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Foundation model has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to the military field due to its powerful capabilities in natural language understanding, logical reasoning, and text generation. This paper reviews related technologies of large language models, including architectural and modeling, adaption and fine-tuning, and prompting and learning, as well as the current status of the development of typical multimodal foundation models. It conducts a deep analysis of the characteristics of mainstream domestic and international military application platforms that utilize foundation models, and designs typical task scenarios and capability requirements for military applications of large models. Then, challenges of military foundation models are discussed. Finally, the key common technologies in military applications are summarized. Hopefully, our work can be beneficial for the design of significant military applications based on foundation model technologies and researches of actual combat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of clothing towards functionalization and intelligence has led to increasing attention on wearable smart garments. In modern military combat systems, the smart sensing fabric plays crucial role in soldiers' combat attire. It possesses characteristics of perception, feedback, response, as well as the softness and wearability of textiles. This enables it to detect changes in the external environment and make corresponding adjustments to meet specific needs. In the military field, smart sensing fabrics can more comfortably and safely monitor soldiers health status while playing an important role in battlefield information perception, combat command, and other aspects. It can monitor soldiers' physiological states, environmental changes, and battlefield situations in a real-time manner, providing commanders with timely and accurate information support to enhance soldiers survivability and combat effectiveness. The smart sensing fabric integrates various types of sensors with fabric substrates to perceive and monitor various physical or environmental parameters, converting them into readable electrical signals. Featureing excellent flexibility, stretchability, and wearability, it is able to conform to various human body curves and irregular shapes, meeting the demands of different application scenarios, especially suitable for scenarios requiring flexible measurement of strain or pressure. This article systematically reviews the research progress in recent years on textile-based strain sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors and humidity sensors, and the application of smart sensing textiles in military equipment. It also analyzes issues such as data security, washability, stability, and reliability of data transmission. Therefore, the smart sensing fabric demonstrates tremendous development potential and diverse applications in the military equipment field, such as monitoring soldiers' physiological states, battlefield environments, and movement postures. As textile technology advances and intelligent technologies continue to evolve, smart sensing fabrics will achieve more innovations in materials, functions, and structures. They will not only become lighter, softer, and more comfortable but also integrate more sensors and intelligent components for more precise and comprehensive perception and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used for missions in dynamic environments. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) can find effective strategies for multiple agents that need to cooperate to complete the task. In this article, the challenge of controlling the movement of a fleet of UAVs is addressed by Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MARL). The collaborative movement of the UAV fleet can be controlled centrally and also in a decentralized fashion, which is studied in this work. We consider a dynamic military environment with a fleet of UAVs, whose task is to destroy enemy targets while avoiding obstacles like mines. The UAVs inherently come with a limited battery capacity directing our research to focus on the minimum task completion time. We propose a continuous-time-based Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm for multi-aGent Learning In Dynamic Environments (GLIDE). In GLIDE, the UAVs coordinate among themselves and communicate with the central base to choose the best possible action. The action control in GLIDE can be controlled in a centralized and decentralized way, and two algorithms called Centralized-GLIDE (C-GLIDE), and Decentralized-GLIDE (D-GLIDE) are proposed on this basis. We developed a simulator called UAV SIM, in which the mines are placed at randomly generated 2D locations unknown to the UAVs at the beginning of each episode. The performance of both the proposed schemes is evaluated through extensive simulations. Both C-GLIDE and D-GLIDE converge and have comparable performance in target destruction rate for the same number of targets and mines. We observe that D-GLIDE is up to 68% faster in task completion time compared to C-GLIDE and could keep more UAVs alive at the end of the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, as the first in a series of articles, we look at cognitive intelligence, in particular the potential for cognitive enhancement in the military and the relationship with AI. This article provides the theoretical foundation for the second part, in which practical results and further research are analysed. By 2024, exploring the potential applications of artificial intelligence (AI) will have become a key area of civil and military research. New machine learning techniques and new computational skills have allowed previously unimaginable abilities to be explored. The results achieved have made dreams that were previously thought unattainable achievable and further results are expected in the near future.

In the first part of the series of articles, we dealt with the theoretical foundations of cognitive intelligence, including primarily the possibilities of increasing military cognitive performance and the relationship between AI. Every military in the world uses some form of general cognitive intelligence assessment to place recruits in the right jobs. In the assessment, one form of examination is the examination of cognitive ability. The purpose of this article is to explore whether military cognitive intelligence assessments can actually work. Accordingly, in this second part, after the theoretical approach of the first part, we want to prove our hypothesis with practical examples, according to which cognitive intelligence can decisively influence the execution of tasks in armies, so it can be a decisive condition for successfully fighting a war.

Starting with the concept, principle and classification of AI technology, this article focuses on the analysis of three main scenarios and eight key directions of AI military applications. It comprehensively uses the maturity evaluation method of technology patent analysis and the Gartner technology maturity curve to evaluate the maturity of eight key directions of AI military applications.

The automatic stealth task of military time-sensitive targets plays a crucial role in maintaining national military security and mastering battlefield dynamics in military applications. We propose a novel Military Time-sensitive Targets Stealth Network via Real-time Mask Generation (MTTSNet). According to our knowledge, this is the first technology to automatically remove military targets in real-time from videos. The critical steps of MTTSNet are as follows: First, we designed a real-time mask generation network based on the encoder-decoder framework, combined with the domain expansion structure, to effectively extract mask images. Specifically, the ASPP structure in the encoder could achieve advanced semantic feature fusion. The decoder stacked high-dimensional information with low-dimensional information to obtain an effective mask layer. Subsequently, the domain expansion module guided the adaptive expansion of mask images. Second, a context adversarial generation network based on gated convolution was constructed to achieve background restoration of mask positions in the original image. In addition, our method worked in an end-to-end manner. A particular semantic segmentation dataset for military time-sensitive targets has been constructed, called the Military Time-sensitive Target Masking Dataset (MTMD). The MTMD dataset experiment successfully demonstrated that this method could create a mask that completely occludes the target and that the target could be hidden in real time using this mask. We demonstrated the concealment performance of our proposed method by comparing it to a number of well-known and highly optimized baselines.

Starting with the concept, principle and classification of AI technology, this article focuses on the analysis of three main scenarios and eight key directions of AI military applications. It comprehensively uses the maturity evaluation method of technology patent analysis and the Gartner technology maturity curve to evaluate the maturity of eight key directions of AI military applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the assessment of the levels of radiated electromagnetic interference by commercial UAVs in the context of their popular use for various military tasks. The test was conducted in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 6 GHz, in an electromagnetically anechoic chamber, in accordance with the procedures provided for this type of checks. Apart from the control frequencies (which of course exceed the standards), it can be said that most of the tested UAVs using brushless motors do not exceed the emission levels specified by the military standard MIL-STD-461G. This opens the way to the use of COTS UAV as a carrier of electronic systems for the tasks of recognizing sources of radio signals in the investigated band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses minimizing the effect of external mechanical vibration on hydraulic valves in different military hydraulic drive systems. The current research work presents an analysis of the potential to reduce vibration on the valve casing by installing a valve flexibly on a vibrating surface, i.e., by introducing a material with known stiffness and damping characteristics between the valve casing and the vibrating surface – a steel spring package or special cushions made of elastomer material or of oil-resistant rubber. The article also demonstrates that elastomer cushions placed inside the valve casing – between the casing and the centering springs – can be used as a supplementary or alternative solution in the analyzed method for mitigating the transfer of vibrations. By using materials with appropriately selected elastic and dissipative properties, the effectiveness of vibro-isolation can be increased. The presented theoretical analyzes by linear and non-linear mathematical models have been verified experimentally.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used for missions in dynamic environments. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) can find effective strategies for multiple agents that need to cooperate to complete the task. In this article, the challenge of controlling the movement of a fleet of UAVs is addressed by Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MARL). The collaborative movement of the UAV fleet can be controlled centrally and also in a decentralized fashion, which is studied in this work. We consider a dynamic military environment with a fleet of UAVs, whose task is to destroy enemy targets while avoiding obstacles like mines. The UAVs inherently come with a limited battery capacity directing our research to focus on the minimum task completion time. We propose a continuous-time-based Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm for multi-aGent Learning In Dynamic Environments (GLIDE). In GLIDE, the UAVs coordinate among themselves and communicate with the central base to choose the best possible action. The action control in GLIDE can be controlled in a centralized and decentralized way, and two algorithms called Centralized-GLIDE (C-GLIDE), and Decentralized-GLIDE (D-GLIDE) are proposed on this basis. We developed a simulator called UAV SIM, in which the mines are placed at randomly generated 2D locations unknown to the UAVs at the beginning of each episode. The performance of both the proposed schemes is evaluated through extensive simulations. Both C-GLIDE and D-GLIDE converge and have comparable performance in target destruction rate for the same number of targets and mines. We observe that D-GLIDE is up to 68% faster in task completion time compared to C-GLIDE and could keep more UAVs alive at the end of the task.

Starlink is the only giant constellation in low Earth orbit currently being rapidly deployed. This paper analyzes the advantages and characteristics of low orbit satellite communication and summarizes Starlink construction and system architecture. The Satellite Toolkit (STK) is used to model and simulate 1 584 satellites of the first stage "Group 1". Then, according to the networking mode of Starlink satellite equipped with laser communication payload, Dijkstra algorithm is used to solve the shortest inter-satellite communication link distance between any two Starlink satellites. Thus, the theoretical shortest communication delay is calculated. The average communication delay from Hawaii Camp Smith to the Yokota Air Base is 42.700 749 2 ms. Based on the simulation results, the military application of Starlink in communication is predicted.

The article presents the assessment of the levels of radiated electromagnetic interference by commercial UAVs in the context of their popular use for various military tasks. The test was conducted in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 6 GHz, in an electromagnetically anechoic chamber, in accordance with the procedures provided for this type of checks. Apart from the control frequencies (which of course exceed the standards), it can be said that most of the tested UAVs using brushless motors do not exceed the emission levels specified by the military standard MIL-STD-461G. This opens the way to the use of COTS UAV as a carrier of electronic systems for the tasks of recognizing sources of radio signals in the investigated band.

Starlink is the only giant constellation in low Earth orbit currently being rapidly deployed. This paper analyzes the advantages and characteristics of low orbit satellite communication and summarizes Starlink construction and system architecture. The Satellite Toolkit (STK) is used to model and simulate 1 584 satellites of the first stage " Group 1". Then, according to the networking mode of Starlink satellite equipped with laser communication payload, Dijkstra algorithm is used to solve the shortest inter-satellite communication link distance between any two Starlink satellites. Thus, the theoretical shortest communication delay is calculated. The average communication delay from Hawaii Camp Smith to the Yokota. Air Base is 42. 700 7492 ms. Based on the simulation results, the military application of Starlink in communication is predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground military target recognition plays a crucial role in unmanned equipment and grasping the battlefield dynamics for military applications, but is disturbed by low-resolution and noisy-representation. In this paper, a recognition method, involving a novel visual attention mechanism-based Gabor region proposal sub-network (Gabor RPN) and improved refinement generative adversarial sub-network (GAN), is proposed. Novel central–peripheral rivalry 3D color Gabor filters are proposed to simulate retinal structures and taken as feature extraction convolutional kernels in low-level layer to improve the recognition accuracy and framework training efficiency in Gabor RPN. Improved refinement GAN is used to solve the problem of blurry target classification, involving a generator to directly generate large high-resolution images from small blurry ones and a discriminator to distinguish not only real images vs. fake images but also the class of targets. A special recognition dataset for ground military target, named Ground Military Target Dataset (GMTD), is constructed. Experiments performed on the GMTD dataset effectively demonstrate that our method can achieve better energy-saving and recognition results when low-resolution and noisy-representation targets are involved, thus ensuring this algorithm a good engineering application prospect.

The article presents the Gaussian model of the electromagnetic radiation attenuation properties of two resin systems containing 75% or 80% of a carbonyl iron load as an absorber in the 4–18 GHz range. For the attenuation values obtained in the laboratory, mathematical fitting was performed in the range of 4–40 GHz to visualize the full curve characteristics. The simulated curves fitted up to a 0.998 R2 value of the experimental results. The in depth analysis of the simulated spectra allowed a thorough evaluation of the influence of the type of resin, absorber load, and layer thickness on reflection loss parameters such as the maximum attenuation, peak position, half-height width, and base slope of the peak. The simulated results were convergent with the literature findings, allowing a much deeper analysis. This confirmed that the suggested Gaussian model could provide additional information, useful in terms of comparative analyses of datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the effect of the complex scattering medium, the photons carrying target information will be attenuated when passing through scattering media, and target localization is difficult. The resolution of the target-position information from scattered images is crucial for achieving accurate target localization in environments such as dense fog in military applications. In this paper, a target localization network incorporating an attention mechanism was designed based on the robust feature resolution ability of neural networks and the characteristics of scattering formation. A training dataset with basic elements was constructed to achieve data decoupling, and then realize the position estimation of targets in different domains in complex scattering environments. Experimental validation showed that the target was accurately localized in speckle images with different domain data by the above method. The results will provide ideas for future research on the localization of typical targets in natural scattering environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ordnance Industry Automation is the property of Editorial Board for Ordnance Industry Automation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the continuous development of technology and society, smart devices have filled people’ s lives and become an indispensable part of people’s lives. At the same time, smart clothing has also been greatly developed. This article introduces several smart clothing materials, analyzes the current research status of smart clothing materials, and further discusses the applications of smart clothing materials in military, medical, intelligent decoration, and sports and leisure fields. Then the problems of smart clothing in safety, environmental protection, and industrial technology are analyzed, and the corresponding solutions to these problems are proposed, so as to provide reference and guidance for the future development of smart clothing in China. And the research shows that smart clothing will develop in the direction of fashion and diversification, function and comfort, safety and environmental protection, convenience and low cost in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ordnance Industry Automation is the property of Editorial Board for Ordnance Industry Automation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

New cutting-edge technologies tend to have a huge impact on how businesses innovate to improve their competitive advantage. Since the advent of the Internet, blockchain technology has been recognized as one of the explosive innovations of the early 21st century. Blockchain technology is currently used in financial applications (e.g. payments, currency exchange, money transfers and wallets, trade finance, markets, microdeals, investments, brokerage, insurance) as well as non-financial applications (e.g. electronic identity management, authentication and authorization, electronic data storage and delivery systems, certification systems, smart contracts, application development, electronic voting in elections, patient medical record management, workload distribution for communication systems, computer systems that must comply requirements of legislation without human intervention, the Internet of Things, etc.). And yet, the use of blockchain is most justified when solving tasks mainly related to ensuring the integrity of stored information. That is why, in this article, we consider the prospects for the application of blockchain technology in military affairs, analyze its properties, consider the problems and provide solutions that open up with the beginning of the use of this technology. Blockchain technology is able to strengthen the defense sector of the state and introduce an additional level of protection to the already existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ordnance Industry Automation is the property of Editorial Board for Ordnance Industry Automation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Brazilian Navy (BN) has its combatant force concentrated in an area with only one exit to the sea. Brazil has an extensive coast that needs to be patrolled and, in case of any kind of conflict, the BN must be able to defend the sovereignty and interests of the country. For this purpose, it is necessary a robust and decentralized naval force, which allows the fulfillment of its mission. This paper aims to classify the most suitable cities in Brazil to be established as naval bases, through the application of the ELECTRE-MOr hybrid method. Seventeen cities were analyzed, which have an opening to the sea and have a pre-existing minimum port structure. The alternatives were evaluated by specialists from the BN, with more than twenty years of active service, in the light of operational, economic and strategic criteria. As a result, five alternatives were classified as the most indicated to be headquarters for the decentralization of the naval power: Belém/PA, São Luis/MA, Fortaleza/CE, Recife/PE and Aratu/BA. This article presents relevance to academia and society, as it represents the application of a method in the state of the art to support the decision-making process in a significant problem for the sovereignty of Brazil, presenting a methodology that can be applied in problems of tactical, operational, strategic and political levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bernard Wolfe's dystopian satire Limbo (1952) remains a critically under-discussed work, and despite its many controversies, offers important insight into the ethical dilemmas surrounding modern-day drone warfare and human-machine relations. [...]

Due to the effect of the complex scattering medium, the photons carrying target information will be attenuated when passing through scattering media, and target localization is difficult. The resolution of the target-position information from scattered images is crucial for achieving accurate target localization in environments such as dense fog in military applications. In this paper, a target localization network incorporating an attention mechanism was designed based on the robust feature resolution ability of neural networks and the characteristics of scattering formation. A training dataset with basic elements was constructed to achieve data decoupling, and then realize the position estimation of targets in different domains in complex scattering environments. Experimental validation showed that the target was accurately localized in speckle images with different domain data by the above method. The results will provide ideas for future research on the localization of typical targets in natural scattering environments.

The aim of the paper is to present selected examples of queueing theory applications to problems in the military and defence domain, to mark the 110th anniversary of queueing theory. The intention was to find and present more works from domestic authors published in a longer period in order to promote the theory in the domestic military and defence circles thus motivating future research related to waiting lines phenomena. In dealing with military queueing phenomena, researchers are usually faced with some specific requirements which involve a multidisciplinary approach. In the queueing theory community, it is recognized that solutions to queueing problems could be reached in three ways: by analytical, numerical and simulation methods. Not all queueing problems are solvable by analytics or by numerical mathematics and, for such problems in particular, simulation methodology is a resolving tool. / Целью данной статьи является представление выборки примеров применения теории массового обслуживания в военной области, в свете 110-го юбилея создания теории массового обслуживания. В работе приведено большое количество работ отечественных авторов, опубликованных в продолжительном периоде времени, с целью расширения представления об этой теории и продвижения ее применения в отечественных кругах военного дела. При исследовании проблем системы массового обслуживания в военной области необходимо преодолевать специфические требования, вызывающие необходимость междисциплинарного подхода. В профессиональных кругах массового обслуживания было выявлено, что решения задач о системах массового обслуживания можно найти с помощью следующих трех методов: аналитический, численный методы и метод имитационного моделирования. Однако следует учитывать, что не все теоретические модели массового обслуживания поддаются решению с помощью аналитического или численного методов, именно при решении таких задач необходимо применять метод имитационного моделирования. / U radu su prikazani odabrani primeri primene teorije masovnog opsluživanja u vojnoj oblasti, na 110. godišnjicu rođenja teorije masovnog opsluživanja. Namera je bila da se pronađe i prikaže više radova domaćih autora u dužem periodu kako bi se poboljšala promocija buduće primene ove teorije, pre svega u domaćim vojnostručnim krugovima. U bavljenju problemima sistema masovnog opsluživanja u vojnoj oblasti, istraživač se suočava sa specifičnim zahtevima koji uzrokuju potrebu za multidisciplinarnim pristupom. U stručnim krugovima teorije masovnog opsluživanja prepoznato je da se do rešenja u zadacima o sistemima masovnog opsluživanja može doći na tri načina: analitički, numerički i primenom simulacije. Ne mogu se svi teorijski modeli masovnog opsluživanja rešavati analitički ili primenom numeričkih metoda, pa se za takve probleme primenjuju metode simulacionog modelovanja.

Armies of powerful armed forces are already applying achievements of nanoscience and supporting researches in the field of nanotechnology. This paper surveys the recent research in the area of nanomaterials application in defence technologies, conducted in the Military Technical Institute in Belgrade, Serbia. This research covers the most important results obtained so far in the following areas: chemical biological, radiological and nuclear protection (CBRN protection), nanomodified polymer coatings and camouflage paints, composite structures for military aircraft, ballistic protection composites, and energetic materials. Researches gave promising results in all the named fields and encourage nanomaterials application in future.

Geographic Information System1 has made a great leap in the last two decades. On the one hand, it becomes widely used in various fields of the society. On the other hand, terrain plays significant role in the military activities of all kinds. It must be accounted for during planning and preparation of military operations. This article explores application of GIS in military terrain assessment. The proper Intelligence Preparation of the Battle space2 in the real situation would require taking into consideration many factors including terrain, weather, population, enemy, etc. However, the focus of this work is on plain terrain analysis with the aim to examine one. For this purpose, a Model in ArcGIS Desktop Model Builder has been made, which results in raster showing several classes of terrain. The method used in the analysis is a Weighted Suitability Analysis3. The results of WSA indicate that the terrain in the area of interest is favorable for movement of up to one mechanized division. Definition and classification to define terms and recognized interaction among them has been used.

Multipath interference is the main factor which has influence in super-low-altitude detection. Aiming at solving the problem of detection for super-low-altitude target, anti-multipath methods under concrete environment are studied here. First, antenna radiation pattern of seeker is introduced to modify traditional four-path method. Then, the hybrid method combining physical optics (PO) and method of equivalent currents (MEC) is used to calculate the scattering electric field of target. Compared to the method of moment (MoM), the PO + MEC hybrid methods are of high accuracy. Finally, the multipath interference scattering from interaction between the target and the environment under the condition is studied and analysed in detain. The simulation results are useful in military application.

Copyright of Systems Engineering & Electronics is the property of Journal of Systems Engineering & Electronics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)