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Wilt and canker symptoms were first recorded on tomato cvs. Belle and Magnus in greenhouses owned by small-scale growers in two villages in southern Serbia in June 2006. In order to identify the causal agent, conventional identification methods (isolation, pathogenicity and bacteriological determinative tests) and polymerase chain reaction were used. The results of physiological and biochemical tests of the bacterium were as follows: Gram positive; oxidative metabolism of glucose; catalase positive; oxidase negative; levan negative; aesculin hydrolysis positive; starch hydrolysis negative; casein hydrolysis negative; H2S produced from peptone; acid produced aerobically from mannose but not from mannitol; and sodium acetate used as a carbon source. According to the morphological characteristics on nonselective media Nutrient Agar (NA) and Nutrient Broth Yeast extract agar (NBY), and selective media (D(2)ANX, mSCM and mCNS), biochemical characteristics, hypersensitive response in four-o'clock plant leaves and pathogenicity test on tomato seedlings, the investigated strains were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. To confirm the identity of isolated strains two PCR protocols were used. Amplification of DNA fragments of 614 bp and DNA fragments of 270 bp confirmed that the investigated strains belonged to C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis.

Several methods used for the detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) in artificially infested tomato seed lots were evaluated using two seed extraction methods (grinding and soaking). The detection threshold was evaluated by adding different numbers of artificially infested seeds (one, five and ten) to noninfected seed samples of two different sizes: 2000 and 5000 seeds. Four detection methods were simultaneously compared for their sensitivity in Cmm detection in seeds: isolation on selective media, direct PCR from seed material, Bio-PCR which first cultured bacteria on NBY agar prior to PCR, and Enrichment PCR. In samples of 2000 seeds containing one, five and ten infested seeds, the pathogen was detected in at least four out of five replicates by three detection methods (selective plating, direct PCR and Bio-PCR), using both the grinding extraction method (with an addition of centrifugation step) and soaking. DNA extraction from seed material was needed before the Enrichment PCR and direct PCR amplifications were performed. In samples of 5000 seeds one infested seed could not be detected by direct PCR or Enrichment PCR in any of the five replicates, regardless of the seed extraction method used. In samples containing five infested seeds per 5000 seeds, Cmm was detected by all four detection methods. A comparison of the efficiency of detection of the pathogen by using extraction methods that included grinding and soaking showed no differences between them.

Jedinjenja na bazi bakra (bakar-hidroksid, bakar-oksihlorid, bakar-sulfat trobazni), antibiotici (streptomicin i kasugamicin) i aktivator otpornosti biljaka (acibenzolar-S-metil, ASM) značajno su redukovali veličinu populacije i širenje C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis na rasadu paradajza u zaštićenom prostoru. Streptomicin je imao najbolji efekat u smanjenju populacije patogena u svim regionima uzorkovanja. Takođe, ovaj antibiotik je potpuno zaustavio širenje C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis u regionu najudaljenijem od žarišta inokuluma. Mešavina bakar-hidroksida i streptomicina je značajno smanjila populaciju patogena u poređenju sa tretmanom bakar-hidroksidom primenjenim samostalno, drugim bakarnim jedinjenjima, acibenzolar-S-metilom i kasugamicinom. Međutim, kombinovanje streptomicina sa bakar-hidroksidom nije doprinelo poboljšanju njegovog efekta na smanjenje populacije patogena. Bakarni preparati su imali najslabiji efekat u smanjenju populacije patogena na sva tri mesta uzorkovanja, što se pre svega odnosi na bakar-oksihlorid i kombinaciju bakar-hidroksida sa mankozebom. Među bakarnim jedinjenjima najbolji efekat imao je bakar-hidroksid, posebno u regionu najbližem žarištu inokuluma, dok njegova kombinacija sa mankozebom nije poboljšala efekat. Kasugamicin je bio efikasniji od bakarnih jedinjenja, ali znatno slabiji u smanjenju populacije bakterije od drugog antibiotika-streptomicina. Aktivator otpornosti ASM je ispoljio značajan efekat u smanjenju zaraze, pri čemu je bolji efekat ovog jedinjenja ostvaren primenom tri dana pre inokulacije u odnosu na primenu šest dana pre inokulacije., Three copper-based compounds (copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, copper sulphate), two antibiotics (streptomycin and kasugamycin) and a plant activator (ASM) significantly reduced population sizes and spread of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis among tomato seedlings in the greenhouse. Streptomycin had the best effect in reducing pathogen population size in all sampling regions. Moreover, this antibiotic completely stopped the spread of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in the region most distant from the inoculum focus. Copper hydroxide mixed with streptomycin significantly limited the pathogen population, compared with copper hydroxide alone, the other copper-based compounds, ASM and kasugamycin. However, combining streptomycin with copper hydroxide did not contribute to its greater efficacy against the pathogen population. Copper-based compounds, in general, were less effective in limiting pathogen population sizes than the other treatments in all three sampling regions, primarily copper oxychloride and the combination of copper hydroxide and mannose. Among copper compounds, copper hydroxide was the most prominent in reducing the bacterial population, especially in the region closest to the inoculums focus, while its combination with mannose did not improve the effects. Kasugamycin significantly limited pathogen population size, compared to copper bactericides, but it was less effective than the other antibiotic compound, i.e. streptomycin. The plant activator ASM significantly reduced population density, and it was more effective when used three days prior to inoculation than six days before inoculation.

Tokom poslednjih nekoliko godina, uočena je učestala pojava bakteriozne pegavosti lišća i krastavosti plodova paradajza u nekoliko rejona gajenja ove povrtarske kulture u Srbiji. Trogodišnjim pregledom (2002-2004) obolelih biljaka paradajza gajenih u polju sakupljen je i izolovan veći broj sojeva bakterija od kojih je za dalja proučavanja odabrano 30 reprezentativnih. Na osnovu rezultata proučavanja patogenih i biohemijsko-fizioloških odlika, utvrđeno je da svi sojevi izolovani iz uzoraka obolelih biljaka paradajza pripadaju bakteriji Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Identitet sojeva potvrđen je lančanom reakcijom polimeraze (PCR), s obzirom da su iz svih proučavanih sojeva amplifikovani PCR produkti očekivane veličine (650bp) specifični za sojeve P. syringae pv. tomato koji proizvode fitotoksin koronatin. Proučavanjem spektra domaćina sojeva P. syringae pv. tomato poreklom iz Srbije dokazano je da je paradajz jedini domaćin ove bakterije. Razlike ispoljene u reakciji diferencijalne sorte paradajza Ontario 7710 pokazale su da naši sojevi pripadaju rasama 0 i 1 ove bakterije., During the past few years, frequent appearance of bacterial speck of tomatoes was recorded in several tomato-growing regions in Serbia. A three-year survey of tomato fields in Serbia (2002-2004) resulted in the isolation of numerous bacterial strains, with 30 representative strains selected for further analyses. Based on the results of pathogenicity, biochemical, and physiological tests, all strains isolated from diseased tomato plants were identified as P. syringae pv. tomato. The identity of strains was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), since PCR products of expected size (650 bp) specific for coronatine-producing strains of P. syringae pv. tomato were amplified from all tested strains. Study of the host range of P. syringae pv. tomato strains originating from Serbia confirmed tomato as the sole host. The reaction of tomato differential cultivar Ontario 7710 showed that the Serbian strains belonged to races 0 and 1 of P. syringae pv. tomato.

During 2006 and 2007, an extensive survey for the canker pathogen was conducted in the major tomato growing districts in Serbia (Leskovac, Lebane, Padinska Skela, Sabac, Trstenik, Ub, Stara Pazova, Cacak) in order to estimate the infested area and disease incidence. Sixty bacterial strains were isolated from the diseased leaves, stems, fruits and seeds with dilution plating on the nonselective (NA, NBY) and semiselective media (D(2)ANX, mSCM and mCNS). The investigated strains were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis based on biochemical characteristics, hypersensitive response in four-o'clock plant leaves and pathogenicity test on tomato seedlings. Amplification of DNA fragments of 614 bp in the first PCR protocol and DNA fragments of 270 bp in the second, confirmed that the investigated strains belonged to C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. The first wilt and canker symptoms were recorded in greenhouses in southern Serbia, in June 2006 on tomato cvs. 'Belle' and 'Magnus'. Further survey of greenhouse and field grown tomatoes in 2006 and 2007 resulted in additional findings of the disease in three other tomato growing regions in greenhouses on tomato cvs. 'Delfine' and 'Trogir' and in one region on the field grown tomato cv. 'Hector'. Disease incidence in greenhouses ranged from 2 to 50% while it reached 100% in the field, resulting in heavy losses. However, in spite of the fact that the results of these investigations showed the geographical distribution of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in Serbia, further monitoring of this pathogen in tomato crops is neccesary considering its quarantine status.

Ocenjivane su dve procedure ekstrakcije koje se primenjuju u detekciji Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) u uslovima veštačke inokulacije uzoraka semena paradajza. Poređenje efikasnosti detekcije patogena korišćenjem metoda mlevenja i potapanja semena pokazalo je da je metod mlevenja bio efikasniji. Ekstrakcija mlevenjem semena rezultirala je neznatno većim brojem uzoraka sa kolonijama Cmm nego procedura potapanja semena. Prag detekcije Cmm u zavisnosti od veličine uzorka ocenjivan je dodavanjem različitog broja veštački inokulisanih semena u nezaražene uzorke semena veličine 2000 i 5000 semena. Istovremeno je poređena osetljivost četiri metode za detekciju Cmm na semenu: izolacija na poluselektivne podloge (mSCM, D2ANX, mCNS), direktni PCR iz uzoraka semena, Bio-PCR koji uključuje gajenje bakterija na NBY podlozi pre PCR reakcije i Enrichment PCR. Patogen je detektovan u uzorcima veličine 2000 semena u koje su dodati jedno, pet i deset veštački zaraženih semena, u najmanje dva od tri ponavljanja korišćenjem tri metode za detekciju (izolacija na poluselektivne podloge, direktni PCR i Bio-PCR), nakon ekstrakcije mlevenjem uzoraka. Istim metodama, u uzorcima veličine 5000 semena, pet zaraženih semena je detektovano u svim ponavljanjima. Slični rezultati su dobijeni i nakon ekstrakcije potapanjem semena. U Enrichment PCR reakciji, pozitivni rezultati su dobijeni samo u uzorcima veličine 2000 semena u koje je dodato pet i deset zaraženih semena nezavisno od toga koja je procedura ekstrakcije korišćena., Two seed extraction procedures, used for detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) in artificially infested tomato seed lots, were evaluated. A comparison of the efficiency of pathogen detection by using different extraction methods showed that a grinding procedure was more effective than soaking seed samples. The extraction by grinding resulted in a higher number of samples with Cmm colonies than did the method that included soaking. The detection threshold of Cmm in relation to seed sample size was evaluated by adding different numbers of artificially infested seeds to uninfected samples of 2000 or 5000 seeds. Four detection methods were simultaneously compared for their sensitivity in Cmm detection in seeds: isolation on semiselective media (mSCM, D2ANX, mCNS), direct PCR from seed material, Bio-PCR with initial culturing of bacteria on NBY agar prior to PCR, and Enrichment PCR. The pathogen was detected in samples of 2000 seeds containing one, five and ten infested seeds, in at least two out of three replicates by three detection methods (selective plating, direct PCR and Bio-PCR), using the grinding extraction method with an addition of centrifugation step. In samples of 5000 seeds, five infested seeds were detected in all replicates by the same detection methods. Similar results were obtained by the soaking extraction method. In Enrichment PCR, positive results were obtained only in samples of 2000 seeds containing five and ten infested seeds regardless of the extraction method.

During the spring of 2003, gall symptoms on the roots and crowns of young raspberry plants cv. Vilamette were observed near Valjevo. Phytopathogenic bacteria were isolated from diseased plant samples. Based on the pathogenic, morphological, differential biochemical and physiological characteristics, the isolated strains were identified as tumorigenic Agrobacterium radiobacter (biovar 1 Agrobacterium). In order to confirm the identity of isolated strains by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers complementary to tms2 gene located on the Ti plasmid were used. In the first PCR protocol using a tms2F1 + tms2R2 primer pair, 617 bp products specific for tumorigenic Agrobacterium strains were amplified. The second PCR protocol, using a tms2F1 + tms2B primer pair, amplified the expected 458 bp products. On the basis of multiplex PCR with primers complementary to chromosomal gene coding for 23S rRNA, the isolated strains were classified as biovar 1 Agrobacterium (A. radiobacter). This is the first report of tumorigenic A. radiobacter on raspberry in Serbia., Tokom proleća 2003. godine, zapaženi su tumori na korenu i korenovom vratu mladih biljaka maline sorte Vilamette u okolini Valjeva. Iz obolelih uzoraka izolovane su fitopatogene bakterije. Proučavanjem patogenih, morfoloških i diferencijalnih biohemijsko-fizioloških karakteristika izolovanih sojeva, utvrđeno je da proučavani sojevi pripadaju bakteriji Agrobacterium radiobacter (biovar 1). U cilju potvrde identiteta izolovanih sojeva lančanom reakcijom polimeraze (PCR), korišćeni su prajmeri komplementarni tms2 genu lociranom na Ti plazmidu. U prvoj PCR reakciji izvedenoj korišćenjem tms2F1 + tms2R2 para prajmera, detektovani su fragmenti nukleinske kiseline veličine 617 baznih parova (bp), specifični za tumorogene sojeve A. tumefaciens. U drugoj PCR reakciji korišćenjem para prajmera tms2F1 i tms2B su amplifikovani PCR produkti očekivane veličine 458 bp, karakteristični za ovu bakteriju. Na osnovu multiplex PCR reakcije korišćenjem prajmera komplementarnih na hromozomalni gen koji kodira 23S rRNA sojevi izolovani iz tumora na korenu maline svrstani su u biovar 1 Agrobacterium (A. radiobacter). Ovo je prvi nalaz ove bakterije na malini u Srbiji.

Tokom maja 2006. godine zapažene su vlažne pege na lišću paradajza gajenom u staklenicima u Padinskoj Skeli. Ovi početni simptomi praćeni su brzim sušenjem lisnog tkiva, pojavom bele i svetlomrke nekroze i uvenućem celih biljaka. U junu 2006. godine, simptomi bakterioznog raka i uvenuća paradajza takođe su zapaženi i u mnogim plastenicima u Jablaničkom okrugu. Uzorci obolelih biljaka paradajza sakupljeni su sa nekoliko lokaliteta u Srbiji, u cilju identifikacije prouzrokovača bolesti korišćenjem konvencionalnih metoda za identifikaciju (izolacija, patogenost i bakteriološki testovi). Drugi cilj istraživanja bio je da potvrdimo identitet izolovanih sojeva bakterija primenom lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR metod). Prema morfološkim karakteristikama na mesopeptonskoj (MPA) i NBY podlozi, biohemijsko-fiziološkim odlikama, hipersenzitivnoj reakciji na noćurku (Mirabilis jalapa) i patogenim odlikama na rasadu paradajza, izolovani sojevi su identifikovani kao C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Identifikacija izolovanih sojeva bakterija potvrđena je korišćenjem dva PCR protokola. Amplifikovani su DNA fragmenti očekivane dužine, 614 bp i 270 bp, čime je potvrđeno da testirani sojevi pripadaju bakteriji C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis., In May 2006, tomato leaves with water soaked areas between leaf veins were detected in glasshouses in Padinska Skela. The early-stage symptoms were followed by rapid desiccation to white and pale brown necrosis and subsequently by wilting of entire tomato plants. In June 2006, symptoms of bacterial canker and wilt were also recorded in many greenhouses in the Jablanica County in southern Serbia. Samples of diseased tomato plants were collected from several tomato-growing regions in Serbia in order to identify the causal agent using conventional identification methods (isolation, pathogenicity and bacteriological determinative tests). Another objective of this study was to confirm the identity of isolated bacterial strains by polymerase chain reaction (PCR method). According to the morphological characteristics observed on NA and NBY media, biochemical characteristics, hypersensitive response in four-o’clock plant leaves and pathogenicity test on tomato seedlings, the investigated strains were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. To confirm the identity of isolated strains two PCR protocols were used. Amplification of expected length DNA fragments, 614 bp and 270 bp, respectively, confirmed that the investigated strains belonged to C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis.

Ispitivana je efikasnost novijih formulacija bakarnih preparata u suzbijanju Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria na paprici u uslovima veštačke inokulacije u polju. U 2005-oj godini, na lokalitetima Dobanovci i Kupinovo, ispitivana je efikasnost preparata Cuprozin 35 WP (bakar- oksihlorid) i Blauvit (bakar- hidroksid). Tokom 2006. godine osim ovih preparata primenjeni su i Cuproxat (bakar- sulfat trobazni) i Fungohem SC (bakar- hidroksid), na lokalitetima Zemun i Smederevska Palanka. Preparati ispitivani u 2005-oj godini ispoljili su zadovoljavajuću efikasnost u suzbijanju X. c. pv. vesicatoria na oba lokaliteta. Između efikasnosti preparata Cuprozin 35 WP pri višoj koncentraciji primene (74,3%-78,7%) i preparata Blauvit (74,6%-78,9%) nije zabeležena statistički značajna razlika u oba ogleda. Nešto nižu, ali zadovoljavajuću efikasnost ispoljio je Cuprozin 35 WP pri nižoj koncentraciji primene (64,8%-66,5%). U ogledima izvedenim tokom 2006. godine, najveću efikasnost u suzbijanju prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti paprike ispoljio je preparat Fungohem SC (86,1%-89,1%) pri višoj koncentraciji primene. Preparati Blauvit, Cuprozin 35 WP i Cuproxat pokazali su takođe visoku efikasnost tako da statistički značajne razlike nisu zabeležene između tretmana ovim preparatima na oba lokaliteta. Nešto nižu, mada zadovoljavajuću efikasnost imao je preparat Fungohem SC primenjen u nižoj koncentraciji (77,2%-80,0%). Naši ogledi pokazali su da preparati na bazi bakarsulfata trobaznog, bakar- oksihlorida i bakar- hidroksida u našim klimatskim uslovima ispoljavaju zadovoljavajuću efikasnost u suzbijanju prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti paprike., The efficacy of several new formulations of copper compounds in controlling Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in pepper was estimated in field conditions using artificial inoculation. The efficacies of Cuprozin 35 WP (copper-oxychloride) and Blauvit (copper-hydroxide) were tested in the localities Dobanovci and Kupinovo in 2005. Another two formulations, Cuproxat (copper-sulfate tribasic) and Fungohem SC (copper-hydroxide), were tested along with the previous two in the localities Zemun and Smederevska Palanka in 2006. Both bactericides tested in 2005 exhibited high efficacy in controlling X. c. pv. vesicatoria in both localities. However, there were no significant differences in the efficacy of Cuprozin 35 WP at higher concentration (74.3%-78.7%) and Blauvit (74.6%-78.9%) in the two trials. Cuprozin 35 WP decreased efficacy, but a satisfactory effectiveness was still achieved at lower concentration (64.8%-66.5%). In the experiments conducted in 2006, higher concentration of Fungohem SC showed the highest efficacy (86.1%-89.1%) in controlling bacterial spot of pepper. Blauvit, Cuprozin 35 WP and Cuproxat also exhibited high efficacy. However, there were no significant differences in the efficacy of these bactericides between the two localities. Fungohem SC applied at lower concentration was less effective (77.2%-80.0%) but its efficacy was still good enough. Our experiments showed that copper bactericides based on copper-sulfate tribasic, copper-oxychloride and copper-hydroxide exhibited satisfactory efficacy in controlling the causal agent of bacterial spot of pepper in our climatic conditions.

During the past few years, a frequent appearance of bacterial speck of tomatoes was observed in all tomato growing areas in Serbia. Phytobacteriological analyzes of the diseased plant samples, collected from different localities, showed that symptoms were caused by phytopathogenic bacteria. In order to identify isolated bacteria, their pathogenic morfological, cultural, biochemical and physiological characteristics where studied. Based on the results of these studies, it was determined that investigated strains belonged to P. s. pv. tomato. Coronatine producing strains of P. s. pv. tomato were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Reaction of tomato differential cultivar Ontario 7710 indicated that out of 37 strains 21 belonged to races 0 and 16 to race 1 of P.s. pv. tomato., Iz uzoraka obolelih biljaka paradajza sa simptomima bakteriozne pegavosti lišća i krastavosti plodova, prikupljenih sa nekoliko lokaliteta u Srbiji tokom poslednjih godina, izolovani su sojevi bakterija. U cilju identifikacije, proučene su njihove patogene, morfološke, odgajivačke i biohemijsko-fiziološke karakteristike. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja utvrđeno je da svi proučavani sojevi pripadaju bakteriji Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Okabe) Yang, Dye et Wilkie 1978. Primenom lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR) u genomu proučavanih sojeva potvrđeno je prisustvo gena koji determiniše stvaranje fitotoksina koronatina, što se smatra diferencijalnom karakteristikom P.s. pv. tomato. Razlike ispoljene u reakciji inokulisanih biljaka diferencijalne sorte paradajza Ontario 7710, ukazuju da naši sojevi pripadaju rasama 0 i 1 bakterije Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.

Isolates of Cladobotryum dendroides from Serbian mushroom farms and Agaricus bisporus F56 were tested for sensitivity to selected fungicides in vitro. Chlorothalonil was the most toxic fungicide to C. dendroides isolates (EC(50) values were below 1.68 mg L(-1)). Trifloxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl were not effective in growth inhibition of C. dendroides isolates (EC(50) values exceeded 300 mg L(-1)). Metalaxyl-M+mancozeb was the most toxic fungicide to strain F56 of A. bisporus, and iprodione the least toxic. The fungicide selectivity indexes for both C. dendroides and A. bisporus indicated that iprodione, chlorothalonil, captan andmetalaxyl-M+mancozeb had satisfactory selective fungitoxicity. Iprodione had the best selectivity to both the pathogen and the host, although inferior than prochloraz manganese and carbendazim, fungicides officially recommended for mushroom cultivation in European Union (EU) countries.

In order to control the causal agent of late blight on potato, the efficacy of several fungicides was evaluated in four localities in Serbia where a strong epidemic of the target disease was expected. The following materials were tested: Feniks, applied at 3.0 L/ha and 4.0 L/ha (chlorothalonil + potassium phosphite, Luxembourg d.o.o.); Consento, applied at 1.67 L/ha and 2.0 L/ha (fenamidone + propamocarb hydrochloride, Bayer CropScience); and Infinito, applied at 1.2 L/ha and 1.6 L/ha (fluopicolide + propamocarb hydrochloride, Bayer CropScience). Trials were established according to EPPO guideline PP 1/2(3). A complete randomized block design with four replicates per treatment was used in the experiment. Mean percent disease control values were calculated from the evaluations made towards the end of the trials, when differentiation between treatments was most obvious. Data were analysed by one-way completely randomized ANOVA, and means comparison performed by Duncan's test. The infection of untreated control plots ranged from 23.4 to 41.5%. All treatments were effective against P. infestans and significantly reduced disease severity in all experiments, compared with the untreated control. Comparing the fungicide mixtures tested, the higher concentration of Consento was found to demonstrate the highest efficacy in all trials (95.1-97.2%). There was no significant difference between the efficacies of Feniks at higher concentration (89.2-93.8%) and Infinito (90.2-94.3%). Lower concentrations of Feniks (3.0 L/ha) and Infinito (1.2 L/ha) exhibited statistically lower efficacy (82.3-85.5%) than Consento.

Ispitana je in vitro toksičnost odabranih fungicida za sojeve F56 i U3 Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. Analiza je pokazala da su fungicidi fluzilazol + karbendazim i ciprokonazol + karbendazim pokazali najveću toksičnost za soj F56 A. bisporus sa EC50 vrednostima 0.04 i 0.23 mg/l. Karbendazim (EC50 = 16.58 mg/l) i trifloksistrobin (EC50 = 20.69 mg/l) su bili najmanje toksični fungicidi za A. bisporus F56 i benomil (EC50 = 14.99 mg/l) za A. bisporus U3., Isolates of Agarics Bosporus strains F56 and U3 were tested for sensitivity to several selected fungicides in vitro. The analysis showed that flusilasole + carbendazim and cyproconazole + carbendazim were the most toxic fungicides to A. bisporus strain F56 with respective EC50 values of 0.04 and 0.23 mg/l. The least toxic fungicides were carbendazim (EC50 = 16.58 mg/l) and trifloxystrobin (EC50 = 20.69 mg/l) to A. Bosporus F56 and binomial (EC50 = 14.99 mg/l) to A. Bosporus U3.

Six isolates of Alternaria solani, the causal agent of tomato early blight, collected from various tomato-growing areas in Serbia, were tested in vitro for sensitivity to six fungicides: chlorothalonil, copper-oxychloride, mancozeb, difenoconazole, iprodione and prochloraz. The effective fungicide concentrations that inhibited mycelial growth by 50% (EC50) and their inhibitory activity were determined. The tests showed that copper-oxychloride and chlorothalonil had the lowest toxicity to all investigated isolates. Their respective EC50 values ranged between 109.72 - 173.32 mg L-1 and 40.47 - 162.94 mg L-1. Mancozeb was moderately toxic to all A. solani isolates with EC50 values from 9.79 to 24.35 mg L-1. The toxicity of iprodione, difenoconazole and prochloraz to all isolates was extremly high, their EC50 values ranging between 0.40- 0.80 mg L-1, 0.09 - 0.33 mg L-1 and 0.03 - 0.11 mg L-1, respectively. The best inhibition of mycelial growth, exceeding 89.52%, was recorded in iprodione, prochloraz and difenoconazole treatments at a concentration of 100 mg L-1. The foregoing fungicides also had the highest inhibition at a concentration of 1 mg L-1, the respective values being 57.06 - 68.59%, 76.15 - 81.55% and 69.88 - 81.86%. Copper-oxychloride, chlorothalonil and mancozeb caused minor inhibition levels at the concentration of 1 mg L-1 (up to 26.98%). Among the fungicides investigated, iprodione, prochloraz and difenoconazole were the most toxic, while copper-oxychloride was the least toxic to all A. solani isolates. http://www.actahort.org/books/808/index.htm

Twenty microfungal isolates were collected from diseased fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus sampled from Serbian mushroom farms during 2003-2007. Based on morphological characteristics and pathogenicity tests, the isolates were identified as Cladobotryum dendroides. The isolates of C. dendroides and A. bisporusF56 and U3 were tested for sensitivity to several selected fungicides in vitro. C. dendroides isolates were found to be more sensitive to prochloraz manganese and flusilazole + carbendazim than to the other fungicides tested (EC50 values were 0.09 and 0.11 mg L- 1, respectively) and weakly resistant to thiophanate-methyl (EC50 values ranged between 6.53 and 12.09 mg L- 1). Selectivity indexes of the tested fungicides on both C. dendroidesand A. bisporusindicated that thiophanate-methyl, cyproconazole + carbendazim and flusilazole + carbendazim had much less selective fungitoxicity than benomyl, carbendazim and prochloraz manganese.

Iz obolelih plodonosnih tela Agaricus bisporus prikupljenih u gajilištima šampinjona u Srbiji tokom 2003-2006. dobijeno je trinaest izolata Cladobotryum spp. Ispitana je njihova osetljivost na fungicide tiofanat-metil, karbendazim, ciprokonazol+karbendazim i flusilazol+karbendazim in vitro. Ispitivanje osetljivosti izolata na fungicide je pokazalo da su svi izolati visoko osetljivi na karbendazim (EC50=0,24-2,92 mg l-1), ciprokonazol+karbendazim (EC50=0,33-1,82 mg l-1) i naročito na flusilazol+karbendazim (EC50=0,02-0,11 mg l-1). Svi testirani Cladobotryum spp. izolati su bili umereno rezistentni na tiofanat-metil sa EC50 vrednostima u rasponu od 6,53 do 12,09 mg l-1., A survey of in vitro sensitivity of 13 isolates of the mushroom pathogen Cladobotryum spp. to the fungicides thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, cyproconazole+carbendazim and flusilazole+carbendazim was undertaken. The isolates were collected from diseased fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus sampled from mushroom farms in Serbia over the period 2003-2006. Sensitivity to the selected fungicides was tested and all isolates were found to be highly sensitive to carbendazim (EC50 = 0.24 - 2.92 mg l-1), cyproconazole+carbendazim (EC50 = 0.33 - 1.82 mg l-1) and especially to flusilazole+carbendazim (EC50 = 0.02 - 0.11 mg l-1). All the isolates tested were weakly resistant to thiophanate-methyl and had EC50 values in the region of 6.53 to 12.09 mg l-1.

Ispitivana je reakcija 17 genotipova pasulja i boranije na X. campestris. pv. phaseoli, prouzrokovača obične bakteriozne plamenjače pasulja u uslovima staklenika nakon inokulacije biljaka prskanjem bakterijskom suspenzijom (108 ćel/ml). Reakcija biljaka ocenjivana je na osnovu broja pega na lišću i izračunat je indeks oboljenja (IO). Proučavani genotipovi su ispoljili različit nivo osetljivosti na soj bakterije VS-1. U oba ogleda najveću otpornost je ispoljila sorta oreol. Slabo osetljivim genotipovima u prvom ogledu pripadali su genotipovi KB 142, HR-45, tisa i panonski tetovac sa IO 2,73-3,93. Isti genotipovi, osim panonskog tetovca, i u drugom ogledu su svrstani u kategoriju slabo osetljivih (IO 2,27 do 3,60). Najveći broj genotipova pripadao je kategoriji osetljivih (slavonski žutozeleni, zlatko, biser, sremac, Naya Nayahit) u prvom ogledu, a u drugom, pored navedenih genotipova, spada i panonski tetovac. Najveću osetljivost u oba ogleda ispoljile su sorte dvadesetica, prelom i oplenac., Plants of 17 bean genotypes were evaluated under greenhouse conditions for their reaction to X. campestris pv. phaseoli, the causal agent of common blight of beans, following leaf-spray inoculation with bacterial suspension (108 cfu/ml). The plants were evaluated based on the number of leaf lesions, and the disease severity index (DSI) was calculated. The evaluated genotypes showed various levels of susceptibility to X. campestris pv. phaseoli strain VS-1. The results of both experiments showed that the cultivar Oreol was the most resistant. The genotypes: KB 142, HR-45, Tisa and Panonski tetovac also showed low susceptibility with DSI values in the first trial ranging from 2.27 to 3.60. The same genotypes, with the exception of Panonski tetovac, were also categorized as low-susceptible to the bacterium in the second experiment, having the DSI values between 2.27 and 3.60. Most genotypes (Slavonski žutozeleni, Zlatko, Biser, Sremac, Naya Nayahit) were categorized as susceptible in the first experiment, including Panonski tetovac in the second one, while the genotypes Dvadesetica, Prelom and Oplenac displayed the highest susceptibility in both trials.

Ispitivana je efikasnost nove kombinacije fungicida za suzbijanje Plasmopara viticola na vinovoj lozi u poljskim uslovima. U 2006. i 2007. godini ispitivana je efikasnost Profiler (fluopikolid + fosetil-Al) u odnosu na standardni fungicid Mikal Flash (fosetil-Al + folpet) na lokalitetima Radmilovac i Slankamenački Vinogradi. Oba ispitivana fungicida ispoljila su visoku efikasnost u suzbijanju prouzrokovača plamenjače vinove loze. Između efikasnosti Profiler (96,1- 99,7%) i Mikal Flash (94,9- 99,2%), nije zabeležena statistički značajna razlika. Naši ogledi su pokazali da je ispitivana kombinacija fungicida fluopikolid + fosetil-Al visoko efikasna protiv P. viticola, čak i kada se primenjuje u dužim vremenskim intervalima kao i pri uslovima jake zaraze., The efficacy of new fungicide mixtures in controlling Plasmopara viticola in grapevine was evaluated in field trials. The efficacies of Profiler (fluopicolide + fosetyl-Al) and the standard fungicide Mikal Flash (fosetyl-Al + folpet) were tested at Radmilovac and Slankamenački Vinogradi in 2006 and 2007. Both tested fungicides exhibited high efficacy in controlling grape downy mildew. There were no significant differencies in the efficacies of Profiler (96.1-99.7%) and Mikal Flash (94.9-99.2%). Our experiments showed that the investigated fungicide mixture fluopicolide + fosetyl-Al is highly effective against P. viticola, even when it it is applied at long intervals and under high disease pressure.

In 1989 Erwinia amylovora was confirmed to be a pathogen of pear and quince in Serbia. Subsequently, apple, firethorn, hawthorn, Mespilus spp., Cotoneaster horisontalis and Cheanomeles spp. were confirmed as hosts of the pathogen. During the summer 2005, fire blight symptoms were observed on Sorbus spp. for the first time in the south-eastern Serbia, near Nis. Disease symptoms included leaf and shoot blight and cankers with purple-brown colouration of necrotic tissue on mature branches. The diseased tissue was macerated and the suspension was streaked on nutrient sucrose agar (NAS) and King's medium B. Typical light grey, levan-positive colonies developed on NAS medium after two day incubation at 25°C. Colonies on King's medium B were white and nonfluorescent. The results of physiological and biochemical tests of the bacterium were as follows: gram negative, oxidative and fermentative metabolism of glucose; oxidase negative, gelatin hydrolysis positive, aesculin hydrolysis negative and acid produced from most carbon sources. In pathogenicity tests, all isolates induced HR in tobacco leaves and necrosis on artificially inoculated pear fruits followed by appearence of bacterial ooze. After inoculation of petioles and shoots of the host plant (Sorbus spp.) initial symptoms were dark green, watersoaked, eliptical spots on inoculated tissues. Leaf and shoot blight resembling the natural infection appeared five to six days after inoculation. The investigated strains reacted positively with antisera specific to E. amylovora in DASI ELISA test. Identity of isolated strains also was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). According to the biochemical and physiological characteristics, pathogenicity tests, results of PCR analyses and ELISA test, strains isolated from Sorbus spp. plants were identified as E. amylovora. This is the first report of E. amylovora on Sorbus spp. plants in Serbia.

Dvadeset mikrofungalnih izolata je dobijeno iz obolelih plodonosnih tela Agaricus bisporus prikupljenih iz gajilišta u Srbiji u periodu od 2003. do 2007. godine. Izolati su obrazovali bele, vazdušne kolonije na krompir-dekstroznoj podlozi. Nakon nekoliko dana kolonije su poprimile žutu i ružičastu boju. Veštačkim inokulacijama ubranih plodonosnih tela A. bisporus i pokrivke za gajenje šampinjona, pojavili su se simptomi paučinaste plesni. Izolati su identifikovani na osnovu morfoloških i patogenih osobina kao Cladobotryum dendroides (Bulliard : Fries) W. Gams & Hoozemans., Twenty isolates were isolated from diseased fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus collected from Serbian mushroom farms during 2003-2007. The isolates formed white, cottony, aerial colonies on agar media. With age, conidia and colonies turned yellow and redish. Pathogenicity of these isolates was confirmed by inoculation of harvested basidiomes of A. bisporus and by casing inoculation. Symptoms similar to natural infection were recorded. Based on pathogenicity tests and morphological characteristics, the isolates were identified as Cladobotryum dendroides (Bulliard : Fries) W. Gams & Hoozemans.

The efficacy of Starner 20 WP, applied at 0.1% and 0.15% rates (oxolinic acid, Sumitomo), Agri-mycin 17 at 0.1% (streptomycin sulfate, Syngenta), Kasumin at 0.4% (kasugamycin, Hokko Chemical Co.), Cuproxat at 0.05% and 0.1% (copper sulfate, Nufarm) and Funguran OH at 0.05% (copper hydroxide, Spiess Urania) against Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight in pears, was evaluated in four orchard experiments following artificial inoculation. All treatments were effective against the fire blight pathogen and significantly reduced disease severity in all experiments, compared to the untreated plots. Of the tested bactericides, Starner 20 WP applied at its higher concentration showed the highest efficacy in all trials (86.5-87.5%). There was no significant difference between the efficacies of Starner 20 WP at lower concentration (83.1-82.1%) and Agrimycin 17 (79.2-78.6%). Kasumin was also effective against E. amylovora, compared to untreated plots, although its efficacy (72.5-73.6%) was significantly lower than that of the other antibiotics. Both copper compounds were less effective (61.3-68.4%) in reducing disease severity than antibiotic treatments.

A large-scale outbreak of fire blight symptoms caused by Erwinia amylovora was recorded in pome fruit trees during 2007. In addition to fruit necrosis and shoot blight as the typical disease symptoms, dark purple necrosis was observed in the root collar area girdling the trunk just above the ground and thus withering the whole apple tree. Since similar symptoms on apple trees could be caused by E. amylovora or one of several phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Phomopsis and Phytophthora, an investigation was conducted to identify the causal agent of this disease. Levan-producing, nonfluorescent bacteria were isolated from diseased samples. The isolated strains produced HR in tobacco leaves and necrosis of artificially inoculated, immature pear fruits, followed by oozing of bacterial exudate, a characterisitic of E. amylovora. Based on the results of pathogenicity tests, biochemical characteristics, ELISA test and PCR analysis, it was confirmed that the investigated strains belonged to E. amylovora, causing the root collar necrosis of apple trees as an atypical symptom of this bacterium in Serbia. The explanation of this symptom may be that the vegetative rootstocks were infected with E. amylovora. Therefore, the development of diagnostic protocols for detection of E. amylovora in apple rootstock is very important for health inspections of planting materials., Tokom 2007. godine zabeležena je masovna pojava bakteriozne plamenjače jabučastih voćaka prouzrokovana bakterijom Erwinia amylovora. Pored nekroze plodova i plamenjače mladara, tipičnih simptoma bolesti, našu pažnju je privukla pojava nekroze mrkoljubičaste boje u zoni korenovog vrata, koja prstenasto zahvata prizemni deo i prouzrokuje izumiranje stabala jabuke. S obzirom na to da uzrok ovakvih patoloških promena može da bude E. amylovora, ali i fitopatogene gljive iz rodova Phomopsis i Phytophthora, preduzeta su istraživanja sa ciljem da se utvrdi etiologija ovog oboljenja jabuke. Iz obolelih uzoraka izolovane su bakterije koje stvaraju levan, ali ne i fluorescentni pigment. Proučavani sojevi prouzrokovali su HR na listovima duvana i nekrozu inokulisanih, nesazrelih plodova kruške, uz obilno stvaranje bakterijskog eksudata, što je karakterističan znak E. amylovora. Na osnovu rezultata dobijenih pri testovima provere patogenosti, ali i rezultata biohemijskih odlika, ELISA testa i molekularnih metoda (PCR), potvrđeno je da proučavani izolati pripadaju bakteriji E. amylovora, koja je uzročnik simptoma nekroze korenovog vrata stabala jabuke, prvi put zabeleženih u Srbiji. Moguće objašnjenje ove pojave je da su vegetativne podloge za kalemljenje bile inficirane ovom bakterijom. Zbog toga je veoma bitno razvijati dijagnostičke protokole za utvrđivanje prisustva E. amylovora u podlogama za kalemljenje jabuke, tokom procesa kontrole zdravstvene ispravnosti sadnog materijala.

A study of antifungal and antibacterial activity of 17 commercially available essential oils was carried out in vitro using cultures of Pythium sp., Fusarium oxysporum f, sp. lycopersici, F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi, Verticillium albo-atrum, Rhizoctonia sp. and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis as test organisms. The cultures, grown on artificial media in petri dishes, were exposed to volatile phase of the oils for seven days. The growth rate of the pathogens was partially or completely inhibited by all the essential oils at concentrations up to 0.65 mu L/mL of air. Cinnamon, thyme, basil, and fenchel essential oils showed fungicidal and bactericidal effect on all the tested pathogens at the concentration of 0.16 mu L/mL of air. However, turpentine, orange, and bergamot orange oils, at a concentration 0.65 mu L/mL of air or lower, were not lethal for any of the pathogens. V. albo-atrum was the most sensitive pathogen in this study, while both formae speciales of F. oxysporum showed moderate level of tolerance to the majority of the investigated oils. The results indicated that some of the tested essential oils could be used for the control of investigated soil-borne pathogens.

Trinaest izolata Cladobotryum spp., dobijeno je iz obolelih plodonosnih tela Agaricus bisporus iz gajilišta šampinjona u Srbiji tokom 2003-2006. godine. Ispitivanje osetljivosti izolata na fungicide je pokazalo da su svi izolati visoko osetljivi na benomil (EC50 = 0.14-0.97 mg L-1), iprodion (EC50 = 0.35-2.30 mg L-1) i naročito na prohloraz (EC50 = 0.02-0.09 mg L-1). Minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija (MIC) benomila je bila 4 mg L-1, a prohloraza i iprodiona veća od 1000 mg L-1. Minimalna fungicidna koncentracija (MFC) benomila je takođe bila 4 mg L-1, a nijedna od testiranih koncentracija prohloraza i iprodiona nije bila letalna za Cladobotryum spp. izolate., Thirteen isolates of Cladobotryum spp., isolated from diseased fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus, sampled from mushroom farms in Serbia during 2003-2006, were studied. Sensitivity to several selected fungicides was tested and all isolates were found to be highly sensitive to iprodione (EC50 = 0.35-2.30 mg L-1), benomyl (EC50 = 0.14-0.97 mg L-1) and especially to prochloraz-Mn (EC50 = 0.02-0.09 mg L-1). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of benomyl was 4 mg L-1, while those of prochloraz-Mn and iprodione exceeded 1000 mg L-1. The minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) of benomyl was 4 mg L-1, and none of the tested concentrations of prochloraz-Mn and iprodione were lethal to any of the investigated Cladobotryum spp. isolates.

In pathogen populations in Serbia, the incidence, pathogenic and morphological characters of Verticillium spp. were studied. Biological and chemical control of Verticillium was investigated in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. 'Soroksari') with the biofungicide Polyversume (R)(Pythium oligandrum) and the conventional fungicides benomyl and propamocarb- hydrochloride. On the basis of macroscopic and microscopic characters of the isolates originating from eight localities in Serbia, it was established that they apparently belong to the species Verticillium dahliae. The isolates differed in their pathogenic characters. However, all of them caused marked wilting symptoms on pepper plants 40 days after inoculation, conducted when there were more than nine fully developed leaves on the primary stem. The fungicides were applied either before or after inoculation. Benomyl was the most efficient fungicide in wilt control (88.2% when applied after inoculation and 94.6% when applied before inoculation). Polyversum proved more efficient (66.6%) when applied before rather than after inoculation. Propamocarb-hydrochloride provided sufficient Verticillium wilt control; its efficacy and that of Polyversum were similar, and less efficient than benomyl, but still significantly different from the disease control.

Poslednjih godina na pijacama je uočena učestala pojava truleži korena celera i paštrnaka. Laboratorijskom analizom obolelih biljka prikupljenih iz različitih lokalitata, ispostavilo se da su navedene promene, ispoljene u vidu truleži posledica dejstva fitopatogenih bakterija. U cilju identifikacije izolovanih bakterija proučene su njihove patogene i biohemijsko-fiziološke odlike. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da trulež korena celera i paštrnaka prikupljenih sa pijaca u Beogradu, Zemunu i Šapcu prouzrokuje bakterija Pseudomonas marginalis, patogen širokog kruga domaćina koji parazitira brojne zeljaste biljke različitih familija i rodova., The results about pathogenic, and bacteriological properties of bacterial strains isolated from roted celery and parsnips root are given in this paper. Investigated strains showed high level of pathogenicity to artificially inoculated slices of celery, parsnip, parsley, carrot and potato and inoculated immature pepper and tomato fruits. Negative results were recorded in pathogenicity test on artificially inoculated radish slices, onion bulbs as well as sunflower stems. Bacterial strains are Gram negative, aerobe and produce green fluorescent pigment on King medium B. According to LOPAT tests they form levan on nutrient media containing 5% sucrose (NAS), produce oxidase, arginine dihydrolase and pectinase. They do not induce HR in tobacco. Positive results also recorded in following tests: gelatine and Tween 80 hydrolysis, catalase activity, nitrate reduction. They utilize glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitole but not lactose. Negative results were recorded in following tests: starch hydrolysis, indole and hydrogen sulphide production. According the results obtained it is concluded that investigated strains belong to the same bacterium identified as Pseudomonas marginalis (Brown) Stevens 1925.

The efficacy of several fungicide mixtures in controlling Venturia inaequalis in apple was evaluated in field trials. The efficacies of Flint Plus (trifloxystrobin + captan) and Tercel (pyraclostrobin + dithianon) in comparison with standard fungicides Zato 50-WG (trifloxystrobin) and Stroby + Delan (kresoxim-methyl + dithianon) were tested in the localities Mihajlovac, Radmilovac and Landol in 2004 and 2005. Both tested fungicides exhibited high efficacy in controlling apple scab. There were significant differences in the efficacies of Flint Plus (91.3-98.5%) and Zato 50-WG (68.2% and 78.4%); and Tercel (88.7-93.5%) and Stroby + Delan (77.9% and 82.1%). Our experiments showed that the investigated fungicide mixtures are highly effective against V. inaqeulais, even under high disease pressure., Ispitivana je efikasnost nekoliko kombinacija fungicida u suzbijanju Venturia inaequalis na jabuci u poljskim uslovima. U 2005-oj i 2006-oj godini ispitivana je efikasnost Flint Plus (trifloksistrobin + kaptan) i Tercel (piraklostrobin + ditianon) u odnosu na standardne fungicide Zato 50-WG (trifloksistrobin) i Stroby + Delan (kresoksim-methil + ditianon) na lokalitetima Mihajlovac, Radmilovac i Landol. Oba ispitivana fungicida ispoljila su visoku efikasnost u suzbijanju čađave pagavosti jabuke. Između efikasnosti Flint Plus (91.3-98.5%) i Zato 50-WG (68.2% i 78.4%), i Tercel (88.7-93.5%) i kombinacije fungicida Stroby + Delan (77.9% i 82.1%) zabeležena je statistički značajna razlika. Naši ogledi su pokazali da su ispitivane kombinacije fungicida visoko efikasne protiv V. inaequalis čak i u uslovima jake zaraze.

U radu je ispitivana efikasnost novijih formulacija bakarnih jedinjenja; Cuprozin 35 WP (bakar-oksihlorid), Cuproxat (bakar-sulfat), Funguran OH (bakar-hidroksid) i aktivatora otpornosti Bion-a (acibenzolar-S-metil), i njihovih kombinacija sa ditiokarbamatima (Dithane M-70), u suzbijanju Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (veštačka inokulacija). Ispitivanja su obavljena tokom 2006. godine u poljskim uslovima na dva lokaliteta. Na lokalitetu Zemun, efikasnost bakarnih preparata kretala se 92.7-98.5%. Sličnu efikasnost ispoljio je i aktivator otpornosti Bion 50 WG (94.4-97.1%). Zadovoljavajuću efikasnost (98.3-99.3%) imale su i kombinacije preparata Funguran OH i Dithane M-70 pri različitim koncentracijama primene, kao i kombinacije Bion-a sa drugim preparatima (95.5-96.8%). Statistički značajne razlike u efikasnosti primenjenih preparata i njihovih mešavina nisu zabeležene, izuzev kod preparata Cuproxat, koji je ispoljio slabiju efikasnost pri nižoj koncentraciji primene. Na lokalitetu Smederevska Palanka efikasnost bakarnih jedinjenja iznosila je 95.0-98.2%, a za Bion 96.8-97.7%. Kombinacije bakar-hidroksida (Funguran OH) i ditiokarbamata (Dithane M-70) ispoljile su nešto veću efikasnost (98.1-99.4%), ali razlike nisu bile statistički značajne. Efikasnost Bion-a u mešavini sa bakar-hidroksidom i mankozebom iznosila je 97.9-98.9%. Na ovom lokalitetu nisu konstatovane statistički značajne razlike između samostalno primenjenih preparata i njihovih kombinacija. U ovim ispitivanjima potvrđena je i visoka efikasnost acibenzolar-S-metil-a (preparat Bion), koja je bila na nivou efikasnosti standardnih baktericida. Zbog toga ovo jedinjenje predstavlja dobru alternativu konvencionalnom hemijskom suzbijanju bakterioza pasulja., The efficacy of several new formulations of copper compounds, namely Cuprozin 35 WP (copper-oxychloride), Cuproxat (copper-sulphate), Funguran OH (copper-hydroxide) and the plant activator Bion (acibenzolar-S-methyl), and their combinations with dithiocarbamates (Dithane M-70) was estimated in controlling Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (artificial inoculation) in field conditions in two localities during 2006. In the locality Zemun, the efficacy of copper compounds ranged from 92.7% to 98.5%. The plant activator Bion 50 WG exhibited similar efficacy (94.4-97.1%). Combinations of Funguran OH and Dithane M-70, applied at different concentrations, also showed high efficacy (98.3-99.3%), as well as the combinations of Bion 50 WG and the other bactericides (95.5-96.8%). There was no significant difference between the efficacies achieved by the compounds applied individually and their combinations, except Cuproxat, which exhibited decreased efficacy at lower concentration. In the locality Smederevska Palanka, the efficacy of copper compounds was 95.0-98.2%, while Bion achieved 96.8-97.7% efficacy. Combinations of copper-hydroxide (Funguran OH) and dithiocarbamates (Dithane M-70) also showed high efficacy (98.1-99.4%) but without a significant difference. The efficacy of combinations of Bion and copper-hydroxide, and Bion and mancozeb was 97.9-98.9%. There was no significant difference in the efficacies of the bactericides tested or the efficacies of their combinations in that locality. Our investigation confirmed high efficacy of acibenzolar-S-methyl, which was equal to the efficacy of standard bactericide treatment. This compound therefore offers a very good alternative to conventional chemicals used for controlling bacterial diseases in beans.