in a conflict; furthermore, it provides arguments for organized armed groups to commit to a norm that they have not directly accepted. International Humanitarian Law as a norm erga omnes shows a specific character and application, therefore it applies to all citizens, it is a customary norm by which it obliges all individuals to respect the norm. Finally, an armed group regroups the citizens of a country, so they must respect the rules established for the State.

The description of the epidemiological indicators of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), such as the mortality rate (MR), the case fatality rate (CFR), and the attack rate (AR), as well as the geographical distribution and daily case reports, are used to evaluate the impact that this virus has had within the Colombian Army and its health system. As military forces around the world represent the force that defends sovereignty, independence, the integrity of the national territory, and the constitutional order, while maintaining migration controls in blocked border areas during this critical pandemic times, they must carry out strict epidemiological surveillance to control the situation among the servicemen. Up to date, the Colombian Army has faced a very high attack rate (AR = 8.55%) due, among others, to living conditions where active military personnel share bedrooms, bathrooms, and dining facilities, which facilitate the spread of the virus. However, being a mainly young and healthy population, the MR was 1.82 deaths/1,000 ha, while the CFR = 2.13% indexes consistently low if compared with those values reported for the national population. In addition, the effectiveness of vaccination is shown in daily cases of COVID-19, where, for the third peak, the active military population presented a decrease of positive patients compared to the dynamics of national transmission and the total population of the military forces (active, retired, and beneficiaries).

The starting point for this paper is the Colombian “success story”. That is, the claim that a transition has taken place from a problematic conflict situation to a successful post-conflict one. As the debates about the Colombian success story revolve around the presence or absence of violence, a proposal is made here to think of the postconflict period in terms of the transformation of the rules on the use of violence. The main aspects of the professionalisation programme accelerated and deepened via the Plan Colombia are analysed in an attempt to grasp the terms under which the Colombian military’s expertise is understood. Finally, the reorganisation of violence in the postconflict period is discussed by mapping out the main features of military training programmes in the context of peace.

Current developments in the area of neuroenhancement pose multiple ethical and societal questions. Improvements in general cognitive capacities can have important positive effects. With the use of several interventions, ranging from pharmaceutics through microsurgery to non-invasive and invasive methods, new possibilities of enhancing human abilities can be achieved. Yet, they have to be critically evaluated from the point of view of both individual and societal consequences that are involved. The aim of this paper is to address societal benefits and challenges that are related to these interventions. These new developments, especially in the specific area of their military application, pose important questions with regard to safety of their use, long-term results, coercion to use them, and issues of inequality. Often, these consequences are unforeseeable at the present moment and can greatly interfere with development of both individuals and societies. Therefore, as in both areas – civilian and military – the long-term consequences are still difficult to predict, prudency is prescribed. Consequently, any use of the methods of enhancement should be under exceptional scrutiny from the ethical as well as legal and social point of view.

The American forces have been conducting a policy of energetic transition for about fifteen years, based on two pillars : self-production, or at least consumption, of renewable energies, and conversion to biofuels. Their motivations are mainly strategic and economic. Launched at the federal level, this policy has been assimilated differently by the three forces according to what constitutes their largest item of energy expenditure. The U.S. Army has encouraged the production of renewable energy on its bases and launched a programme to convert its terrestrial vehicles to electricity. The Navy has strongly committed to develop biofuels but failed to get the industry massively produce biofuels at a competitive price to meet the military demand. As for the Air Force, its efforts did not really get beyond the certification of its planes. In 2015, the forces could produce about 82 % of the total renewable energy consumption, but only 3.6 % of the total electricity consumption of the Department of defense. Therefore, the forces increased the productive capacity of their projects. With the Republicans in power, programmes were halted, and priorities modified. But the forces perceive the renewable energies as way to strengthen their resilience and their strategic autonomy, that is why they have pursued their actions, in a more discrete way.

To the national Colombia Army, the management of its resources in technology is a topic of vital importance since it contributes to the proper development of the military force. The objective of this study is to propose a mathematical method that allows the institution to select, in a hierarchical and objective manner, proposals for technological innovations, this priority is to be presented to the Defense Ministry for the investment study based on the national budget. The proposed model is based on two heuristics used in technology evaluation, these methods are: the comparison by pairs and the analysis of the Eisenhower Matrix, the model consists in organizing the proposals of investment of technological innovations from major to minor according to various weighting criteria, ultimately considering its cost; this prioritization is achieved through decision parameters detailed in the proposed methodology, which has the following advantages: standardizing the process and eliminating possible biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disruption of the circadian rhythm also has significant influences on the exercise function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the effects of circadian rhythm on physical fitness and athletic performance in military personnel. Methodology: An online search was done in web of science (WoS), Ovid, Scopus and PubMed (MeSH) databases with the following combination of keywords: "chronobiology" AND "performance of military" AND "exercise". Results: A total of articles were identified, physical fitness and sport performance of military forces is severely affected by the science of chronobiology and 24-h circadian rhythm. In humans, these articles showed circadian rhythm with affects on performance of various organs in the body, such that the body temperature, heart rate, hormonal secretion, electrolyte excretion, blood pressure, plasma tyrosine concentrations, free amino acids, cholesterol production and even behavior can affect physical fitness and athletic performance in the military force. Conclusions: Based on the analyzed articles, it is concluded that circadian rhythm has a significant effect on exercise performance, aerobic and anaerobic power, muscular endurance and flexibility, and hormonal secretion. For this reason, it is recommended to the organizers of the competitions and coaches should take into consideration the effects of circadian rhythm on the athletic performance of the military, the scheduling of competitions and exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development is the starting point in the discussion on policies and development plans in the academic, political, and economic fields; for both emerging and developed countries. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the importance of this concept in the Colombian context, since it seeks to champion a large part of its national interests, since promoting projects that are sustainable, and, therefore, more friendly to the environment must be one of his focuses of interest. In this order, the importance of water as a natural resource that ensures an adequate standard of living is highlighted, especially because it is one of the fundamental conditions for survival, in addition to the threats that exist around its use and / or consumption. . Based on the above, this work presents the analysis and achievement of the review of bibliographic sources, which intends to suggest some strategic environmental guidelines, which are assertive to achieve some of the sustainable development objectives through the protection of the Water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines family functionality, coping strategies, and social support to expound on marital stability in the Military Forces, challenged by the commissions that affect marital relationships. To this end, a survey was conducted with 255 physically separated maritally joined military men and women. Various instruments were used to measure the variables according to command, type of union, and marriage length. The results indicate a correlation between marital stability and family functionality, social support attainment, and spiritual support. The variable with the most significant impact on marital stability is family functionality. The military members with a de facto marital union reported greater stability than those with a religious or civil union. Thus, the family functionality of military personnel should be strengthened to support their marital stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The text is exploring, with some details, several topics directly connected to the impact of the CO VID-19 pandemic on the U.S. military forces. The text offers some data concerning the pace of the pandemic within the ranks of the U.S. military forces of all sorts. Some consequences of the pandemic are explored as well -for example, different types of activities, including major international military exercises, have been delayed or even postponed. Some activities of the U.S. armed forces in actively coping with the pandemic are explored as well (help offered, in different ways, to non-military authorities and local communities, vaccination program, increased protection of military forces, etc.). In the end, as far as we can understand, the high-level resilience of the military forces prevailed, on most occasions we know about, and in the opening stages of 2021, a quite significant part of the massive shock generated by the pandemic in its early stages has broadly been coped with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed at codifying a native model of civil-military coordination (CIMIC) in natural disasters in Iran. Methods: This manuscript is a part of a larger study. The present cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 using a two-stage Delphi technique. The factors confirmed by the technique were prioritized via a pairwise questionnaire. In doing so, 24 elites and experts in civil-military coordination were presented with the indicators in the course of classic Delphi technique and pairwise comparison. At the end, the nationalized model was finalized by sending the model to ten experts and asking their ideas. Results: The results obtained from the two rounds of Delphi indicated that 36 coordination factors could be classified into three primary classes of staff, stuff, and system. All factors were confirmed by the experts. Considering the weight of each class, “staff” and “stuff” classes were considered to be the highest and lowest priorities, respectively. Conclusion: Application of the coordination factors in the context of military and civil organizations leads to a better response to natural disasters. The organizations in charge of responding to disasters should be obliged to apply this model in the highest organizational commitment level as the final goals of disaster management. The results of the present study can be applied for codification of a comprehensive plan for assessing the civil-military coordination in natural disasters.

Departing from two qubba-s, beehive-like tombs from the 19th century in the centre of Khartoum, the author portrays the complicated sequence of power politics in Egypt and in the Sudan, which 'explains' the existence of those two burial monuments in an area where most such monuments were destroyed after the Mahdi's conquest in 1885. These qubba-s are grave monuments of two nineteenth century Circassian governors-general of the Sudan in the service of Viceroy Muhammad 'Ali and his descendants. In the qubba-s can be seen the passing of an extraordinary age of Circassian prominence in the Nile Valley. Several events contributed to the end of the Circassian importance in international affairs in general and in Egypt in particular, including (a) the elimination of Mamluk recruitment; (b) the conquest of a divided Circassia by Russia; (c) the exile of many Circassians to Turkey, Jordan, and other points in the Middle East; (d) the growth of Arab nationalism in Egypt and other parts of the Ottoman Empire; and (e) the momentous changes in the power structure of the Ottoman government that culminated in the revolution of the Young Turks. (Ed.)

The article analyzes the reaction of the Lithuanian Armed Forces Command to the Communist putsch in Tallinn in 1924. News to the Lithuanian Armed Forces command about the communist uprising in Tallinn was reached through diplomatic channels, newspapers published in Lithuania and the Political Police. Following the events in Estonia, the Lithuanian Armed Forces Command realized the danger of a communist uprising in Lithuania and developed military plans to suppress a possible communist uprising. According to these plans, units of the Armed Forces and Lithuanian Riflemen’s Union had to protect the most important state objects (railway lines, highways, bridges, stations, state institutions, banks, prisons, postal, telephone and telegraph stations), ensure their functioning during the Communist uprising anywhere in Lithuania and we ready to fight Communist uprising. The entire territory of Lithuania, according to the borders of the Military Garissons, was divided into security areas, and arial commanders were appointed, in each area the most important objects of the state were identified and divisions of troops and rifles were assigned to protect them.

The history of cohesion introduction is refer to famous janowits and shills article about cohesion and rupture. This article was published in 1948. According to them, cohesion is a unique form of combat motivation that provides by interpersonal relationship and cohesion is means motivation. The purpose of this study is exploring and identifying factors providing group cohesion in military forces according to Imam Ali (p) statements in Nahj-Albalagheh. The study type is application and for extract factors and confirmation of them, mix method was used. In qualitative section, with coding of Imam Ali (p) statements, 31 main code for creating group cohesion was identified and in quantitative section with regard to the qualitative sections data, 243 respondents was completed the researcher made questionnaire. To determine the sample size, Cochran formula was used. Questionnaire validation was confirmed by content and structure methods with structural equation modelling. Questionnaire reliability was confirmed by cronbach alpha. Results show that inter-organizational and out of organization factors creating the group cohesion. Governor, administrator and people is about out of organization factors and commanders, military personnel and staffing system is about inter-organizational factors. Among them, commanders have the most effect and people has the least effect on creation group cohesion.

Colombian military forces play a very important role framed within the defense of the national security and State's interests; it has also acquired an important role within society by developing labors and functions that, within several aspects, are not of their correspondence. Taking into account the functions proper to their activities and executions, the main purpose of this article is to display them and see how they detach in the operational realm, which is why an analysis of the public policies of the 2010-2022 period is necessary; this period condensates this change and is the period in which the conditions that propitiated the conjunctural factors and their political and economical problems are visible. For this, a comparison was performed to determine the existing inflexion in the public policies and thus establishing the changes and restrictions. The methodology employed for this was exploratory at the beginning and later explicative in its development and analysis, using secondary data collecting techniques, i.e., because of how unexplored this topic is in Colombia, we felt compelled to expose it, and this leads us to seek for reliable sources that tried to explain the topic from other perspectives; we then moved forward to the explanation of the hypothesis raised about it regarding the phenomenon in question (Hernández, Fernández-Collado y Baptista, 1997, pp. 44-52), taking into account that the sources were based on alternative data and analyzed public policies that tackled national security and national defense topics. Finally, an analysis of the results was performed and conclusions were made to answer the research question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Studies of Lithuania's History is the property of Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)