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In most primate species, males transfer out of their natal groups, resulting in groups of unrelated males. However, in a few species, including humans, males remain in their groups and form life‐long associations with each other. This pattern of male philopatry is linked with cooperative male behaviors, including border patrols and predator defense. Because females in male‐philopatric species form weaker kin networks with each other than in female‐philopatric species, they are expected to evolve counter‐strategies to male sexual coercion that are relatively independent of support from other females. Studies of male‐philopatric nonhuman primates can provide insight into the evolutionary basis of prosocial behaviors, cooperation, and group action in humans and offer comparative models for understanding the sociality of other hominin species. This review will discuss patterns of dispersal and philopatry across primates, explore the resulting male and female behaviors, and argue that male‐philopatric nonhuman primate species offer insight into the social and sexual dynamics of hominins throughout evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-wildlife interactions include wild animals foraging on agricultural crops, often called crop raiding. Crop raiding can result in disease transmission, poor nutrition, stress, and loss of income. Crop raiding also affects conservation because retaliatory events can result in wildlife being harmed. Around Kibale National Park, Uganda, a community action project implemented mitigation strategies that reduced crop raiding. We surveyed 95 of 106 (90%) project participant households to determine if participants perceived their health to have changed due to the project. We conducted open-ended, oral surveys during July and August 2018. Most participants said their overall health had improved (80%) and that their diet (83%), stress (82%), sleep (82%), and exposure to zoonotic diseases (64%) improved. Other benefits included income to pay medical bills and school fees. No participant reported negative effects. We found evidence that reducing crop raiding had positive implications for people's health and income stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative interactions between humans and wildlife create one of the greatest threats to biodiversity conservation. When wild animals damage the crops in agricultural fields, subsistence farmers suffer food insecurity and economic instability. Animals can be killed or injured during these interactions, and communities may develop negative feelings about conservation. To address conservation concerns, projects should look at both sides of these interactions. A Participatory Action Research approach allows researchers and community members to work collaboratively to investigate and take action in response to this issue. Our team developed a community project to determine residents' perceptions of the benefits and costs of living around Kibale National Park, Uganda, and to implement changes to mitigate those costs. During our initial survey in 2015, we found that over 80% of our 114 respondents were subsistence farmers with no other source of income. All respondents felt that crop damage by wild animals was the biggest problem with living near the park, and they had negative feelings about the park and animals. Thus, we worked with project participants to establish the following land‐use changes throughout 2016 and 2017: (a) planting garlic as a cash crop, (b) planting tea as a buffer crop, (c) building beehive fences, and (d) maintaining a trench around the boundary of the park. Through monthly surveys, we assessed the success of these changes on reducing crop damage and improving conservation initiatives. Compliance with land‐use changes was significantly associated with a reduction in the events of crop damage, which has implications for economic stability and an individual's attitude about conservation. This project provides guidelines for using Participatory Action Research methods to develop sustainable interventions to improve human‐wildlife interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]